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Moshi JM, Ummelen M, Smedts F, Ramaekers FCS, Hopman AHN. Inhibition of cytosine 5-hydroxymethylation during progression of cancer precursor lesions in the uterine cervix. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0297008. [PMID: 38635731 PMCID: PMC11025792 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0297008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Methylation and hydroxymethylation of cytosine moieties in CpG islands of specific genes are epigenetic processes shown to be involved in the development of cervical (pre)neoplastic lesions. We studied global (hydroxy)methylation during the subsequent steps in the carcinogenic process of the uterine cervix by using immunohistochemical protocols for the detection of 5-methylcytosine (5-mC) and 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5-hmC) in paraffin-embedded tissues of the normal epithelia and (pre)malignant lesions. This approach allowed obtaining spatially resolved information of (epi)genetic alterations for individual cell populations in morphologically heterogeneous tissue samples. The normal ectocervical squamous epithelium showed a high degree of heterogeneity for both modifications, with a major positivity for 5-mC in the basal and parabasal layers in the ectocervical region, while 5-hmC immunostaining was even more restricted to the cells in the basal layer. Immature squamous metaplasia, characterized by expression of SOX17, surprisingly showed a decrease of 5-hmC in the basal compartments and an increase in the more superficial layers of the epithelium. The normal endocervical glandular epithelium showed a strong immunostaining reactivity for both modifications. At the squamocolumnar junctions, a specific 5-hmC pattern was observed in the squamous epithelium, resembling that of metaplasia, with the typical weak to negative reaction for 5-hmC in the basal cell compartment. The reserve cells underlying the glandular epithelium were also largely negative for 5-hmC but showed immunostaining for 5-mC. While the overall methylation status remained relatively constant, about 20% of the high-grade squamous lesions showed a very low immunostaining reactivity for 5-hmC. The (pre)malignant glandular lesions, including adenocarcinoma in situ (AIS) and adenocarcinoma showed a progressive decrease of hydroxymethylation with advancement of the lesion, resulting in cases with regions that were negative for 5-hmC immunostaining. These data indicate that inhibition of demethylation, which normally follows cytosine hydroxymethylation, is an important epigenetic switch in the development of cervical cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jobran M. Moshi
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, GROW-School for Oncology and Reproduction, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Jazan University, Jazan, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Monique Ummelen
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, GROW-School for Oncology and Reproduction, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Frank Smedts
- Department of Pathology, Cork University Hospital, Cork, Ireland
| | - Frans C. S. Ramaekers
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, GROW-School for Oncology and Reproduction, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Anton H. N. Hopman
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, GROW-School for Oncology and Reproduction, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands
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Zhang H, Jia T, Che D, Peng B, Chu Z, Song X, Zeng W, Geng S. Decreased TET2/5-hmC reduces the integrity of the epidermal barrier via epigenetic dysregulation of filaggrin in psoriatic lesions. J Dermatol Sci 2024; 113:103-112. [PMID: 38331641 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2024.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Revised: 12/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND TET2 participates in tumor progression and intrinsic immune homeostasis via epigenetic regulation. TET2 has been reported to be involved in maintaining epithelial barrier homeostasis and inflammation. Abnormal epidermal barrier function and TET2 expression have been detected in psoriatic lesions. However, the mechanisms underlying the role of TET2 in psoriasis have not yet been elucidated. OBJECTIVE To define the role of TET2 in maintaining epithelial barrier homeostasis and the exact epigenetic mechanism in the dysfunction of the epidermal barrier in psoriasis. METHODS We analyzed human psoriatic skin lesions and datasets from the GEO database, and detected the expression of TET2/5-hmC together with barrier molecules by immunohistochemistry. We constructed epidermal-specific TET2 knockout mice to observe the effect of TET2 deficiency on epidermal barrier function via toluidine blue penetration assay. Further, we analyzed changes in the expression of epidermal barrier molecules by immunofluorescence in TET2-specific knockout mice and psoriatic model mice. RESULTS We found that decreased expression of TET2/5-hmC correlated with dysregulated barrier molecules in human psoriatic lesions. Epidermal-specific TET2 knockout mice showed elevated transdermal water loss associated with abnormal epidermal barrier molecules. Furthermore, we observed that TET2 knockdown in keratinocytes reduced filaggrin expression via filaggrin promoter methylation. CONCLUSION Aberrant epidermal TET2 affects the integrity of the epidermal barrier through the epigenetic dysregulation of epidermal barrier molecules, particularly filaggrin. Reduced TET2 expression is a critical factor contributing to an abnormal epidermal barrier in psoriasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, Northwest Hospital, The Second Hospital Affiliated to Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Tao Jia
- Department of Dermatology, Northwest Hospital, The Second Hospital Affiliated to Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Delu Che
- Department of Dermatology, Northwest Hospital, The Second Hospital Affiliated to Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China; Center for Dermatology Disease, Precision Medical Institute, Xi'an, China
| | - Bin Peng
- Department of Dermatology, Northwest Hospital, The Second Hospital Affiliated to Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China; Center for Dermatology Disease, Precision Medical Institute, Xi'an, China
| | - Zhaowei Chu
- Department of Dermatology, Northwest Hospital, The Second Hospital Affiliated to Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China; Center for Dermatology Disease, Precision Medical Institute, Xi'an, China
| | - Xiangjin Song
- Department of Dermatology, Northwest Hospital, The Second Hospital Affiliated to Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Weihui Zeng
- Department of Dermatology, Northwest Hospital, The Second Hospital Affiliated to Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China; Center for Dermatology Disease, Precision Medical Institute, Xi'an, China.
| | - Songmei Geng
- Department of Dermatology, Northwest Hospital, The Second Hospital Affiliated to Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China; Center for Dermatology Disease, Precision Medical Institute, Xi'an, China.
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Leśniak W. Dynamics and Epigenetics of the Epidermal Differentiation Complex. EPIGENOMES 2024; 8:9. [PMID: 38534793 DOI: 10.3390/epigenomes8010009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Epidermis is the outer skin layer built of specialized cells called keratinocytes. Keratinocytes undergo a unique differentiation process, also known as cornification, during which their gene expression pattern, morphology and other properties change remarkably to the effect that the terminally differentiated, cornified cells can form a physical barrier, which separates the underlying tissues from the environment. Many genes encoding proteins that are important for epidermal barrier formation are located in a gene cluster called epidermal differentiation complex (EDC). Recent data provided valuable information on the dynamics of the EDC locus and the network of interactions between EDC gene promoters, enhancers and other regions, during keratinocytes differentiation. These data, together with results concerning changes in epigenetic modifications, provide a valuable insight into the mode of regulation of EDC gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wiesława Leśniak
- Laboratory of Calcium Binding Proteins, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 3 Pasteur St., 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
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Hu J, Zhang X, Zhao L, Zhao Q, Geng S. Decrease of 5-hydroxymethylcytosine in primary cutaneous CD4 + small/medium sized pleomorphic T-cell lymphoproliferative disorder. An Bras Dermatol 2024; 99:27-33. [PMID: 37657958 DOI: 10.1016/j.abd.2023.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2022] [Revised: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Primary cutaneous CD4+ small/medium-sized pleomorphic T-Cell lymphoproliferative disorder (PC-SMTLD) has been considered as a controversial dermatological disease that has been included in cutaneous T-cell lymphoma group, presenting most commonly as a solitary nodule and/or plaque with a specific and characteristic head and neck predilection. Due to the considerable overlap between PC-SMTLD and pseudolymphoma (PL), the differential diagnosis is often challenging. Methylation of DNA at position 5 of cytosine, and the subsequent reduction in intracellular 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5-hmC) levels, is a key epigenetic event in several cancers, including systemic lymphomas. However, it has rarely been studied in cutaneous lymphomas. OBJECTIVES The authors aimed to explore the role of differential 5-hmC immunostaining as a useful marker to distinguish PC-SMTLD from PL. METHODS Retrospective case series study with immunohistochemical and immunofluorescence analysis of 5-hmC was performed in PL and PC-SMTLD. RESULTS Significant decrease of 5-hmC nuclear staining was observed in PC-SMTLD when compared with PL (p < 0.0001). By semi-quantitative grade integration, there were statistical differences in the final 5-hmC scores in the two study groups. The IF co-staining of 5-hmC with CD4 revealed a decrease of 5-hmC in CD4+ lymphocytes of PC-SMTLD. STUDY LIMITATIONS The small clinical sample size of the study. CONCLUSIONS The immunorreactivity of 5-hmC in CD4+ lymphocytes was highly suggestive of a benign process as PL. Furthermore, the decrease of 5-hmC nuclear staining in PC-SMTLD indicated its lymphoproliferative status and helped to make the differential diagnosis with PL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahui Hu
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Xian Jiaotong University, Xian, China
| | - Xinyue Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Xian Jiaotong University, Xian, China
| | - Lihong Zhao
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Xian Jiaotong University, Xian, China
| | - Qiang Zhao
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Xian Jiaotong University, Xian, China
| | - Songmei Geng
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Xian Jiaotong University, Xian, China.
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Lyu Y, Ge Y. Toward Elucidating Epigenetic and Metabolic Regulation of Stem Cell Lineage Plasticity in Skin Aging. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:903904. [PMID: 35663405 PMCID: PMC9160930 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.903904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Skin is the largest organ in human body, harboring a plethora of cell types and serving as the organismal barrier. Skin aging such as wrinkling and hair graying is graphically pronounced, and the molecular mechanisms behind these phenotypic manifestations are beginning to unfold. As in many other organs and tissues, epigenetic and metabolic deregulations have emerged as key aging drivers. Particularly in the context of the skin epithelium, the epigenome and metabolome coordinately shape lineage plasticity and orchestrate stem cell function during aging. Our review discusses recent studies that proposed molecular mechanisms that drive the degeneration of hair follicles, a major appendage of the skin. By focusing on skin while comparing it to model organisms and adult stem cells of other tissues, we summarize literature on genotoxic stress, nutritional sensing, metabolic rewiring, mitochondrial activity, and epigenetic regulations of stem cell plasticity. Finally, we speculate about the rejuvenation potential of rate-limiting upstream signals during aging and the dominant role of the tissue microenvironment in dictating aged epithelial stem cell function.
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Capell BC. Loss of TET2 Tips the Scales Toward Tumorigenesis. J Invest Dermatol 2022; 142:1253-1255. [PMID: 35109986 PMCID: PMC9128576 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2021.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
DNA methylation and demethylation function in the balance between cellular differentiation and cancer. Although the roles of DNA methyltransferases have been extensively explored in epidermal biology, ten-eleven translocation (TET) demethylase enzymes are poorly understood. In their new article in the Journal of Investigative Dermatology, Boudra et al. present evidence for a tumor-suppressive role of TET2 and its regulation of 5-hydroxymethylcytosine in the prevention of squamous cell carcinomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian C Capell
- Department of Dermatology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA; Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA; Penn Epigenetics Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA; Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
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Yi Y, Wu M, Zhou X, Xiong M, Tan Y, Yu H, Liu Z, Wu Y, Zhang Q. Ascorbic acid 2-glucoside preconditioning enhances the ability of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells in promoting wound healing. Stem Cell Res Ther 2022; 13:119. [PMID: 35313962 PMCID: PMC8935805 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-022-02797-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Nowadays, wound is associated with a complicated repairing process and still represents a significant biomedical burden worldwide. Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) possess multidirectional differentiation potential and secretory function, emerging as potential cellular candidates in treating wounds. Ascorbic acid 2-glucoside (AA2G) is a well-known antioxidant and its function in BMSC-promoting wound healing is worth exploring. Methods The in vitro cell proliferation, migration, and angiogenesis of BMSCs and AA2G-treated BMSCs were detected by flow cytometry, EDU staining, scratch assay, transwell assay, and immunofluorescence (IF). Besides, the collagen formation effect of AA2G-treated BMSCs conditioned medium (CM) on NIH-3T3 cells was evaluated by hydroxyproline, qRT-PCR and IF staining detection. Next, in the wound healing mouse model, the histological evaluation of wound tissue in PBS, BMSCs, and AA2G-treated BMSCs group were further investigated. Lastly, western blot and ELISA were used to detect the expression levels of 5-hmc, TET2 and VEGF protein, and PI3K/AKT pathway activation in BMSCs treated with or without AA2G. Results The in vitro results indicated that AA2G-treated BMSCs exhibited stronger proliferation and improved the angiogenesis ability of vascular endothelial cells. In addition, the AA2G-treated BMSCs CM enhanced migration and collagen formation of NIH-3T3 cells. In vivo, the AA2G-treated BMSCs group had a faster wound healing rate and a higher degree of vascularization in the new wound, compared with the PBS and BMSCs group. Moreover, AA2G preconditioning might enhance the demethylation process of BMSCs by regulating TET2 and up-regulating VEGF expression by activating the PI3K/AKT pathway. Conclusions AA2G-treated BMSCs promoted wound healing by promoting angiogenesis and collagen deposition, thereby providing a feasible strategy to reinforce the biofunctionability of BMSCs in treating wounds. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13287-022-02797-0.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Yi
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Min Wu
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Xiaomei Zhou
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Mingchen Xiong
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Yufang Tan
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Honghao Yu
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Zeming Liu
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Yiping Wu
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China.
| | - Qi Zhang
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China.
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