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Wang Z, He W, Fu L, Cheng H, Lin C, Dong X, Liu C. Detoxification and neurotransmitter clearance drive the recovery of Arma chinensis from β-cypermethrin-triggered knockdown. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 476:135175. [PMID: 39002489 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.135175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2024] [Revised: 06/29/2024] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 07/15/2024]
Abstract
Natural enemies of arthropods contribute considerably to agriculture by suppressing pests, particularly when combined with chemical control. Studies show that insect recovery after insecticide application is rare. Here, we discovered the recovery of the predatory bug Arma chinensis from knockdown following the application of β-cypermethrin but not five other insecticides. A. chinensis individuals were more tolerant to β-cypermethrin than lepidopteran and coleopteran larvae, which did not recover from knockdown. We assessed A. chinensis recovery by monitoring their respiration and tracking locomotion through the entire process. We identified and verified the trans-regulation of detoxifying genes, including those encoding cytochrome P450s and α/β-hydrolase, which confer recovery from β-cypermethrin exposure in A. chinensis, by mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and cAMP response element binding protein (CREB). Furthermore, we discovered a novel mechanism, the neurotransmitter clearance, in vivo during the recovery process, by which the insect initiated the removal of excessive dopamine with a degrading enzyme ebony. Overall, these results provide mechanistic insights into the detoxification and neurotransmitter clearance that jointly drive insect recovery from insecticide exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Wang
- Sino-American Biological Control Laboratory, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Wenjie He
- Sino-American Biological Control Laboratory, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Luyao Fu
- Sino-American Biological Control Laboratory, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Hongmei Cheng
- Sino-American Biological Control Laboratory, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Changjin Lin
- Sino-American Biological Control Laboratory, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xiaolin Dong
- Department of Entomology, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434023, China
| | - Chenxi Liu
- Sino-American Biological Control Laboratory, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China.
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Why Do Insects Close Their Spiracles? A Meta-Analytic Evaluation of the Adaptive Hypothesis of Discontinuous Gas Exchange in Insects. INSECTS 2022; 13:insects13020117. [PMID: 35206691 PMCID: PMC8878836 DOI: 10.3390/insects13020117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 01/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Simple Summary Insects breathe with the aid of thin capillary tubes that open out to the exterior of their body as spiracles. These spiracles are often modulated in a rhythmic gas pattern known as the discontinuous gas exchange cycle. During this cycle, spiracles are either firmly shut to allow no gaseous exchange or slightly open/fully open to allow for gaseous exchange. Two explanations are put forward to rationalize this process, namely, the rhythmic pattern is to (1) reduce water loss or (2) facilitate gaseous exchange in environments with high carbon dioxide and low oxygen. Interestingly, certain insects (such as some desert insects) do not use this rhythmic pattern where it would have been most beneficial and logical. Such an observation has led to the questioning of the explanations of the discontinuous gas exchange cycle. Consequently, we attempt to resolve this controversy by conducting a meta-analysis by synthesizing apposite data from across all insects where a discontinuous gas exchange cycle has been reported. A meta-analysis allows for a shift from viewing data through the lens of a single species to an order view. Thus, our goal is to use this holistic view of data to examine the explanations of the discontinuous gas exchange cycle across multiple groups of insects. Abstract The earliest description of the discontinuous gas exchange cycle (DGC) in lepidopterous insects supported the hypothesis that the DGC serves to reduce water loss (hygric hypothesis) and facilitate gaseous exchange in hyperoxia/hypoxia (chthonic hypothesis). With technological advances, other insect orders were investigated, and both hypotheses were questioned. Thus, we conducted a meta-analysis to evaluate the merit of both hypotheses. This included 46 insect species in 24 families across nine orders. We also quantified the percent change in metabolic rates per °C change of temperature during the DGC. The DGC reduced water loss (−3.27 ± 0.88; estimate ± 95% confidence limits [95% CI]; p < 0.0001) in insects. However, the DGC does not favor gaseous exchange in hyperoxia (0.21 ± 0.25 [estimate ± 95% CI]; p = 0.12) nor hypoxia, but did favor gaseous exchange in normoxia (0.27 ± 0.26 [estimate ± 95% CI]; p = 0.04). After accounting for variation associated with order, family, and species, a phylogenetic model reflected that metabolic rate exhibited a significant, non-zero increase of 8.13% (± 3.48 95% CI; p < 0.0001) per °C increase in temperature. These data represent the first meta-analytic attempt to resolve the controversies surrounding the merit of adaptive hypotheses in insects.
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Rolandi C, Roca-Acevedo G, Schilman PE, Germano MD. Aerobic Metabolism Alterations as an Evidence of Underlying Deltamethrin Resistance Mechanisms in Triatoma infestans (Hemiptera: Reduviidae). JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2020; 57:1988-1991. [PMID: 33184670 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjaa099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Triatoma infestans (Klug, 1834), the main vector of Chagas disease in Latin America, is regularly controlled by spraying the pyrethroid deltamethrin, to which some populations have developed resistance. The three main mechanisms of resistance are 1) metabolic resistance by overexpression or increased activity of detoxifying enzymes, 2) target site mutations, and 3) cuticle thickening/modification. We use open-flow respirometry to measure real-time H2O loss rate (V˙H2O) and CO2 production rate (V˙CO2), on nymphs from susceptible and resistant populations before and after exposure to the insecticide to understand the underlying mechanisms of resistance in live insects. Lack of differences in V˙H2O between populations suggested that cuticular thickness/composition is not acting as a relevant resistance mechanism. Similarly, there was no difference in resting V˙CO2, suggesting a trade-off between resistance mechanisms and other physiological processes. The increment in V˙CO2 after application of deltamethrin was similar in both populations, which suggested that while enhanced enzymatic detoxification may play a role in resistance expression in this population, the main mechanism involved should be a passive one such as target site mutations. Open-flow respirometry provided useful evidence for evaluating the mechanisms involved in deltamethrin resistance. Using this technique could improve efficiency of scientific research in the area of insecticide resistance management, leading to a faster decision making and hence improved control results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Rolandi
- Laboratorio de Ecofisiología de Insectos (DBBE, FCEN, UBA e IBBEA, UBA/CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Gonzalo Roca-Acevedo
- Centro de Investigaciones de Plagas e Insecticidas (CIPEIN, UNIDEF/CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Pablo E Schilman
- Laboratorio de Ecofisiología de Insectos (DBBE, FCEN, UBA e IBBEA, UBA/CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mónica D Germano
- Instituto de Investigaciones Forestales y Agropecuarias Bariloche (IFAB, INTA/CONICET), Campo Forestal General San Martín (INTA- EEA Bariloche). Las Golondrinas, Chubut, Argentina
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Muñoz IJ, Schilman PE, Barrozo RB. Impact of alkaloids in food consumption, metabolism and survival in a blood-sucking insect. Sci Rep 2020; 10:9443. [PMID: 32523008 PMCID: PMC7287067 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-65932-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The sense of taste provides information about the “good” or “bad” quality of a food source, which may be potentially nutritious or toxic. Most alkaloids taste bitter to humans, and because bitter taste is synonymous of noxious food, they are generally rejected. This response may be due to an innate low palatability or due to a malaise that occurs after food ingestion, which could even lead to death. We investigated in the kissing bug Rhodnius prolixus, whether alkaloids such as quinine, caffeine and theophylline, are merely distasteful, or if anti-appetitive responses are caused by a post-ingestion physiological effect, or both of these options. Although anti-appetitive responses were observed for the three alkaloids, only caffeine and theophylline affect metabolic and respiratory parameters that reflected an underlying physiological stress following their ingestion. Furthermore, caffeine caused the highest mortality. In contrast, quinine appears to be a merely unpalatable compound. The sense of taste helps insects to avoid making wrong feeding decisions, such as the intake of bitter/toxic foods, and thus avoid potentially harmful effects on health, a mechanism preserved in obligate hematophagous insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignacio J Muñoz
- Grupo de Neuroetología de Insectos Vectores, Laboratorio Fisiología de Insectos, Instituto Biodiversidad Biología Experimental Aplicada, CONICET; Departamento Biodiversidad Biología Experimental, Facultad Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, UBA, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Laboratorio de Ecofisiología de Insectos, Instituto de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental y Aplicada, CONICET; Departamento de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, UBA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Pablo E Schilman
- Laboratorio de Ecofisiología de Insectos, Instituto de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental y Aplicada, CONICET; Departamento de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, UBA, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Romina B Barrozo
- Grupo de Neuroetología de Insectos Vectores, Laboratorio Fisiología de Insectos, Instituto Biodiversidad Biología Experimental Aplicada, CONICET; Departamento Biodiversidad Biología Experimental, Facultad Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, UBA, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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Belliard SA, De la Vega GJ, Schilman PE. Thermal Tolerance Plasticity in Chagas Disease Vectors Rhodnius prolixus (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) and Triatoma infestans. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2019; 56:997-1003. [PMID: 30849174 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjz022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Temperature is recognized as the most influential abiotic factor on the distribution and dispersion of most insect species including Rhodnius prolixus (Stål, 1859) and Triatoma infestans (Klug, 1834), the two most important Chagas disease vectors. Although, these species thermotolerance range is well known their plasticity has never been addressed in these or any other triatomines. Herein, we investigate the effects of acclimation on thermotolerance range and resistance to stressful low temperatures by assessing thermal critical limits and 'chill-coma recovery time' (CCRT), respectively. We found positive effects of acclimation on thermotolerance range, especially on the thermal critical minimum of both species. In contrast, CCRT did not respond to acclimation in either. Our results reveal the plasticity of these Triatomines thermal tolerance in response to a wide range of acclimation temperatures. This presumably represents a physiological adaptation to daily or seasonal temperature variation with concomitant improvement in dispersion potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvina A Belliard
- Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Departamento de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Instituto de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental y Aplicada. CONICET-UBA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Gerardo J De la Vega
- Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Departamento de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Instituto de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental y Aplicada. CONICET-UBA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Pablo E Schilman
- Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Departamento de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Instituto de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental y Aplicada. CONICET-UBA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Rolandi C, Schilman PE. The costs of living in a thermal fluctuating environment for the tropical haematophagous bug, Rhodnius prolixus. J Therm Biol 2018; 74:92-99. [PMID: 29801656 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2018.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Revised: 02/21/2018] [Accepted: 03/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Environmental temperature is an abiotic factor with great influence on biological processes of living beings. Jensen's inequality states that for non-lineal processes, such as most biological phenomena, the effects of thermal fluctuations cannot be predicted from mean constant temperatures. We studied the effect of daily temperature fluctuation (DTF) on Rhodnius prolixus, a model organism in insect physiology, and an important vector of Chagas disease. We measured development time from egg to adult, fecundity, fertility, body mass reduction rate (indirect measurement of nutrient consumption rates) and survival after a single blood meal. Insects were reared at constant temperature (24 °C), or with a DTF (17-32 °C; mean = 24 °C). Taking into account Jensen's inequality as well as the species tropical distribution, we predict that living in a variable thermal environment will have higher costs than inhabiting a stable one. Development time and fertility were not affected by DTF. However, fecundity was lower in females reared at DTF than at constant temperature, and males had higher body mass reduction rate and lower survival in the DTF regime, suggesting higher costs associated to fluctuating thermal environments. At a population and epidemiological level, higher energetic costs would imply an increase in nutrient consumption rate, biting frequency, and, consequently increasing disease transmission from infected insects. On the contrary, lower fecundity could be associated with a decrease in population growth. This knowledge will not only provide basic information to the field of insect ecophysiology, but also could be a useful background to develop population and disease transmission models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Rolandi
- Laboratorio de Eco-fisiología de Insectos, Departamento de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental (DBBE), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (FCEyN), Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Argentina; Instituto de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental y Aplicada (IBBEA), CONICET-UBA, Argentina
| | - Pablo E Schilman
- Laboratorio de Eco-fisiología de Insectos, Departamento de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental (DBBE), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (FCEyN), Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Argentina; Instituto de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental y Aplicada (IBBEA), CONICET-UBA, Argentina.
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Rolandi C, Schilman PE. Aggregated oviposition in Rhodnius prolixus, sensory cues and physiological consequences. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 98:74-82. [PMID: 27940266 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2016.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Revised: 12/01/2016] [Accepted: 12/06/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Females of the haematophagous bug Rhodnius prolixus attach their eggs in clusters on substrates related to their hosts, such as nests or avian feathers. Because the hosts are an enormous food resource as well as potential predators, the choice of the site and pattern of oviposition could have an important adaptive value. Here we investigated proximate and a potential ultimate cause of this aggregated pattern of laid eggs. First, we studied proximal causes by analyzing the use of chemical or physical cues associated with aggregated oviposition in R. prolixus. For all terrestrial organisms there is a trade-off between exchange of respiratory gases and water loss. Particularly, insect eggs are highly susceptible to this trade-off because they do not obtain water from the environment, hence our second objective is to study the possible mechanisms involved in dehydration resistance in this species. Therefore we examined the dynamics of change in CO2 release rate (ṀCO2), and water loss rate (ṀH2O) in relation to embryo development as energetic demands increase, and tested the energetic or hygric efficiency hypothesis as a potential ultimate cause of aggregated oviposition. This hypothesis states that grouped eggs consume less energy or lose less water than equal numbers of isolated eggs, the latter being more susceptible to dehydration. Results indicated the use of physical external cues such as dummy eggs or edges of the oviposition substrates, but we did not find any chemical cues associated with the aggregated pattern of oviposition. There are no energetic or hygric benefits associated with egg's aggregated pattern. However, when we analyzed the ṀCO2 and ṀH2O change in relation to embryo development, we found a fairly constant and low ṀH2O albeit a clear increase in ṀCO2, suggesting a tightly control of egg's desiccation tolerance. This high resistance to desiccation coupled with a temporal strategy of hatching allows R. prolixus embryos to successfully develop and hatch under harsh environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Rolandi
- Departamento de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental (DBBE), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (FCEyN), Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Argentina; Instituto de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental y Aplicada (IBBEA), CONICET-UBA, Argentina
| | - Pablo E Schilman
- Departamento de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental (DBBE), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (FCEyN), Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Argentina; Instituto de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental y Aplicada (IBBEA), CONICET-UBA, Argentina.
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