Amino acid-based polymeric gel network and its application in different fields

Degradable Theranostic Polyurethane for Macrophage-Targeted Antileishmanial Drug Delivery

The present investigation aims to develop a reactive oxygen species (ROS) and esterase-responsive biodegradable mannosylated polyurethane to effectively deliver the encapsulated antileishmanial drug amphotericin B (AmB) selectively to infected macrophage cells. Owing to suitable amphiphilic balance, the as-synthesized glycosylated polyurethane (PU2M) with aryl boronic ester-based diol (M2) moiety as ROS-trigger, water-soluble mannose pendants, and fluorescent 4,4-difluoro-4-bora-3a,4a-diaza-s-indacene (BODIPY) chain ends for bioimaging formed nanoaggregates in an aqueous medium as confirmed by 1H NMR spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering (DLS), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and critical aggregation concentration (CAC) measurements. Aided by two endogenous stimuli present in phagolysosome, ROS and esterase, AmB-encapsulated polymeric nanoaggregates as drug delivery vehicles achieved an efficient reduction of both L. donovani and L. major intracellular amastigote burden compared to the free AmB. Overall, this work illustrated a promising therapeutic application of dual endogenous stimuli-triggered degradable theranostic polyurethane for target-specific drug delivery of AmB, to mitigate leishmaniasis.

Dual stimuli-responsive biotinylated polymer-drug conjugate for dual drug delivery

Stimuli-responsive nanoscale polymer-drug conjugates are one of the most promising alternatives in the realm of advanced therapeutics, rendering several characteristics such as spatio-temporal control over drug release, reduced off-target toxicity, enhanced bioavailability, and longer blood circulation time of the drug. Fostered by the aforementioned conceptualization, our quest to develop an ideal polymer-drug conjugate has originated the present investigation of developing a reactive oxygen species (ROS) and esterase-responsive self-assembled polymer-drug (chlorambucil, CBL) conjugate with biotin pendants (DP2) for cancer cell targeting, surrogating another antineoplastic drug, doxorubicin (DOX) via physical encapsulation (DP2@DOX). The ROS and esterase trigger not only released the covalently stitched CBL but also resulted in DOX release by dismantling the amphiphilic balance of the nanoaggregates. Biotinylation-mediated enhancement of cellular uptake of DP2@DOX was reflected in the synergistic anticancer activity of both the drugs (CBL and DOX) in HeLa cells (biotin receptor-positive cells) compared to HEK 293T cells (biotin receptor-negative cells). Furthermore, the selective internalization of the fluorophore-tagged DOX-loaded polymer (DP4@DOX) in HeLa cells compared to HEK 293T cells was confirmed by confocal microscopy and flow cytometry. In summary, the present investigation demonstrates a state-of-the-art self-assembled polymer-drug conjugate as a next-generation dual stimuli-responsive drug delivery vehicle.

Synthesis and Comprehensive Characterization of Amino Acid-Derived Vinyl Monomer Gels

In this study, we report an easy synthetic pathway to vinyl monomers derivatized with amino acids. Tyrosine-, phenylalanine-, tryptophan-, leucine-, and methionine-based monomers were synthesized, and their polymerization in the presence of cross-linking agents led to the formation of amino acid-based gels. The nature of cross-linker, the time of polymerization, and the type of initiation (photopolymerization or thermopolymerization) were investigated. The obtained gels were characterized using a combination of thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), rheology, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. These novel amino acid-based gels could find applications in various areas such as drug delivery, biosensing, and biotechnology.

Thermo-reversible self-assembled novel gellan gum hydrogels containing amino acid biogelators with antibacterial activity

In recent years, hydrogels derived from natural polymers have gained considerable attention. However, lack of mechanical strength and poor stability has become major lacuna of such systems. Scientists have attempted to resolve this problem by introducing chemical cross-linkers or synthetic modifications of natural polymers. In contrast, biological cross-linkers may be more beneficial due to their cytocompatibility and non-immunogenicity. As a biogelator, amino acids (AA) may be lucrative, yet they remain untapped till date. Present study, for the first time, reports exploitation of ʟ-Lysine, ʟ-Arginine, ʟ-Aspartic acid, and ʟ-Glutamic acid as biogelator to fabricate novel gellan gum (GG) hydrogels through green chemistry. Furthermore, as a first instance, molecular docking was applied to gain insight into the interaction between GG and AA. As predicted through docking, physical cross-linking of these hydrogels accounted for their thermo-reversibility. Moreover, to assess the suitability of prepared hydrogel for its intended use, systematic characterization studies were performed via FTIR, Raman spectroscopy, XRD, FE-SEM, and TGA. Additionally, rheological behavior of hydrogels was investigated using variety of parameters. Interestingly, GG-AA hydrogels exhibited around 99 % antibacterial activity against multidrug-resistant bacteria. According to the findings of this study, these novel hydrogels may have immense potential in the food and biomedical sectors.

Polypeptide-Based Systems: From Synthesis to Application in Drug Delivery

Synthetic polypeptides are biocompatible and biodegradable macromolecules whose composition and architecture can vary over a wide range. Their unique ability to form secondary structures, as well as different pathways of modification and biofunctionalization due to the diversity of amino acids, provide variation in the physicochemical and biological properties of polypeptide-containing materials. In this review article, we summarize the advances in the synthesis of polypeptides and their copolymers and the application of these systems for drug delivery in the form of (nano)particles or hydrogels. The issues, such as the diversity of polypeptide-containing (nano)particle types, the methods for their preparation and drug loading, as well as the influence of physicochemical characteristics on stability, degradability, cellular uptake, cytotoxicity, hemolysis, and immunogenicity of polypeptide-containing nanoparticles and their drug formulations, are comprehensively discussed. Finally, recent advances in the development of certain drug nanoformulations for peptides, proteins, gene delivery, cancer therapy, and antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory systems are summarized.

Rheology of Gels and Yielding Liquids

In this review, today's state of the art in the rheology of gels and transition through the yield stress of yielding liquids is discussed. Gels are understood as soft viscoelastic multicomponent solids that are in the incomplete phase separation state, which, under the action of external mechanical forces, do not transit into a fluid state but rupture like any solid material. Gels can "melt" (again, like any solids) due to a change in temperature or variation in the environment. In contrast to this type of rheology, yielding liquids (sometimes not rigorously referred to as "gels", especially in relation to colloids) can exist in a solid-like (gel-like) state and become fluid above some defined stress and time conditions (yield stress). At low stresses, their behavior is quite similar to that of permanent solid gels, including the frequency-independent storage modulus. The gel-to-sol transition considered in colloid chemistry is treated as a case of yielding. However, in many cases, the yield stress cannot be assumed to be a physical parameter since the solid-to-liquid transition happens in time and is associated with thixotropic effects. In this review, special attention is paid to various time effects. It is also stressed that plasticity is not equivalent to flow since (irreversible) plastic deformations are determined by stress but do not continue over time. We also discuss some typical errors, difficulties, and wrong interpretations of experimental data in studies of yielding liquids.

Polymer Gels Used in Oil-Gas Drilling and Production Engineering

Polymer gels are widely used in oil-gas drilling and production engineering for the purposes of conformance control, water shutoff, fracturing, lost circulation control, etc. Here, the progress in research on three kinds of polymer gels, including the in situ crosslinked polymer gel, the pre-crosslinked polymer gel and the physically crosslinked polymer gel, are systematically reviewed in terms of the gel compositions, crosslinking principles and properties. Moreover, the advantages and disadvantages of the three kinds of polymer gels are also comparatively discussed. The types, characteristics and action mechanisms of the polymer gels used in oil-gas drilling and production engineering are systematically analyzed. Depending on the crosslinking mechanism, in situ crosslinked polymer gels can be divided into free-radical-based monomer crosslinked gels, ionic-bond-based metal cross-linked gels and covalent-bond-based organic crosslinked gels. Surface crosslinked polymer gels are divided into two types based on their size and gel particle preparation method, including pre-crosslinked gel particles and polymer gel microspheres. Physically crosslinked polymer gels are mainly divided into hydrogen-bonded gels, hydrophobic association gels and electrostatic interaction gels depending on the application conditions of the oil-gas drilling and production engineering processes. In the field of oil-gas drilling engineering, the polymer gels are mainly used as drilling fluids, plugging agents and lost circulation materials, and polymer gels are an important material that are utilized for profile control, water shutoff, chemical flooding and fracturing. Finally, the research potential of polymer gels in oil-gas drilling and production engineering is proposed. The temperature resistance, salinity resistance, gelation strength and environmental friendliness of polymer gels should be further improved in order to meet the future technical requirements of oil-gas drilling and production.