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Yang Q, Gill A, Robinson KL, Umina PA, Ross PA, Zhan D, Brown C, Bell N, MacMahon A, Hoffmann AA. A diversity of endosymbionts across Australian aphids and their persistence in aphid cultures. Environ Microbiol 2023; 25:1988-2001. [PMID: 37286189 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.16432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
There is increasing interest in the use of endosymbionts in pest control, which will benefit from the identification of endosymbionts from potential donor species for transfer to pest species. Here, we screened for endosymbionts in 123 Australian aphid samples across 32 species using 16S DNA metabarcoding. We then developed a qPCR method to validate the metabarcoding data set and to monitor endosymbiont persistence in aphid cultures. Pea aphids (Acyrthosiphon pisum) were frequently coinfected with Rickettsiella and Serratia, and glasshouse potato aphids (Aulacorthum solani) were coinfected with Regiella and Spiroplasma; other secondary endosymbionts detected in samples occurred by themselves. Hamiltonella, Rickettsia and Wolbachia were restricted to a single aphid species, whereas Regiella was found in multiple species. Rickettsiella, Hamiltonella and Serratia were stably maintained in laboratory cultures, although others were lost rapidly. The overall incidence of secondary endosymbionts in Australian samples tended to be lower than recorded from aphids overseas. These results indicate that aphid endosymbionts probably exhibit different levels of infectivity and vertical transmission efficiency across hosts, which may contribute to natural infection patterns. The rapid loss of some endosymbionts in cultures raises questions about factors that maintain them under field conditions, while endosymbionts that persisted in laboratory culture provide candidates for interspecific transfers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Yang
- Bio21 Institute, School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Alex Gill
- Bio21 Institute, School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Katie L Robinson
- Bio21 Institute, School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Paul A Umina
- Bio21 Institute, School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Cesar Australia, Brunswick, Victoria, Australia
| | - Perran A Ross
- Bio21 Institute, School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Dongwu Zhan
- Bio21 Institute, School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Courtney Brown
- Bio21 Institute, School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Nicholas Bell
- Bio21 Institute, School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ashley MacMahon
- Bio21 Institute, School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ary A Hoffmann
- Bio21 Institute, School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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Dalmaso G, Ioriatti C, Gualandri V, Zapponi L, Mazzoni V, Mori N, Baldessari M. Orientus ishidae (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae): Biology, Direct Damage and Preliminary Studies on Apple Proliferation Infection in Apple Orchard. INSECTS 2023; 14:246. [PMID: 36975931 PMCID: PMC10057507 DOI: 10.3390/insects14030246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The mosaic leafhopper, Orientus ishidae (Matsumura), is an Asian species widespread in Europe that can cause leaf damage in wild trees and transmit disease phytoplasmas to grapevines. Following an O. ishidae outbreak reported in 2019 in an apple orchard in northern Italy, the biology and damage caused by this species to apples were investigated during 2020 and 2021. Our studies included observations on the O. ishidae life cycle, leaf symptoms associated to its trophic activity, and its capability to acquire "Candidatus Phytoplasma mali," a causal agent of Apple Proliferation (AP). The results indicate that O. ishidae can complete the life cycle on apple trees. Nymphs emerged between May and June, and adults were present from early July to late October, with the peak of flight between July and early August. Semi-field observations allowed for an accurate description of leaf symptoms that appeared as a distinct yellowing after a one-day exposure. In field experiments, 23% of the leaves were found damaged. In addition, 16-18% of the collected leafhoppers were found carrying AP phytoplasma. We conclude that O. ishidae has the potential to be a new apple tree pest. However, further studies are required to better understand the economic impact of the infestations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Dalmaso
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie 15, 37134 Verona, Italy
- Centre for Technology Transfer, Fondazione Edmund Mach, Via E. Mach 1, 38010 San Michele all’Adige, Italy
| | - Claudio Ioriatti
- Centre for Technology Transfer, Fondazione Edmund Mach, Via E. Mach 1, 38010 San Michele all’Adige, Italy
| | - Valeria Gualandri
- Centre for Technology Transfer, Fondazione Edmund Mach, Via E. Mach 1, 38010 San Michele all’Adige, Italy
| | - Livia Zapponi
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute of BioEconomy, 38098 San Michele all’Adige, Italy
| | - Valerio Mazzoni
- Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, Via E. Mach 1, 38010 San Michele all’Adige, Italy
| | - Nicola Mori
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie 15, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Mario Baldessari
- Centre for Technology Transfer, Fondazione Edmund Mach, Via E. Mach 1, 38010 San Michele all’Adige, Italy
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Rodrigues I, Rebelo MT, Baptista P, Pereira JA. Cicadomorpha Community (Hemiptera: Auchenorrhyncha) in Portuguese Vineyards with Notes of Potential Vectors of Xylella fastidiosa. INSECTS 2023; 14:251. [PMID: 36975936 PMCID: PMC10057602 DOI: 10.3390/insects14030251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Cicadomorpha (Hemiptera) insects are currently responsible for a growing negative impact on the agricultural economy due to their ability to directly damage crops or through the capacity to act as vectors for plant pathogens. The phytopathogenic bacterium Xylella fastidiosa, the causal agent of Pierce's disease in vineyards, is exclusively transmitted by insects of this infraorder. Therefore, knowledge of the Cicadomorpha species and understanding their biology and ecology is crucial. In this work, in 2018 and 2019, the canopy and inter-row vegetation of 35 vineyards distributed in mainland Portugal were sampled to investigate species composition, richness, and diversity of the Cicadomorpha community, with a special focus given to vectors and potential vectors of X. fastidiosa. A total of 11,834 individuals were collected, 3003 in 2018 and 8831 in 2019. Of the 81 species/morphospecies identified, only five are considered vectors or potential vectors of this pathogen, namely, Cicadella viridis (Linnaeus, 1758), Philaenus spumarius (Linnaeus, 1758), Neophilaenus campestris (Fallén, 1805), Lepyronia coleoptrata (Linnaeus, 1758), and N. lineatus (Linnaeus, 1758). Cicadella viridis was the most abundant xylem sap feeder, followed by P. spumarius. In addition, Cicadomorpha that cause direct damage to vines and vectors of grapevine yellows' phytoplasmas were also collected and identified in the sampled vineyards. The results suggested that vectors and potential vectors of X. fastidiosa and a large proportion of the population of Cicadomorpha have a positive correction with inter-row vegetation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Rodrigues
- Centro de Investigação de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal
- Laboratório Associado para a Sustentabilidade e Tecnologia em Regiões de Montanha (SusTEC), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal
- Departamento de Ingeniería Agrária, Universidad de Léon, Av. Portugal, n° 41, 24071 Léon, Spain
| | - Maria Teresa Rebelo
- Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), Department of Animal Biology, University of Lisboa, Campo Grande 016, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Paula Baptista
- Centro de Investigação de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal
- Laboratório Associado para a Sustentabilidade e Tecnologia em Regiões de Montanha (SusTEC), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal
| | - José Alberto Pereira
- Centro de Investigação de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal
- Laboratório Associado para a Sustentabilidade e Tecnologia em Regiões de Montanha (SusTEC), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal
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Translocation of Loline Alkaloids in Epichloë-Infected Cereal and Pasture Grasses: What the Insects Tell Us. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:jof9010096. [PMID: 36675917 PMCID: PMC9865534 DOI: 10.3390/jof9010096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Revised: 01/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Aphids are major pests of cereal and pasture grasses throughout the world, vectoring disease and reducing plant production. There are few control options other than insecticides. Epichloë endophytes that produce loline alkaloids in their hosts provide a possible mechanism of control, with both meadow fescue and tall fescue naturally infected with loline-producing endophytes showing a resistance to Rhopalosiphum padi. We screened Elymus spp. naturally infected with endophytes that produced loline alkaloids at concentrations known to affect aphids on fescue but found no effect on these insects infesting Elymus. A synthetic loline-producing endophyte association with rye also had no effect on the aphids. After hypothesizing that the lolines were being translocated in the xylem in Elymus and rye rather than the phloem, we tested the rye and meadow fescue infected with loline-producing endophytes against a xylem feeding spittlebug. The endophyte in rye inhibited the feeding of the insect and reduced its survival, whereas the endophyte-infected meadow fescue had no effect on the spittlebug but reduced the number of aphids. Lolines applied to the potting medium of endophyte-free and endophyte-infected rye, ryegrass, and tall fescue resulted in a decrease in the aphid populations on the endophyte-free pasture grasses relative to the untreated controls but had no effect on aphid numbers on the rye. We tentatively conclude that lolines, produced in both natural and synthetic association with Elymus and rye, are partitioned in the xylem rather than the phloem, where they are inaccessible to aphids.
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Ripamonti M, Maron F, Cornara D, Marzachì C, Fereres A, Bosco D. Leafhopper feeding behaviour on three grapevine cultivars with different susceptibilities to Flavescence dorée. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 137:104366. [PMID: 35122779 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2022.104366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Scaphoideus titanus (Ball) is a grapevine-feeder leafhopper, and the most important vector of Flavescence dorée of grapevine (FD), a disease associated with phytoplasmas belonging to ribosomal subgroups 16Sr-V-C and -D. FD is a major constraint to viticulture in several European countries and, so far, its control has relied on roguing of infected plants and insecticide applications against the vector. Detailed knowledge on different levels of the multifaceted phytoplasma-plant-vector relationship is required to envisage and explore more sustainable ways to control the disease spread. In the present work, S. titanus feeding behaviour was described on three grapevine cultivars: Barbera (susceptible to FD), Brachetto, and Moscato (tolerant to FD) using the Electrical Penetration Graph (EPG) technique. Interestingly, no differences were highlighted in the non-phloem feeding phases, thus suggesting that the tested cultivars have no major differences in the biochemical composition or structure of the leaf cuticle, epidermis or mesophyll, that can affect the first feeding activities. On the contrary, the results showed significant differences in leafhopper feeding behaviour in terms of the duration of the phloem feeding phase, longer on Barbera and shorter on Brachetto and Moscato, and of the frequency of interruption-salivation events inside the phloem, higher on Brachetto and Moscato. These findings indicate a possible preference for the Barbera cultivar, a better host for the leafhopper. Scaphoideus titanus feeding behaviour on Barbera correlates with an enhanced FDp transmission efficiency, thus explaining, at least in part, the higher susceptibility of this cultivar to FD. The mechanisms for the possible non-preference for Brachetto and Moscato are discussed, and an antixenosis is hypothesized. We propose that breeding for resistance against FD should take into account both plant traits associated with the response to the phytoplasmas and to the vector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Ripamonti
- Department of Agriculture, Forest and Food Sciences (DiSAFA), University of Turin, Grugliasco, TO, Italy; Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection - National Research Council of Italy, IPSP-CNR, Torino, Italy
| | - Federico Maron
- Department of Agriculture, Forest and Food Sciences (DiSAFA), University of Turin, Grugliasco, TO, Italy
| | - Daniele Cornara
- Instituto de Ciencias Agrarias, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas, ICA-CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristina Marzachì
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection - National Research Council of Italy, IPSP-CNR, Torino, Italy
| | - Alberto Fereres
- Instituto de Ciencias Agrarias, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas, ICA-CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Domenico Bosco
- Department of Agriculture, Forest and Food Sciences (DiSAFA), University of Turin, Grugliasco, TO, Italy.
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Ripamonti M, Cerone L, Abbà S, Rossi M, Ottati S, Palmano S, Marzachì C, Galetto L. Silencing of ATP Synthase β Impairs Egg Development in the Leafhopper Scaphoideus titanus, Vector of the Phytoplasma Associated with Grapevine Flavescence Dorée. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:765. [PMID: 35054956 PMCID: PMC8775575 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23020765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Scaphoideus titanus (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) is the natural vector of Flavescence dorée phytoplasma, a quarantine pest of grapevine with severe impact on European viticulture. RNA interference (RNAi) machinery components are present in S. titanus transcriptome and injection of ATP synthase β dsRNAs into adults caused gene silencing, starting three days post injection (dpi) up to 20 dpi, leading to decrease cognate protein. Silencing of this gene in the closely related leafhopper Euscelidiusvariegatus previously showed female sterility and lack of mature eggs in ovaries. Here, alteration of developing egg morphology in S. titanus ovaries as well as overexpression of hexamerin transcript (amino acid storage protein) and cathepsin L protein (lysosome proteinase) were observed in dsATP-injected females. To evaluate RNAi-specificity, E.variegatus was used as dsRNA-receiving model-species. Different doses of two sets of dsRNA-constructs targeting distinct portions of ATP synthase β gene of both species induced silencing, lack of egg development, and female sterility in E. variegatus, indicating that off-target effects must be evaluated case by case. The effectiveness of RNAi in S. titanus provides a powerful tool for functional genomics of this non-model species and paves the way toward RNAi-based strategies to limit vector population, despite several technical and regulatory constraints that still need to be overcome to allow open field application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Ripamonti
- Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile Delle Piante, Consiglio Nazionale Delle Ricerche, IPSP-CNR, Strada delle Cacce 73, 10135 Torino, Italy; (M.R.); (L.C.); (S.A.); (M.R.); (S.O.); (S.P.); (C.M.)
- Environmental Research and Innovation Department (ERIN), Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST), 41 Rue du Brill, 4422 Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Luca Cerone
- Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile Delle Piante, Consiglio Nazionale Delle Ricerche, IPSP-CNR, Strada delle Cacce 73, 10135 Torino, Italy; (M.R.); (L.C.); (S.A.); (M.R.); (S.O.); (S.P.); (C.M.)
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Forestali ed Alimentari DISAFA, Università degli Studi di Torino, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, Grugliasco, 10095 Torino, Italy
| | - Simona Abbà
- Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile Delle Piante, Consiglio Nazionale Delle Ricerche, IPSP-CNR, Strada delle Cacce 73, 10135 Torino, Italy; (M.R.); (L.C.); (S.A.); (M.R.); (S.O.); (S.P.); (C.M.)
| | - Marika Rossi
- Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile Delle Piante, Consiglio Nazionale Delle Ricerche, IPSP-CNR, Strada delle Cacce 73, 10135 Torino, Italy; (M.R.); (L.C.); (S.A.); (M.R.); (S.O.); (S.P.); (C.M.)
| | - Sara Ottati
- Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile Delle Piante, Consiglio Nazionale Delle Ricerche, IPSP-CNR, Strada delle Cacce 73, 10135 Torino, Italy; (M.R.); (L.C.); (S.A.); (M.R.); (S.O.); (S.P.); (C.M.)
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Forestali ed Alimentari DISAFA, Università degli Studi di Torino, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, Grugliasco, 10095 Torino, Italy
| | - Sabrina Palmano
- Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile Delle Piante, Consiglio Nazionale Delle Ricerche, IPSP-CNR, Strada delle Cacce 73, 10135 Torino, Italy; (M.R.); (L.C.); (S.A.); (M.R.); (S.O.); (S.P.); (C.M.)
| | - Cristina Marzachì
- Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile Delle Piante, Consiglio Nazionale Delle Ricerche, IPSP-CNR, Strada delle Cacce 73, 10135 Torino, Italy; (M.R.); (L.C.); (S.A.); (M.R.); (S.O.); (S.P.); (C.M.)
| | - Luciana Galetto
- Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile Delle Piante, Consiglio Nazionale Delle Ricerche, IPSP-CNR, Strada delle Cacce 73, 10135 Torino, Italy; (M.R.); (L.C.); (S.A.); (M.R.); (S.O.); (S.P.); (C.M.)
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Waqas MS, Elabasy ASS, Shoaib AAZ, Cheng X, Zhang Q, Shi Z. Lethal and sublethal effect of heat shock on Phenacoccus solenopsis Tinsley (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae). J Therm Biol 2020; 92:102679. [PMID: 32888575 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2020.102679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Temperature is an important abiotic environmental factor, and is responsible for various kinds of behavioral and physiological changes in living organisms. Induced heat shock is associated with feeding behaviour, reproduction and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation that causes oxidative damage. In this experiment, we examined the lethal and sublethal effects of heat shock on reproduction, feeding behaviour and antioxidant enzymes, including catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and peroxidases (POD) in P. solenopsis. Results showed that males were highly susceptible to heat shock treatments than females, as LTemp50 values were 43.8 °C for males and 45.11 °C for females. Heat shock events non-significantly affected the fecundity in female only treated adults and significantly affected the both sexes heat treated adults, it increased the xylem feeding duration, percentage of xylem feeding adults and reduce the phloem feeding duration and percentage of phloem feeding adults. Similarly it alter the antioxidant enzymes activities, an increase of CAT, SOD and POD activities were noticed in response to highest intensity of heat shock while a reduction of CAT and SOD activity were noticed in response to lowest intensity of heat shock compared to control (30 °C). These results suggest that heat shock may result in loss of body water and induce oxidative stress in P. solenopsis. However, antioxidant enzymes play a significant role in overcoming the oxidative damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Saad Waqas
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Asem Saad Saad Elabasy
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, China; Department of Pesticides, Plant Protection Research Institute, Sakha Agricultural Research Station, Agricultural Research Centre, Egypt
| | - Ali Ahmed Zaky Shoaib
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, China; Department of Pesticides, Plant Protection Research Institute, Sakha Agricultural Research Station, Agricultural Research Centre, Egypt
| | - Xinlai Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Qianqian Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Zuhua Shi
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
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Ebert TA, Rogers ME. Probing Behavior of Diaphorina citri (Hemiptera: Liviidae) on Valencia Orange Influenced by Sex, Color, and Size. JOURNAL OF INSECT SCIENCE (ONLINE) 2020; 20:5816648. [PMID: 32252064 PMCID: PMC7136007 DOI: 10.1093/jisesa/ieaa016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2019] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus Jagoueix, Bové, and Garnier (Rhizobiales: Rhizobiaceae) is transmitted by the psyllid Diaphorina citri Kuwayama and putatively causes Huanglongbing disease in citrus. Huanglongbing has reduced yields by 68% relative to pre-disease yields in Florida. Disease management is partly through vector control. Understanding vector biology is essential in this endeavor. Our goal was to document differences in probing behavior linked to sex. Based on both a literature review and our results, we conclude that there is either no effect of sex or that identifying such an effect requires a sample size at least four times larger than standard methodologies. Including both color and sex in statistical models did not improve model performance. Both sex and color are correlated with body size, and body size has not been considered in previous studies on sex in D. citri in terms of probing behavior. An effect of body size was found wherein larger psyllids took longer to reach ingestion behaviors and larger individuals spent more time-ingesting phloem, but these relationships explained little of the variability in these data. We suggest that the effects of sex can be ignored when running EPG experiments on healthy psyllids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy A Ebert
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL
- Corresponding author, e-mail:
| | - Michael E Rogers
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL
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Lessio F, Bocca F, Alma A. Development, Spatial Distribution, and Presence on Grapevine of Nymphs of Orientus ishidae (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae), a New Vector of Flavescence Dorée Phytoplasmas. JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2019; 112:2558-2564. [PMID: 31237334 DOI: 10.1093/jee/toz177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Orientus ishidae (Matsumura) (subfamily Deltocephalinae) is an Asian species now widespread in Europe, and a vector of 16SrV phytoplasmas agents of grapevine Flavescence dorée (FDP). Embryonic and post-embryonic development, spatial distribution, and relationships with grapevine of nymphs were studied under field and laboratory conditions. Egg-hatching dynamics and post-embryonic development of nymphs were studied by collecting grapevine wood from managed and unmanaged vineyards (including bot European Vitis vinifera L., and wild American rootstocks) and storing it inside rearing cages at T = 21-23°C. Field sampling of nymphs were made on both grapevine and two elective host plants of O. ishidae: hazelnut and hornbeam. Taylor's Power Law was applied to assess the aggregation coefficient of early- (first and second) and late- (third to fifth) life instars on leaves and shoots of host plants. More nymphs were obtained from wood collected in unmanaged rather than managed vineyards. Under lab conditions, the embryonic development lasted 34-48 d, whereas the whole post-embryonic development averaged 27 d. Under field conditions, early instars peaked at the end of May, and late instars peaked 2-4 wk later. The aggregation patterns decreased from early to late instars, and from leaves to shoots. Very few nymphs were observed on unmanaged grapevine, either European or American, and none on managed European grapevine. Some behavioral and FDP epidemiological consequences of the results obtained are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Lessio
- Università degli Studi di Torino, DISAFA, Largo Braccini, Grugliasco (TO), Italy
| | - Federico Bocca
- Università degli Studi di Torino, DISAFA, Largo Braccini, Grugliasco (TO), Italy
| | - Alberto Alma
- Università degli Studi di Torino, DISAFA, Largo Braccini, Grugliasco (TO), Italy
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The Probing Behavior Component of Disease Transmission in Insect-Transmitted Bacterial Plant Pathogens. INSECTS 2019; 10:insects10070212. [PMID: 31331012 PMCID: PMC6681269 DOI: 10.3390/insects10070212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Revised: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Insects can be effective vectors of plant diseases and this may result in billions of dollars in lost agricultural productivity. New, emerging or introduced diseases will continue to cause extensive damage in afflicted areas. Understanding how the vector acquires the pathogen and inoculates new hosts is critical in developing effective management strategies. Management may be an insecticide applied to kill the vector or a host plant resistance mechanism to make the host plant less suitable for the vector. In either case, the tactic must act before the insect performs the key behavior(s) resulting in either acquisition or transmission. This requires knowledge of the timing of behaviors the insect uses to probe the plant and commence ingestion. These behaviors are visualized using electropenetrography (EPG), wherein the plant and insect become part of an electrical circuit. With the tools to define specific steps in the probing process, we can understand the timing of acquisition and inoculation. With that understanding comes the potential for more relevant testing of management strategies, through insecticides or host plant resistance. The primary example will be Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus transmitted by Diaphorina citri Kuwayama in the citrus agroecosystem, with additional examples used as appropriate.
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Pagliari L, Chuche J, Bosco D, Thiéry D. Phytoplasma Transmission: Insect Rearing and Infection Protocols. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 1875:21-36. [PMID: 30361993 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-8837-2_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Phytoplasmas are obligate pathogens and thus they can be studied only in association with their plants or insect hosts. In this chapter, we present protocols for rearing some phytoplasma insect vectors, to obtain infected insects and plants under controlled environmental conditions. We focus on Euscelidius variegatus and Macrosteles quadripunctulatus that can infect Arabidopsis thaliana, and Hyalesthes obsoletus and Scaphoideus titanus, that can infect grapevine.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Pagliari
- Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences, University of Udine, Udine, Italy.
| | - J Chuche
- IFV, Pôle Nouvelle Aquitaine, Blanquefort, France
- UMT Seven "Santé des écosystèmes viticoles économes en intrants", Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - D Bosco
- Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Food Sciences, University of Torino, Grugliasco, Italy
| | - D Thiéry
- INRA, UMR 1065 Save "Santé et Agroécologie du VignoblE", Villenave d'Ornon, France
- UMT Seven "Santé des écosystèmes viticoles économes en intrants", Villenave d'Ornon, France
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Mitchell PL, Cooke SB, Smaniotto LF. Probing Behavior ofNezara viridulaon Soybean: Characterization and Comparison of Electrical Penetration Graph (EPG) Waveforms on Vegetative and Reproductive Plant Structures. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.3954/jaue18-09.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Lisonéia F. Smaniotto
- Department of Zoology, Federal University of Paraná, P. O. Box 19020, Curitiba, PR 81531-980, Brazil
- Present address: Almirante Tamandare Street 831, Paulinia, SP 13140-113, Brazil
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Ebert TA, Backus EA, Shugart HJ, Rogers ME. Behavioral Plasticity in Probing by Diaphorina citri (Hemiptera, Liviidae): Ingestion from Phloem Versus Xylem is Influenced by Leaf Age and Surface. JOURNAL OF INSECT BEHAVIOR 2018; 31:119-137. [PMID: 29628621 PMCID: PMC5882765 DOI: 10.1007/s10905-018-9666-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Diaphorina citri is a major pest of citrus because it transmits Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus, a phloem-limited bacterium that putatively causes Huanglongbing (HLB). The disease moves slowly through a tree, and the vector facilitates further within-tree movement via transmission of the pathogen. However, this only happens when D. citri stylets contact the phloem, to inoculate bacteria during phloem salivation and acquire bacteria during phloem sap ingestion. Behavioral changes in D. citri associated with different plant parts would affect how long it takes to reach phloem and how long the psyllids stays in phloem to ingest, thereby influencing the risk of disease spread. D. citri feeding was recorded on the abaxial and adaxial surfaces of mature and immature citrus leaves. Adults in the field can be found on these surfaces at all times of year. On abaxial surface of immature leaves, phloem salivation would occur after 11 h on average, but rarely as soon as 0.56 h. The corresponding values on mature leaves were 16 and 2.7. In general, psyllids spent more time ingesting phloem sap on immature leaves than on mature leaves. Psyllids on abaxial surfaces spent more time ingesting from phloem, though the strength of this effect was less than for immature versus mature leaves. In contrast, xylem ingestion increased on mature leaves compared with young. The biological differences that could produce this outcome are discussed. The results discussed herein are of relevance to further studies on the efficacy of an insecticide to act quickly enough to prevent pathogen transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy A. Ebert
- Department of Entomology & Nematology, Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, 700 Experiment Station Rd, Lake Alfred, FL 33850 USA
| | - Elaine A. Backus
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, San Joaquin Valley Agricultural Sciences Center, 9611 South Riverbend Avenue, Parlier, CA 93648-9757 USA
| | - Holly J. Shugart
- Department of Entomology & Nematology, Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, 700 Experiment Station Rd, Lake Alfred, FL 33850 USA
| | - Michael E. Rogers
- Department of Entomology & Nematology, Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, 700 Experiment Station Rd, Lake Alfred, FL 33850 USA
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