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Li L, Jin J, Hu H, Deveau IF, Foley SL, Chen H. Optimization of Sporulation and Purification Methods for Sporicidal Efficacy Assessment on Bacillus Spores. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 49:6590047. [PMID: 35595506 DOI: 10.1093/jimb/kuac014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Validating the efficacy of sporicidal agents is a critical step in current good manufacturing practices for disinfection requirements. A limitation is that the poor quality of spores can lead to false positive sporicidal results. The aim of this study was to explore optimal sporulation and purification methods in Bacillus spores. Spores of seven Bacillus strains were produced in five different sporulation media. After density centrifugation, spore yields were measured by phase-contrast microscopy and enumeration assays. Effects of purification methods including heat, sonication and lysozyme, and maturation on spore qualities were determined by sodium hypochlorite sporicidal assay. Difco Sporulation Media was identified as the preferred sporulation medium for four out of seven tested Bacillus strains. Sporulation rates in B. cereus, B. sphaericus, and B. thuringiensis were higher at 30°C than the rates at 37°C at a difference of 5%, 65%, and 20%, respectively. B. licheniformis favored Mn2+-amended 10% Columbia Broth at 37°C for sporulation with 40-72% higher sporulation rates than other media. The maximum sporulation rates of B. cereus and B. thuringiensis were observed on double-strength Schaeffer's-glucose broth. All studied purification methods improved the spore purity with strain variations. However, intense heat (80°C for 20 min) and lysozyme (100 μg/mL) treatment impaired the spore quality of specific Bacillus strains by sensitizing them against sodium hypochlorite. The length of maturation period had impact on the spore resistance, and the most optimal maturation periods ranged from 7 to 21 days in Bacillus strains. The results of this study will pave the way for further evaluation of sporicidal activity of disinfectants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Li
- Division of Microbiology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. FDA, Jefferson, AR, USA
| | - Jinshan Jin
- Division of Microbiology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. FDA, Jefferson, AR, USA
| | - Haijing Hu
- Office of Dietary Supplement Programs, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. FDA, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Ian F Deveau
- Office of Compounding Quality and Compliance, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. FDA, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Steven L Foley
- Division of Microbiology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. FDA, Jefferson, AR, USA
| | - Huizhong Chen
- Division of Microbiology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. FDA, Jefferson, AR, USA
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Disinfection of surfaces contaminated with Clostridioides difficile endospores using NaCl-derived electrochemically activated solution. J Hosp Infect 2020; 105:670-677. [PMID: 32330557 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhin.2020.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Clostridioides difficile is transmitted through endospores. Most disinfection procedures for these structures deploy high concentrations of chlorine-derived compounds such as sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) and sodium dichloroisocyanurate (NaDCC). However, these substances are linked to undesirable public health and environmental issues. AIM To compare the efficacy of NaCl-derived electrochemically activated solution (ECAS, 0.18% w/v NaOCl, pH=9.6-10.3), commercial bleach (5000 ppm, 2.83% w/v NaOCl, pH=5.6) and NaDCC (1000 ppm, pH=6.8) to inactivate C. difficile endospores on surfaces using a standard quantitative test (EPA MO-21-03). FINDINGS Ten representative reference and field strains from multi-locus sequence typing Clades 1-5 were assayed (N=10). Irrespective of the phylogenetic background of the strains, ECAS showed comparable or better log reduction values [mean=3.22, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.40-5.56] than bleach (mean=2.74, 95% CI 0.12-5.50) and NaDCC (mean=2.02, 95% CI 0.10-5.12). Cyclic voltammetry measurements revealed similar electrochemical behaviours and open-circuit potentials for ECAS and NaOCl. Congruently, similar morphologies for spores treated with these two compounds were observed by transmission electron microscopy. A factorial design demonstrated that exposure time, but not activation time, influenced the efficacy of ECAS. CONCLUSIONS ECAS and NaOC were found to have functional equivalence and may have a common mechanism of action.
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Gemein S, Gebel J, Christiansen B, Martiny H, Vossebein L, Brill FHH, Decius M, Eggers M, Koburger-Janssen T, Meckel M, Werner S, Hunsinger B, Selhorst T, Kampf G, Exner M. Interlaboratory reproducibility of a test method following 4-field test methodology to evaluate the susceptibility of Clostridium difficile spores. J Hosp Infect 2019; 103:78-84. [PMID: 31199936 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhin.2019.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 04/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sporicidal surface disinfection is recommended to control transmission of Clostridium difficile in healthcare facilities. EN 17126 provides a method to determine the sporicidal activity in suspension and has been approved as a European standard. In addition, a sporicidal surface test has been proposed. AIM To determine the interlaboratory reproducibility of a test method for evaluating the susceptibility of a C. difficile spore preparation to a biocidal formulation following the 4-field test (EN 16615 methodology). METHODS Nine laboratories participated. C. difficile NCTC 13366 spores were used. Glutaraldehyde (1% and 6%; 15 min) and peracetic acid (PAA; 0.01% and 0.04%; 15 min) were used to determine the spores' susceptibility in suspension in triplicate. FINDINGS One-percent glutaraldehyde revealed a mean decimal log10 reduction of 1.03 with variable results in the nine laboratories (0.37-1.49) and a reproducibility of 0.38. The effect of 6% glutaraldehyde was stronger (mean: 2.05; range: 0.96-4.29; reproducibility: 0.86). PAA revealed similar results. An exemplary biocidal formulation based on 5% PAA was used at 0.5% (non-effective concentration) and 4% (effective concentration) to determine the sporicidal efficacy (4-field test) under clean conditions in triplicate with a contact time of 15 min. When used at 0.5% it demonstrated an overall log10 reduction of 2.68 (range: 2.35-3.57) and at 4% of 4.61 (range: 3.82-5.71). The residual contamination on the three primarily uncontaminated test fields was <50 cfu/25 cm2 in one out of nine laboratories (0.5%) and in seven out of nine laboratories (4%). CONCLUSION The interlaboratory reproducibility seems to be robust.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Gemein
- Institute for Hygiene and Public Health, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany; VAH Ring Trial Steering Gremium of the Association for Applied Hygiene (VAH), Bonn, Germany.
| | - J Gebel
- Institute for Hygiene and Public Health, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany; VAH Ring Trial Steering Gremium of the Association for Applied Hygiene (VAH), Bonn, Germany; Disinfectant Commission 4+4-Group of the Association for Applied Hygiene (VAH), Bonn, Germany
| | - B Christiansen
- Disinfectant Commission 4+4-Group of the Association for Applied Hygiene (VAH), Bonn, Germany; ZE Medizinaluntersuchungsamt und Hygiene, University Hospital Schleswig Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - H Martiny
- VAH Ring Trial Steering Gremium of the Association for Applied Hygiene (VAH), Bonn, Germany; Disinfectant Commission 4+4-Group of the Association for Applied Hygiene (VAH), Bonn, Germany
| | - L Vossebein
- Disinfectant Commission 4+4-Group of the Association for Applied Hygiene (VAH), Bonn, Germany; University of Applied Sciences Niederrhein, Mönchengladbach, Germany
| | - F H H Brill
- Dr Brill + Partner GmbH, Institut für Hygiene und Mikrobiologie, Hamburg, Germany
| | - M Decius
- ZE Medizinaluntersuchungsamt und Hygiene, University Hospital Schleswig Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - M Eggers
- Labor Prof. Gisela Enders MVZ GbR, Stuttgart, Germany
| | | | - M Meckel
- IKI Institut für Krankenhaushygiene und Infektionskontrolle GmbH, Gießen, Germany
| | - S Werner
- HygCen Germany GmbH, Schwerin, Germany
| | - B Hunsinger
- VAH Ring Trial Steering Gremium of the Association for Applied Hygiene (VAH), Bonn, Germany
| | - T Selhorst
- Institut für Tierwissenschaften, Präventives Gesundheitsmanagement, University Bonn, Germany
| | - G Kampf
- Institute for Hygiene and Environmental Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - M Exner
- Institute for Hygiene and Public Health, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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Wilkinson MAC, Curran ET, Bradley CR. Disinfectants: The role of standardised testing to aid selection. Part 2. J Infect Prev 2019. [DOI: 10.1177/1757177419833154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Choosing which disinfectant(s) to use in any particular healthcare environment is a far from trivial task and one that is undertaken by Infection Prevention and Control (IPC) professionals on a regular basis. The recent proliferation in the number and type of products designed to disinfect healthcare surfaces makes for a seemingly bewildering range of options. The primary factor to consider is whether the disinfectant is capable of killing the likely (but unknown) microbial challenge. For reusable non-invasive care equipment, standardised testing provides objective evidence for IPC teams. This second paper seeks to explain these tests and the conditions under which they are performed to aid in the IPC teams’ disinfection selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martyn AC Wilkinson
- Hospital Infection Research Laboratory, Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Mindelsohn Way, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK
| | - Evonne T Curran
- Infection Control, Health Protection Scotland, NHS National Services Scotland, Glasgow, UK
| | - Christina R Bradley
- Hospital Infection Research Laboratory, Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Mindelsohn Way, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK
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Maillard JY. Are amine-only-containing products sporicidal? J Hosp Infect 2018; 99:115-116. [PMID: 29428568 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhin.2018.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J-Y Maillard
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff, UK.
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Effectiveness of various cleaning and disinfectant products on Clostridium difficile spores of PCR ribotypes 010, 014 and 027. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control 2017; 6:54. [PMID: 28588767 PMCID: PMC5457610 DOI: 10.1186/s13756-017-0210-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Accepted: 05/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In healthcare facilities, Clostridium difficile infections spread by transmission of bacterial spores. Appropriate sporicidal disinfectants are needed to prevent development of clusters and outbreaks. In this study different cleaning/disinfecting wipes and sprays were tested for their efficacy against spores of distinctive C. difficile PCR ribotypes. Methods Four different products were tested; 1) hydrogen peroxide 1.5%; 2) glucoprotamin 1.5%; 3) a mixture of ethanol, propane and N-alkyl amino propyl glycine; and 4) a mixture of didecyldimonium chloride, benzalkonium chloride, polyaminopropyl, biguanide and dimenthicone as active ingredients. Tiles were contaminated with a test solution containing a concentration of 5x106CFU/ml spores of C. difficile strains belonging to PCR ribotypes 010, 014 or 027. The tiles were left to dry for an hour and then wiped or sprayed with one of the sprays or wipes as intended by the manufacturers. When products neutralized after 5 min, microbiological cultures and ATP measures were performed. Results Irrespective of the disinfection method, the microbial count log10 reduction of C. difficile PCR ribotype 010 was highest, followed by the reduction of C. difficile 014 and C. difficile 027. Overall, the wipes performed better than the sprays with the same active ingredient. On average, although not significantly, a difference in relative light units (RLU) reduction between the wipes and sprays was found. The wipes had a higher RLU log10 reduction, but no significant difference for RLU reduction was observed between the different C. difficile strains (p = 0.16). Conclusion C. difficile spores of PCR ribotypes 014 and 027 strains are more difficult to eradicate than non-toxigenic PCR ribotype 010. In general, impregnated cleaning/disinfection wipes performed better than ready-to-use sprays. Wipes with hydrogen peroxide (1.5%) showed the highest bactericidal activity.
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Mackay W, Whitehead S, Purdue N, Smith M, Redhead N, Williams C, Wilson S. Infection control implications of the laundering of ambulance staff uniforms and reusable mops. J Hosp Infect 2017; 96:59-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jhin.2017.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2016] [Accepted: 02/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Wand ME. Bacterial Resistance to Hospital Disinfection. MODELING THE TRANSMISSION AND PREVENTION OF INFECTIOUS DISEASE 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-60616-3_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Wesgate R, Rauwel G, Criquelion J, Maillard JY. Impact of standard test protocols on sporicidal efficacy. J Hosp Infect 2016; 93:256-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jhin.2016.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Accepted: 03/23/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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