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Zhu F, Guo W, Fu Y. Functional materials for aqueous redox flow batteries: merits and applications. Chem Soc Rev 2023; 52:8410-8446. [PMID: 37947236 DOI: 10.1039/d3cs00703k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Redox flow batteries (RFBs) are promising electrochemical energy storage systems, offering vast potential for large-scale applications. Their unique configuration allows energy and power to be decoupled, making them highly scalable and flexible in design. Aqueous RFBs stand out as the most promising technologies, primarily due to their inexpensive supporting electrolytes and high safety. For aqueous RFBs, there has been a skyrocketing increase in studies focusing on the development of advanced functional materials that offer exceptional merits. They include redox-active materials with high solubility and stability, electrodes with excellent mechanical and chemical stability, and membranes with high ion selectivity and conductivity. This review summarizes the types of aqueous RFBs currently studied, providing an outline of the merits needed for functional materials from a practical perspective. We discuss design principles for redox-active candidates that can exhibit excellent performance, ranging from inorganic to organic active materials, and summarize the development of and need for electrode and membrane materials. Additionally, we analyze the mechanisms that cause battery performance decay from intrinsic features to external influences. We also describe current research priorities and development trends, concluding with a summary of future development directions for functional materials with valuable insights for practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fulong Zhu
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, P. R. China.
| | - Wei Guo
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, P. R. China.
| | - Yongzhu Fu
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, P. R. China.
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He L, Wang Y, Zhang Q, Li X, Xu Y, Huang Y. Electrochemical Study on the Macro-Cell Corrosion of Pipeline Steel Partially Covered by Different Kinds of Mineral Deposits. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:44013-44029. [PMID: 38027390 PMCID: PMC10666125 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c06189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 10/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
This study presents the impact of mineral deposits (SiO2, Al2O3, and CaCO3) on the corrosion behavior of X65 pipeline steel in CO2-containing brine solution with low pH. The study investigates the initiation and propagation of under deposit corrosion (UDC) using a wire beam electrode (WBE) partially covered by different mineral deposit layers, in conjunction with electrochemical measurements and surface characterization. The results indicate that the corrosion behavior varies, depending on the characteristics of the deposit. During the test period, the Al2O3-covered steel acted as the main anode with more negative potential, while the bare steel acted as the cathode. The SiO2-covered steel acted as the cathode with more positive potential and a localized FeCO3 layer formed beneath the silica mineral. The CaCO3-covered steel initially acted as an anode with a more negative potential but transformed into the cathode at the end of the test. Additionally, shallow and small pits were observed beneath the deposits with the depth in the sequence Al2O3 > SiO2 > CaCO3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Limin He
- School
of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Yihan Wang
- School
of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Qiliang Zhang
- School
of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - XinCheng Li
- School
of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Yunze Xu
- School
of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
- State
Key Laboratory of Structural Analysis for Industrial Equipment, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Yi Huang
- School
of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
- State
Key Laboratory of Structural Analysis for Industrial Equipment, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
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Mahmoud M, Ramadan M, Naher S, Pullen K, Olabi AG. The impacts of different heating systems on the environment: A review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 766:142625. [PMID: 33077224 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Revised: 09/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This paper presents a review of the environmental impacts of most heating systems drawing together published literature on the subject, not previously available. Here, a comparison between the different systems such as coal, wood, oil, natural gas, heat pump, geothermal and solar energy is provided in terms of their environmental impact. The most important parameters considered are the emission rate and toxicity. This places the coal-fired system as the worst among all heating systems regarding the impacts on the environment. On the other hand, renewable energy sources are the most preferred sources decreasing total emissions and air pollution. In order to make a comparison between the different systems, the emissions that must be taken into consideration are CO, CO2, NOx, SO2, PMs, N2O, CH4, volatile organic compounds, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and aldehydes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Montaser Mahmoud
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Aeronautics, School of Mathematics, Computer Science and Engineering, City, University of London, UK; Lebanese International University, PO Box 146404, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Mohamad Ramadan
- International University of Beirut, PO Box 146404, Beirut, Lebanon; FCLAB, CNRS, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comte, Belfort cedex, France.
| | - Sumsun Naher
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Aeronautics, School of Mathematics, Computer Science and Engineering, City, University of London, UK
| | - Keith Pullen
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Aeronautics, School of Mathematics, Computer Science and Engineering, City, University of London, UK
| | - Abdul-Ghani Olabi
- Sustainable and Renewable Energy Engineering, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; Mechanical Engineering and Design, Aston University, School of Engineering and Applied Science, Aston Triangle, Birmingham, B4 7ET, UK
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Hong MS, So YS, Lim JM, Kim JG. Evaluation of internal corrosion property in district heating pipeline using fracture mechanics and electrochemical acceleration kinetics. J IND ENG CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2020.10.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Li Z, Lu YC. Material Design of Aqueous Redox Flow Batteries: Fundamental Challenges and Mitigation Strategies. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2020; 32:e2002132. [PMID: 33094532 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202002132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Revised: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Redox flow batteries (RFBs) are critical enablers for next-generation grid-scale energy-storage systems, due to their scalability and flexibility in decoupling power and energy. Aqueous RFBs (ARFBs) using nonflammable electrolytes are intrinsically safe. However, their development has been limited by their low energy density and high cost. Developing ARFBs with higher energy density, lower cost, and longer lifespan than the current standard is of significant interest to academic and industrial research communities. Here, a critical review of the latest progress on advanced electrolyte material designs of ARFBs is presented, including a fundamental overview of their physicochemical properties, major challenges, and design strategies. Assessment methodologies and metrics for the evaluation of RFB stability are discussed. Finally, future directions for material design to realize practical applications and achieve the commercialization of ARFB energy-storage systems are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhejun Li
- Electrochemical Energy and Interfaces Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Automation Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N. T., Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China
| | - Yi-Chun Lu
- Electrochemical Energy and Interfaces Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Automation Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N. T., Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China
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Nanoindentation-Based Micro-Mechanical and Electrochemical Properties of Quench-Hardened, Tempered Low-Carbon Steel. CRYSTALS 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/cryst10060508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The nanoindentation technique is widely used to measure the micro-scale mechanical properties of various materials. Herein, the nanoindentation-based micro-mechanical and electrochemical properties of low-carbon steel were investigated after quench hardening and tempering processes. The steel was produced on a laboratory scale and subjected to quench hardening separately in two different media-water and brine (10 wt% NaCl)-and subsequent moderate temperature tempering. Microstructure analysis revealed that the lath martensite phase formed after all heat treatments, having different carbon percentages ranging from 0.26% to 0.58%. A ferrite phase was also observed in the microstructure in three different morphologies, i.e., allotriomorphic ferrite, idiomorphic ferrite, and Widmanstätten ferrite. Nanoindentation analysis showed that the brine quench hardening process provided a maximum twofold improvement in indentation hardness and a 51% improvement in stiffness with a 30% reduction in reduced elastic modulus compared with as-received steel. Electrochemical performance was also evaluated in a 1% HNO3 solution. The water quench-hardened and tempered sample exhibited the highest corrosion resistance, whereas the brine quench-hardened sample exhibited the lowest corrosion resistance among all heat-treated samples.
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Hybrid graphene oxide decoration and water-based polymers for mild steel surface protection in saline environment. J IND ENG CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2019.01.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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