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Baniya A, Subkrasae C, Ardpairin J, Anesko K, Vitta A, Dillman AR. STEINERNEMA ADAMSI N. SP. (RHABDITIDA: STEINERNEMATIDAE), A NEW ENTOMOPATHOGENIC NEMATODE FROM THAILAND. J Parasitol 2024; 110:22-39. [PMID: 38334188 DOI: 10.1645/23-60] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2024] Open
Abstract
A new species of entomopathogenic nematode, Steinernema adamsi n. sp., was recovered from the soil of a longan tree (Dimocarpus sp.) in Mueang Lamphun District, Thailand, using baiting techniques. Upon analysis of the nematode's morphological traits, we found it to be a new species of Steinernema and a member of the Longicaudatum clade. Molecular analyses of the ITS rDNA and D2D3 of 28S rDNA sequences further confirmed that S. adamsi n. sp. is a new species of the Longicaudatum clade, which is closely related to Steinernema guangdongense and Steinernema longicaudam. Using morphometric analysis, the infective juveniles measure between 774.69 and 956.96 μm, males have a size range of 905.44 to 1,281.98 μm, and females are within the range of 1,628.21 to 2,803.64 μm. We also identified the symbiotic bacteria associated with the nematode based on 16S sequences as Xenorhabdus spp. closely related toXenorhabdus griffiniae. Furthermore, we have successfully assessed a cryopreservation method for the long-term preservation of S. adamsi n. sp. Successful cryopreservation of this new species will allow for the longer preservation of its traits and will be valuable for its future use. The discovery of this new species has significant implications for the development of effective biological control agents in Thailand, and our work contributes to our understanding of the diversity and evolution of entomopathogenic nematodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anil Baniya
- Department of Nematology, University of California, Riverside, California 92521
| | - Chanakan Subkrasae
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medical Science, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok 65000, Thailand
| | - Jiranun Ardpairin
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medical Science, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok 65000, Thailand
| | - Kyle Anesko
- Department of Nematology, University of California, Riverside, California 92521
| | - Apichat Vitta
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medical Science, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok 65000, Thailand
- Centre of Excellence for Biodiversity, Faculty of Sciences, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok 65000, Thailand
| | - Adler R Dillman
- Department of Nematology, University of California, Riverside, California 92521
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Awori RM. Nematophilic bacteria associated with entomopathogenic nematodes and drug development of their biomolecules. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:993688. [PMID: 36187939 PMCID: PMC9520725 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.993688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The importance of Xenorhabdus and Photorhabdus symbionts to their respective Steinernema and Heterorhabditis nematode hosts is that they not only contribute to their entomopathogenicity but also to their fecundity through the production of small molecules. Thus, this mini-review gives a brief introductory overview of these nematophilic bacteria. Specifically, their type species, nematode hosts, and geographic region of isolations are tabulated. The use of nucleotide sequence-based techniques for their species delineation and how pangenomes can improve this are highlighted. Using the Steinernema–Xenorhabdus association as an example, the bacterium-nematode lifecycle is visualized with an emphasis on the role of bacterial biomolecules. Those currently in drug development are discussed, and two potential antimalarial lead compounds are highlighted. Thus, this mini-review tabulates forty-eight significant nematophilic bacteria and visualizes the ecological importance of their biomolecules. It further discusses three of these biomolecules that are currently in drug development. Through it, one is introduced to Xenorhabdus and Photorhabdus bacteria, their natural production of biomolecules in the nematode-bacterium lifecycle, and how these molecules are useful in developing novel therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Musumba Awori
- Department of Biology, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
- Elakistos Biosciences, Nairobi, Kenya
- *Correspondence: Ryan Musumba Awori,
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Steinernema khuongi n. sp. (Panagrolaimomorpha, Steinernematidae), a new entomopathogenic nematode species from Florida, USA. J Helminthol 2018; 93:226-241. [PMID: 29743130 DOI: 10.1017/s0022149x18000081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
In this study, molecular (ribosomal sequence data), morphological and cross-hybridization properties were used to identify a new Steinernema sp. from Florida, USA. Molecular and morphological data provided evidence for placing the novel species into Clade V, or the 'glaseri-group' of Steinernema spp. Within this clade, analysis of sequence data of the rDNA genes, 28S and internal transcribed spacer (ITS), depicted the novel species as a distinctive entity and closely related to S. glaseri and S. cubanum. Additionally, cross-hybridization assays showed that the new species is unable to interbreed with either of the latter two species, reinforcing its uniqueness from a biological species concept standpoint. Key morphological diagnostic characters for S. khuongi n. sp. include the mean morphometric features of the third-stage infective juveniles: total body length (average: 1066 μm), tail length (average: 65 μm), location of the excretory pore (average: 80.5 μm) and the values of c (average: 16.4), D% (average: 60.5), E% (average: 126) and H% (average: 46.6). Additionally, males can be differentiated from S. glaseri and S. cubanum by the values of several ratios: D% (average: 68), E% (average: 323) and SW% (average: 120). The natural distribution of this species in Florida encompasses both natural areas and citrus groves, primarily in shallow groundwater ecoregions designated as 'flatwoods'. The morphological, molecular, phylogenetic and ecological data associated with this nematode support its identity as a new species in the S. glaseri-group.
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Iqbal M, Ehlers RU, Waeyenberge L. Molecular characterisation of novel isolates of entomopathogenic nematodes. NEMATOLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.1163/15685411-00002959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Entomopathogenic nematodes belong to the families of Steinernematidae and Heterorhabditidae. They are obligate and lethal parasites of insects that can provide effective control of some important pests of commercial crops. A total of 53 isolates of EPN were molecularly characterised (ITS region-based) in the present study. Most of the studied isolates belong to theSteinernemagenus and only few isolates belong to theHeterorhabditisgenus. The phylogenetic relations ofSteinernemaandHeterorhabditisspecies were analysed by utilising the maximum likelihood method. In theSteinernemaphylogenetic tree, 99 isolates formed five major, moderately or highly reinforced clades: clade I:affine-intermediumgroup; clade II:carpocapsae-siamkayai-tami-scapterisci; clade III:bicornutum-riobrave-thermophilum; clade IV:glaseri-arenarium-karii-longicaudum; and clade V:feltiae-schliemanni-kushidai-kraussei-oregonense. The BLAST analysis of the ITS region of the rDNA of the steinernematid isolate PAL10 showed a rather low similarity of 93% withS. vulcanicum(accession number: GU929442), supporting the possible designation of a new species. In theHeterorhabditisphylogenetic tree, 25 isolates formed three main clades: clade I:bacteriophora-argentinensis-hepialius; clade II:baujardi-sonorensis-amazonensis; and clade III:indica-brevicaudis-hawaiiensis. All five studied isolates ofHeterorhabditiswere identified asH. indicaandH. bacteriophora. In both phylogenetic trees, the intra-specific variability level was different among clades for some species. The description of the new species (PAL10 isolate) would need further morphometric characterisation, morphologically identification and cross-breeding studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mudassir Iqbal
- Department of Biology, Ghent University, K.L. Ledeganckstraat 35, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Ralf-Udo Ehlers
- e-nema GmbH, Klausdorfer Strasse 28-36, 24223 Schwentinental, Germany
| | - Lieven Waeyenberge
- Plant-Crop Protection, Institute for Agricultural and Fisheries Research, Burgemeester Van Gansberghelaan 96, Box 1, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
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Steinernema innovationi n. sp. (Panagrolaimomorpha: Steinernematidae), a new entomopathogenic nematode species from South Africa. J Helminthol 2014; 89:415-27. [PMID: 24698548 DOI: 10.1017/s0022149x14000182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Morphological and molecular sequence data were combined with cross-hybridization studies and used to identify a new Steinernema sp. from Free State, South Africa. Molecular and morphological data indicate that the new species belongs to the 'glaseri-group' of Steinernema spp. Key morphological diagnostic characters for S. innovationi n. sp. include the morphometric features of the third-stage infective juveniles: total body length = 1054 (1000-1103) μm, tail length = 108 (97-117) μm, location of the excretory pore = 88 (82-91) μm, and D% = 58 (54-63), E% = 115 (104-137) and H% = 43 (37-46). Additionally, the morphology of the spicules and gubernaculum of the first-generation males are considered key diagnostic traits. Steinernema innovationi n. sp. was also characterized by analysis of both rDNA and mitochondrial gene sequence data, which further indicate the uniqueness of this Steinernema species.
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Kuwata R, Qiu LH, Wang W, Harada Y, Yoshida M, Kondo E, Yoshiga T. Xenorhabdus ishibashii sp. nov., isolated from the entomopathogenic nematode Steinernema aciari. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2013; 63:1690-1695. [DOI: 10.1099/ijs.0.041145-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Gram-negative bacteria of the genus
Xenorhabdus
exhibit a mutualistic association with steinernematid entomopathogenic nematodes and a pathogenic relationship with insects. Here we describe two isolates of the entomopathogenic nematode Steinernema aciari collected from China and Japan. 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity and phylogenetic analysis indicated that the isolates obtained from S. aciari belonged to the genus
Xenorhabdus
. Multilocus sequence analysis based on five universal protein-coding gene sequences revealed that the isolates were closely related to
Xenorhabdus ehlersii
DSM 16337T and
Xenorhabdus griffiniae
ID10T but that they exhibited <97 % sequence similarity with these reference strains, which indicated that the isolates were distinct from previously described species. Based on these genetic differences and several differential phenotypic traits, we propose that the isolates represent a novel species of the genus
Xenorhabdus
, for which we propose the name Xenorhabdus ishibashii sp. nov. The type strain is GDh7T ( = DSM 22670T = CGMCC 1.9166T).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryusei Kuwata
- Laboratory of Nematology, Faculty of Agriculture, Saga University, 1 Honjo, Saga, Saga 840-8502, Japan
| | - Li-hong Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, PR China
| | - Wen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, PR China
| | - Yuki Harada
- Laboratory of Nematology, Faculty of Agriculture, Saga University, 1 Honjo, Saga, Saga 840-8502, Japan
| | - Mutsuhiro Yoshida
- Agro-Environment Research Division, Kyushu Okinawa Agricultural Research Center, 2421 Suya, Koshi, Kumamoto 861-1192, Japan
| | - Eizo Kondo
- Laboratory of Nematology, Faculty of Agriculture, Saga University, 1 Honjo, Saga, Saga 840-8502, Japan
| | - Toyoshi Yoshiga
- Laboratory of Nematology, Faculty of Agriculture, Saga University, 1 Honjo, Saga, Saga 840-8502, Japan
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Nguyen KB, Ginarte CMA, Leite LG, Santos JMD, Harakava R. Steinernema brazilense n. sp. (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae), a new entomopathogenic nematode from Mato Grosso, Brazil. J Invertebr Pathol 2010; 103:8-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2009.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2009] [Revised: 09/15/2009] [Accepted: 09/16/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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