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Zhang XF, Cui W, Wang MJ, Zhou Y, Fu TT, Jiang K, Hou YM, Tang BZ. Role of prophenoloxidase 1 from the beetle Octodonta nipae in melanized encapsulation of a wasp egg. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2024; 150:105082. [PMID: 37858613 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2023.105082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 10/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
Exploring the function of the host immune system can help to understand the host-parasitoid interaction. Prophenoloxidase (PPO) is crucial in defensive melanization during the encapsulation of wasp eggs. However, the existence of multiple PPO sequences increases the difficulty of exploring the specific functions of individual PPOs. We previously identified three PPOs in the nipa palm hispid beetle, Octodonta nipae. Our current work showed that OnPPO1 and OnPPO2 possessed the typical characteristics of the type III copper family, but OnPPO3 lacked the conserved histidine residues, and its active sites were substituted with Gln. OnPPOs showed the highest expression in hemocytes, but OnPPO3 presented extremely low abundance compared with that of OnPPO1 and OnPPO2, and only OnPPO1 showed a quick response after wasp infection. OnPPO1 knockdown decreased the encapsulation index and inhibited melanization, whereas silencing of OnPPO3 appeared to have no adverse effect on encapsulation and melanization, and silencing of OnPPO2 presented low RNAi efficiency. Moreover, the cleavage of recombinant OnPPO1 produced a 62 kDa fragment with high PO activity. OnPPO1 could be produced by oenocytoids, granulocytes and plasmatocytes, and was distributed around wasp eggs during capsule formation. Overall, our results indicate that proteolytic cleavage of OnPPO1 plays key roles in the melanized encapsulation of wasp eggs. This finding illuminates the mechanism of PPO activation in this invasive beetle and provides guidance for its biological control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia-Fang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Ecology, Department of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Wen Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Ecology, Department of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Mou-Jun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Ecology, Department of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Yan Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Ecology, Department of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Ting-Ting Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Ecology, Department of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Kun Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Ecology, Department of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - You-Ming Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Ecology, Department of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Bao-Zhen Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Ecology, Department of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China.
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Gouda MNR, Jeevan H, Shashank HG. CRISPR/Cas9: a cutting-edge solution for combatting the fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda. Mol Biol Rep 2023; 51:13. [PMID: 38085335 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-023-08986-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
The utilization of CRISPR/Cas9 in Spodoptera frugiperda, commonly known as fall armyworm, presents a groundbreaking avenue for pest management. With its ability to precisely modify the insect's genome, CRISPR/Cas9 offers innovative strategies to combat this destructive pest. The application of CRISPR/Cas9 in S. frugiperda holds immense potential. It enables the identification and functional analysis of key genes associated with its behavior, development, and insecticide resistance. This knowledge can unveil novel target sites for more effective and specific insecticides. Additionally, CRISPR/Cas9 can facilitate the development of population control methods by disrupting vital genes essential for survival. However, challenges such as off-target effects and the efficient delivery of CRISPR/Cas9 components remain. Addressing these obstacles is vital to ensure accurate and reliable results. Furthermore, ethical considerations, biosafety protocols, and regulatory frameworks must be integral to the adoption of this technology. Looking forward, CRISPR/Cas9-based gene drive systems hold the potential to promulgate desirable genetic traits within S. frugiperda populations, offering a sustainable and eco-friendly approach. This could curtail their reproductive capabilities or make them more susceptible to certain interventions. In conclusion, CRISPR/Cas9 presents a transformative platform for precise and targeted pest management in S. frugiperda. By deciphering the insect's genetic makeup and developing innovative strategies, we can mitigate the devastating impact of fall armyworm on agriculture while ensuring environmental sustainability.
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Affiliation(s)
- M N Rudra Gouda
- Division of Entomology, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110012, India.
| | - H Jeevan
- Division of Nematology, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110012, India
| | - H G Shashank
- Division of Plant Genetic Resources, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110012, India
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Huang X, Jing D, Prabu S, Zhang T, Wang Z. RNA Interference of Phenoloxidases of the Fall Armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda, Enhance Susceptibility to Bacillus thuringiensis Protein Vip3Aa19. INSECTS 2022; 13:1041. [PMID: 36354865 PMCID: PMC9699050 DOI: 10.3390/insects13111041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Phenoloxidase (PO) is an important enzyme in the cellular immune system and is involved in defense against a wide range of pathogens, including Bacillus thuringiensis. Vip3Aa19 is secreted and expressed by Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) at the middle exponential growth phase and is a kind of protein with efficient insecticidal activity against Spodoptera frugiperda. However, immune responses of the target insects have been regarded as a hindrance to Bt pathogenicity. This paper reports two phenoloxidase (PO) genes (SfPAE and SfPO2) identified from the hemocyte transcriptome data of the fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda. qRT-PCR validation results showed that the expression levels of two PO genes were significantly upregulated after Vip3Aa19 (LC50 = 4.98 µg/g) toxin treatment compared with those of S. frugiperda fed an insecticide-free artificial diet. Meanwhile, two PO genes were expressed from the egg to adult stages even without an immune challenge. We noticed that at all developmental stages investigated in the S. frugiperda, SfPAE was generally expressed at a higher level than SfPO2. However, after Vip3Aa19 treatment, the SfPO2 gene mRNA expression level was significantly elevated in response to the toxin challenge. An injection of a specific double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) against POs could suppress its expression. The third instar larvae of S. frugiperda treated with dsRNA were much more susceptible to Vip3Aa19 toxin than the control larvae were. Notably, the mortality rate was nearly 90% after a dsPO2 injection. These results proved that SfPO2 was more important for the survival of S. frugiperda. Finally, RNA interference and then PO activity detection revealed that PO genes mainly existed in the hemolymph and played an important role in immune defense against Bt toxin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodan Huang
- Engineering Research Center of Natural Enemy Insects, Institute of Biological Control, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Dapeng Jing
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Sivaprasath Prabu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Tiantao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Zhenying Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
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