Experience With Patient Referrals for Upper Extremity Transplantation at a U.S. Academic Medical Center

A Provider Perspective of Psychosocial Predictors of Upper-Extremity Vascularized Composite Allotransplantation Success

PURPOSE

We performed a qualitative study to understand the psychosocial factors associated with success in upper-extremity vascularized composite allotransplantation from the perspective of transplant providers.

METHODS

We recruited 13 providers actively involved in upper-extremity vascularized composite allotransplantation. Participants included physicians, nurses, social workers, occupational therapists, and research administrators. We conducted semistructured face-to-face focus group interviews using a guide that explored providers' perceptions of qualities contributing to transplant outcome. Topics included social support networks and their influence on recovery, barriers to treatment compliance and successful posttransplant rehabilitation, and the process of setting patients' expectations. We performed a thematic analysis that produced a list of themes, subthemes, and proposed hypotheses explaining how the themes related to the study's guiding questions.

RESULTS

The analysis identified numerous factors that contribute to transplant success: (1) recipients' prior experiences modify their ability to cope and adapt after transplantation, (2) behaviors and characteristics such as positivity influence candidacy and may be predictive of successful outcomes, and (3) social support is essential for improved function and compliance. The provider care team cited difficulty in predicting recipient compliance and in setting realistic expectations.

CONCLUSIONS

Motivated recipients with developed coping and resiliency, a positive attitude, and stable, physically-able caregivers are perceived by providers to have greater success after transplantation.

CLINICAL RELEVANCE

Findings from this work may help providers determine optimal candidates for upper-extremity vascularized composite allotransplantation.

Perceived Success in Upper-Extremity Vascularized Composite Allotransplantation: A Qualitative Study

PURPOSE

We performed a qualitative study to understand psychosocial factors associated with perceived success of upper-extremity vascularized composite allotransplantation (VCA). We interviewed transplant recipients and their primary caregivers.

METHODS

We recruited 4 upper-extremity VCA recipients and primary caregivers for 3 of them. We conducted semistructured face-to-face interviews using a guide that explored participants' transplantation experiences. Topics included comparison of pretransplant and posttransplant expectations, reflections on factors contributing to the success of the transplant experience, and posttransplant rehabilitation and functioning. We performed a thematic analysis that produced a list of themes, subthemes, and proposed hypotheses explaining how the themes related to the study's guiding questions.

RESULTS

Participants described several factors as contributing to the success of the transplant experience, including developing realistic expectations about posttransplant function and lifelong immunosuppression, support from one's community and particularly the primary caregiver, and framing the experience in a positive light. Social, aesthetic, and other values unique to the hands, as opposed to prosthetics, motivated recipients to undergo VCA despite its inherent risk and uncertainties.

CONCLUSIONS

Despite inherent challenges, undergoing VCA was viewed as worthwhile to regain benefits unique to hands. Participants met the challenges of the transplant process through setting realistic expectations, strong social support, and a positive perspective.

CLINICAL RELEVANCE

Findings from this work may help clinicians and prospective patients to prepare for and set appropriate expectations of VCA.

Psychosocial Predictors of Upper Extremity Transplantation Outcomes: A Review of the International Registry 1998-2016

Supplemental Digital Content is available in the text.

Background:

Upper extremity transplantation (UET) is becoming increasingly common. This article attempts to collate data from cases contributing to the International Registry on Hand and Composite Tissue Transplantation (IRHCTT), define psychosocial themes perceived as predictors of success using statistical methods, and provide an objective measure for optimization and selection of candidates.

Methods:

The IRHCTT provided anonymous data on UET recipients. A supplementary psychosocial survey was developed focusing on themes of depression, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), anxiety, interpersonal functioning and dependence, compliance, chronic pain, social support, quality of life, and patient expectations. We determined the risk of transplant loss and psychological factors associated with higher risk of transplant loss.

Results:

Sixty-two UET recipients reported to the IRHCTT. Forty-three psychosocial surveys (68%) were received, with 38 (88%) having intact transplants and 5 (12%) being amputated. Among recipients with a diagnosis of anxiety (N = 29, 67%), 5 (17%) reported transplant loss (P = 0.03). Among those with depression (N = 14, 33%), 2 recipients (14%) has transplant loss (P = 0.17); while 4 recipients (22%) with PTSD (N = 18, 42%) had transplant loss (P = 0.01). Of participants active in occupational therapy (N = 28, 65%), 2 (7%) reported transplant loss (P = 0.09). Of recipients with realistic functional expectations (N = 34, 79%), 2 (6%) had transplant loss versus 3 (34%) who were felt to not have realistic expectations (N = 9, 21%, P = 0.05). Recipients with strong family support (N = 33, 77%) had a lower risk of transplant loss compared with poor or fair family support (N = 10, 23%), but did not reach statistical significance (6% versus 30%, P = 0.14).

Conclusion:

Anxiety, depression, PTSD, participation in occupational therapy, expectations for posttransplant function, and family support are associated with postsurgical transplant status.

Pediatric face transplantation: a viable option?

PURPOSE OF REVIEW

Face transplantation is no longer a young field. Reported outcomes suggest that this life-enhancing transplantation is viable and ethically justified for appropriate patients. Given that pediatric hand transplantation has been performed with promising reported outcomes, it is time to consider how to properly expand the field of face transplantation into pediatric patients.

RECENT FINDINGS

Appropriate collaboration between adult and pediatric colleagues can mitigate risks associated with expanding surgical innovation between respective patient demographics. The reported outcomes of the first pediatric hand transplant question the appropriateness of increasing immunosuppression burden to a patient on an existing regimen for prior solid organ allotransplantion. Young donor allografts prove to be more resilient, however, implying that managing rejection episodes is key to long-term viability. Expanding face transplants into a younger population must consider the social functions of the face, and may facilitate healthy personal development given the cultural value appearance has in real life and in social media.

SUMMARY

We believe that pediatric face transplantation is not just a viable option, but an ethically reasonable one as long as the field proceeds with cautious optimism.

Adjustment to amputation and interest in upper limb transplantation

Objective:

Upper limb transplantation provides a new restorative option for individuals with amputations. As true for most operations, patient selection is critical to optimizing transplantation outcomes. To improve on the patient selection process, we used qualitative methods to better understand the issues regarding upper extremity loss as well as upper limb transplantation from the amputee point of view.

Methods:

Individuals with upper limb amputations (age range = 24–73 years) discussed their adjustment following amputation and their interest toward transplantation in either a focus group (n = 5) or semi-structured interview (n = 17). Transcripts were coded by theme and summarized.

Results:

Participants described a year-long process typified by adjustment to a new role as an amputee, both psychosocially and functionally. We found that the extent of adjustment was inversely related to an interest in transplantation.

Conclusions:

These findings could explain the difficulty in identifying “ideal” candidates for upper extremity transplantation and may have implications for patient selection and counseling.

Level of Evidence:

Prognostic Study, Level V