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Aqilah Zahirah Norazmi N, Hafizah Mukhtar N, Ravindar L, Suhaily Saaidin A, Huda Abd Karim N, Hamizah Ali A, Kartini Agustar H, Ismail N, Yee Ling L, Ebihara M, Izzaty Hassan N. Exploring antimalarial potential: Conjugating organometallic moieties with organic fragments for enhanced efficacy. Bioorg Chem 2024; 149:107510. [PMID: 38833991 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2024.107510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2024] [Revised: 05/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024]
Abstract
In the search for novel ligands with efficacy against various diseases, particularly parasitic diseases, molecular hybridization of organometallic units into biologically active scaffolds has been hailed as an appealing strategy in medicinal chemistry. The conjugation to organometallic fragments can be achieved by an appropriate linker or by directly coordinating the existing drugs to a metal. The success of Ferroquine (FQ, SR97193), an effective chloroquine-ferrocene conjugate currently undergoing the patient-exploratory phase as a combination therapy with the novel triaminopyrimidine ZY-19489 for malaria, has sparked intense interest in organometallic compound drug discovery. We present the evolution of organometallic antimalarial agents over the last decade, focusing on the parent moiety's class and the type of organometallics involved. Four main organometallic antimalarial compounds have been chosen based on conjugated organic moieties: existing antimalarial drugs, other clinical drugs, hybrid drugs, and promising scaffolds of thiosemicarbazones, benzimidazoles, and chalcones, in particular. The presented insights contribute to the ongoing discourse on organometallic compound drug development for malaria diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nur Aqilah Zahirah Norazmi
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Science & Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Nur Hafizah Mukhtar
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Science & Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Lekkala Ravindar
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Science & Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Aimi Suhaily Saaidin
- Center of Foundation Studies, Universiti Teknologi Mara, 43800 Dengkil, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Nurul Huda Abd Karim
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Science & Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Amatul Hamizah Ali
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Science & Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Hani Kartini Agustar
- Department of Earth Sciences and Environment, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, UKM, 43600, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Norzila Ismail
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicinal Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Lau Yee Ling
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Masahiro Ebihara
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Faculty of Engineering, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu City 501-1193, Japan
| | - Nurul Izzaty Hassan
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Science & Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia.
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Joshi B, Shivashankar M. Recent Advancement in the Synthesis of Ir-Based Complexes. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:43408-43432. [PMID: 38027378 PMCID: PMC10666285 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c04867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
Cancer is a devastating disease with over 100 types, including lung and breast cancer. Cisplatin and metal-based drugs are limited due to their drug resistance and side effects. Iridium-based compounds have emerged as promising candidates due to their unique chemical properties and resemblance to platinum compounds. The objective of this study is to investigate the synthesis and categorization of iridium complexes, with a particular emphasis on their potential use as anticancer agents. The major focus of this research is to examine the synthesis of these complexes and their relevance to the field of cancer treatment. The negligible side effects and flexibility of cyclometalated iridium(III) complexes have garnered significant interest. Organometallic half-sandwich Ir(III) complexes have notable benefits in cancer research and treatment. The review places significant emphasis on categorizing iridium complexes according to their ligand environment, afterward considering the ligand density and coordination number. This study primarily focuses on several methods for synthesizing cyclometalated and half-sandwich Ir complexes, divided into subgroups based on ligand denticity. The coordination number of iridium complexes determines the number of ligands coordinated to the central iridium atom, which impacts their stability and reactivity. Understanding these complexes is crucial for designing compounds with desired properties and investigating their potential as anticancer agents. Cyclometalated iridium(III) complexes, which contain a meta-cycle with the E-M-C order σ bond, were synthesized in 1999. These complexes have high quantum yields, significant stock shifts, luminescence qualities, cell permeability, and strong photostability. They have been promising in biosensing, bioimaging, and phosphorescence of heavy metal complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhumika Joshi
- Department of Chemistry,
School of Advance Science, VIT University, Vellore 632014, India
| | - Murugesh Shivashankar
- Department of Chemistry,
School of Advance Science, VIT University, Vellore 632014, India
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Mandal A, Kushwaha R, Mandal AA, Bajpai S, Yadav AK, Banerjee S. Transition Metal Complexes as Antimalarial Agents: A Review. ChemMedChem 2023; 18:e202300326. [PMID: 37436090 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202300326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023]
Abstract
In antimalarial drug development research, overcoming drug resistance has been a major challenge for researchers. Nowadays, several drugs like chloroquine, mefloquine, sulfadoxine, and artemisinin are used to treat malaria. But increment in drug resistance has pushed researchers to find novel drugs to tackle drug resistance problems. The idea of using transition metal complexes with pharmacophores as ligands/ligand pendants to show enhanced antimalarial activity with a novel mechanism of action has gained significant attention recently. The advantages of metal complexes include tunable chemical/physical properties, redox activity, avoiding resistance factors, etc. Several recent reports have successfully demonstrated that the metal complexation of known organic antimalarial drugs can overcome drug resistance by showing enhanced activities than the parent drugs. This review has discussed the fruitful research works done in the past few years falling into this criterion. Based on transition metal series (3d, 4d, or 5d), the antimalarial metal complexes have been divided into three broad categories (3d, 4d, or 5d metal-based), and their activities have been compared with the similar control complexes as well as the parent drugs. Furthermore, we have also commented on the potential issues and their possible solution for translating these metal-based antimalarial complexes into the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Apurba Mandal
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), 221005, Varanasi, India
| | - Rajesh Kushwaha
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), 221005, Varanasi, India
| | - Arif Ali Mandal
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), 221005, Varanasi, India
| | - Sumit Bajpai
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), 221005, Varanasi, India
| | - Ashish Kumar Yadav
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), 221005, Varanasi, India
| | - Samya Banerjee
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), 221005, Varanasi, India
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Investigation of bioorganometallic artemisinins as antiplasmodials. J Organomet Chem 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2023.122633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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Yang T, Zhu M, Jiang M, Yang F, Zhang Z. Current status of iridium-based complexes against lung cancer. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:1025544. [PMID: 36210835 PMCID: PMC9538862 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.1025544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer is one of the most common malignant tumors, with the highest mortality rate in the world, and its incidence is second only to breast cancer. It has posed a serious threat to human health. Cisplatin, a metal-based drug, is one of the most widely used chemotherapeutic agents for the treatment of various cancers. However, its clinical efficacy is seriously limited by numerous side effects and drug resistance. This has led to the exploration and development of other transition metal complexes for the treatment of malignant tumors. In recent years, iridium-based complexes have attracted extensive attention due to their potent anticancer activities, limited side effects, unique antitumor mechanisms, and rich optical properties, and are expected to be potential antitumor drugs. In this review, we summarize the recent progress of iridium complexes against lung cancer and introduce their anti-tumor mechanisms, including apoptosis, cycle arrest, inhibition of lung cancer cell migration, induction of immunogenic cell death, etc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tongfu Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources/Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources (Ministry of Education of China), Collaborative Innovation Center for Guangxi Ethnic Medicine, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, Guangxi, China
| | - Minghui Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources/Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources (Ministry of Education of China), Collaborative Innovation Center for Guangxi Ethnic Medicine, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, Guangxi, China
| | - Ming Jiang
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources/Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources (Ministry of Education of China), Collaborative Innovation Center for Guangxi Ethnic Medicine, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, Guangxi, China
- School of food and biochemical engineering, Guangxi Science and Technology Normal University, Laibin, Guangxi, China
| | - Feng Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources/Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources (Ministry of Education of China), Collaborative Innovation Center for Guangxi Ethnic Medicine, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, Guangxi, China
| | - Zhenlei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources/Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources (Ministry of Education of China), Collaborative Innovation Center for Guangxi Ethnic Medicine, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, Guangxi, China
- *Correspondence: Zhenlei Zhang,
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Zhang S, Yi C, Li WW, Luo Y, Wu YZ, Ling HB. The current scenario on anticancer activity of artemisinin metal complexes, hybrids, and dimers. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2022; 355:e2200086. [PMID: 35484335 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.202200086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Cancer, the most significant cause of morbidity and mortality, has already posed a heavy burden on health care systems globally. In recent years, cancer treatment has made a significant breakthrough, but cancer cells inevitably acquire resistance, and the efficacy of the treatment is greatly reduced as the tumor progresses. To overcome the above issues, novel chemotherapeutics are needed urgently. Artemisinin and its derivatives-sesquiterpene lactone compounds possessing a unique peroxy bridge moiety-exhibit excellent safety and tolerability profiles. Mechanistically, artemisinin derivatives can promote cancer cell apoptosis, induce cell cycle arrest and autophagy, and inhibit cancer cell invasion and migration. Accordingly, artemisinin derivatives demonstrate promising anticancer efficacy both in vitro and in vivo, and even in clinical Phase I/II trials. The purpose of the present review article is to provide an emphasis on the current scenario (January 2017-January 2022) of artemisinin derivatives with potential anticancer activity, inclusive of artemisinin metal complexes, hybrids, and dimers. The structure-activity relationships and mechanisms of action are also discussed to facilitate the further rational design of more effective candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu Zhang
- Hubei Provincial Academy of Eco-Environmental Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Chuan Yi
- Hubei Provincial Academy of Eco-Environmental Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei-Wei Li
- Hubei Provincial Academy of Eco-Environmental Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Luo
- Hubei Provincial Academy of Eco-Environmental Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi-Zhe Wu
- Hubei Provincial Academy of Eco-Environmental Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Hai-Bo Ling
- Hubei Provincial Academy of Eco-Environmental Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
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Fang J, Song F, Wang F. The antimalarial activity of 1,2,4-trioxolane/trioxane hybrids and dimers: A review. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2022; 355:e2200077. [PMID: 35388499 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.202200077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Revised: 03/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Malaria, a mosquito-borne parasitic infection caused by protozoan parasites belonging to the genus Plasmodium, is a dangerous disease that contributes to millions of hospital visits and hundreds and thousands of deaths across the world, especially in Sub-Saharan Africa. Antimalarial agents are vital for treating malaria and controlling transmission, and 1,2,4-trioxolane/trioxane-containing agents, especially artemisinin and its derivatives, own antimalarial efficacy and low toxicity with unique mechanisms of action. Moreover, artemisinin-based combination therapies were recommended by the World Health Organization as the first-line treatment for uncomplicated malaria infection and have remained as the mainstay of the treatment of malaria, demonstrating that 1,2,4-trioxolane/trioxane derivatives are useful prototypes for the control and eradication of malaria. However, malaria parasites have already developed resistance to almost all of the currently available antimalarial agents, creating an urgent need for the search of novel pharmaceutical interventions for malaria. The purpose of this review article is to provide an emphasis on the current scenario (January 2012 to January 2022) of 1,2,4-trioxolane/trioxane hybrids and dimers with potential antimalarial activity and the structure-activity relationships are also discussed to facilitate further rational design of more effective candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junman Fang
- College of Life Sciences, Engineering Research Center of the Chinese Ministry of Education for Bioreactor and Pharmaceutical Development, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin, China.,Shandong Key Laboratory of Biophysics, Institute of Biophysics, Dezhou University, Dezhou, Shandong, China
| | - Feng Song
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Biophysics, Institute of Biophysics, Dezhou University, Dezhou, Shandong, China
| | - Fawei Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Engineering Research Center of the Chinese Ministry of Education for Bioreactor and Pharmaceutical Development, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin, China
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Jordaan L, Ndlovu MT, Mkhize S, Ngubane S, Loots L, Duffy S, Avery VM, Chellan P. Investigating the antiplasmodial activity of substituted cyclopentadienyl rhodium and iridium complexes of 2-(2-pyridyl)benzimidazole. J Organomet Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2022.122273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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