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Xing P, Mao R, Zhang G, Li Y, Zhou W, Diao H, Ma R. Secondary metabolites in Cordyceps javanica with insecticidal potential. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 204:106076. [PMID: 39277389 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2024.106076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2024] [Revised: 07/27/2024] [Accepted: 08/03/2024] [Indexed: 09/17/2024]
Abstract
Cordyceps javanica has been registered as a fungal insecticide in several countries. However, little is known about whether metabolic toxins are involved in the insecticidal process. In this research, we assessed the insecticidal activity of the fermentation broth of C. javanica. Myzus persicae mortality differed when exposed to the metabolized C. javanica broths at 3 days post fermentation (DPF) and 5 DPF. Comparison of the metabolic fluid at 3 DPF and 5 DPF revealed a key alkaloid, heteratisine, which was found to have insecticidal activity and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitory activity. Heteratisine has high insecticidal activity against adult M. persicae, the absolute 50% lethal concentration (LC50) was only 0.2272 mg/L. Heteratisine showed high inhibitory activity on AChE with the 50% maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 76.69 μM. Molecular docking and dynamic simulations showed that heteratisine conjugation occurs at the peripheral anionic site (PAS) of the AChE of M. persicae, leading to suppression of enzyme activity. Heteratisine was rarely found in fungal metabolites, which helps us to understand the complex and elaborate insecticidal mechanism of C. javanica.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peixiang Xing
- College of Plant Protection, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taiyuan 030031, Shanxi, China; State Key Laboratory of Sustainable Dryland Agriculture (in preparation), Shanxi Agricultural University, Taiyuan 030031, Shanxi, China
| | - Ruixia Mao
- College of Plant Protection, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taiyuan 030031, Shanxi, China
| | - Guisen Zhang
- College of Plant Protection, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taiyuan 030031, Shanxi, China
| | - Yihua Li
- College of Plant Protection, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taiyuan 030031, Shanxi, China
| | - Wenwen Zhou
- College of Plant Protection, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taiyuan 030031, Shanxi, China; State Key Laboratory of Sustainable Dryland Agriculture (in preparation), Shanxi Agricultural University, Taiyuan 030031, Shanxi, China
| | - Hongliang Diao
- College of Plant Protection, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taiyuan 030031, Shanxi, China; State Key Laboratory of Sustainable Dryland Agriculture (in preparation), Shanxi Agricultural University, Taiyuan 030031, Shanxi, China.
| | - Ruiyan Ma
- College of Plant Protection, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taiyuan 030031, Shanxi, China; State Key Laboratory of Sustainable Dryland Agriculture (in preparation), Shanxi Agricultural University, Taiyuan 030031, Shanxi, China.
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Summerfield A, Buitenhuis R, Jandricic S, Scott-Dupree CD. Laboratory Investigations on the Potential Efficacy of Biological Control Agents on Two Thrips Species, Onion Thrips ( Thrips tabaci Lindeman) and Western Flower Thrips ( Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande)). INSECTS 2024; 15:400. [PMID: 38921115 PMCID: PMC11203793 DOI: 10.3390/insects15060400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Revised: 05/21/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024]
Abstract
Thrips biocontrol research in greenhouse crops has focused primarily on western flower thrips (WFT; Frankliniella occidentalis). However, recent outbreaks of onion thrips (OT; Thrips tabaci) in Ontario, Canada, demonstrate that biocontrol-based IPM programs for WFT do not control OT sufficiently to prevent crop losses. A lack of comparative studies makes it difficult to determine which program components for WFT are failing for OT. We conducted several laboratory trials examining the extent to which commercial biocontrol products kill OT compared to WFT. These included phytoseiid mites (Amblyseius swirskii, Neoseiulus cucumeris, Amblydromalus limonicus, Iphiseius degenerans), a large generalist predator (Orius insidiosus), an entomopathogenic fungus (Beauveria bassiana strain GHA), and entomopathogenic nematodes (Steinernema feltiae, S. carpocapsae, Heterorhabditis bacteriophora). In no-choice trials, A. swirskii and O. insidiosus consumed more OT than WFT (first instars and adults, respectively). In choice trials, A. swirskii, N. cucumeris, and O. insidiosus consumed more OT than WFT. Steinernema feltiae caused higher mortality in OT than WFT. There was no difference in mortality between thrips species exposed to other biocontrol agents. This suggests available tools have the potential to manage OT as well as WFT. Possible explanations why this potential is not realized in commercial settings are explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley Summerfield
- Vineland Research and Innovation Centre, Vineland Station, ON L0R 2E0, Canada;
| | | | - Sarah Jandricic
- Ontario Ministry of Food, Agriculture, and Rural Affairs, Vineland Station, ON L0R 2E0, Canada;
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Lin F, Mao Y, Zhao F, Idris AL, Liu Q, Zou S, Guan X, Huang T. Towards Sustainable Green Adjuvants for Microbial Pesticides: Recent Progress, Upcoming Challenges, and Future Perspectives. Microorganisms 2023; 11:microorganisms11020364. [PMID: 36838328 PMCID: PMC9965284 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11020364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Revised: 01/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Microbial pesticides can be significantly improved by adjuvants. At present, microbial pesticide formulations are mainly wettable powders and suspension concentrations, which are usually produced with adjuvants such as surfactants, carriers, protective agents, and nutritional adjuvants. Surfactants can improve the tension between liquid pesticides and crop surfaces, resulting in stronger permeability and wettability of the formulations. Carriers are inert components of loaded or diluted pesticides, which can control the release of active components at appropriate times. Protective agents are able to help microorganisms to resist in adverse environments. Nutritional adjuvants are used to provide nutrients for microorganisms in microbial pesticides. Most of the adjuvants used in microbial pesticides still refer to those of chemical pesticides. However, some adjuvants may have harmful effects on non-target organisms and ecological environments. Herein, in order to promote research and improvement of microbial pesticides, the types of microbial pesticide formulations were briefly reviewed, and research progress of adjuvants and their applications in microbial pesticides were highlighted, the challenges and the future perspectives towards sustainable green adjuvants of microbial pesticides were also discussed in this review.
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Maniania NK, Portilla MM, Amnulla FM, Mfuti DK, Darie A, Dhiman G, Rao IM. Infectivity of Entomopathogenic Fungal Isolates Against Tarnished Plant Bug Lygus lineolaris (Hemiptera: Miridae). JOURNAL OF INSECT SCIENCE (ONLINE) 2022; 22:4. [PMID: 35780385 PMCID: PMC9250697 DOI: 10.1093/jisesa/ieac040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Twelve isolates of entomopathogenic fungi belonging to Metarhizium robertsii, M. pinghaense, M. brunneum, Beauveria bassiana, and Isaria fumosorosea were screened against tarnished plant bug. All isolates were pathogenic, causing mortality from 28.8 ± 3.4 to 96.3 ± 2.7%. The LT50 values ranged from 2.7 to 6.0 d while the LT90 values varied between 6.6 and 15.0 d. Metarhizium robertsii isolate CPD6 (will be under the trade name NoVil) was among the isolates that caused high mortality within shorter times and was selected for study on developmental stages and greenhouse trial. The third-, fourth-, and fifth-instar nymphs, and adults were inoculated with 106, 107, and 108 conidia per ml of NoVil. All the stages were susceptible to fungal infection. However, third and fourth instars were the most susceptible with no significant differences in mortality across the three concentrations. On the other hand, mortality was dose-dependent with fifth-instar nymph and adult stages. The LT50 and LT90 values were also dose-dependent, with higher concentrations having shorter lethal-time values as compared to the lower concentrations. In the greenhouse, pepper plants were sprayed with NoVil and chemical insecticide Flonicamid (as industrial standard), before releasing adult tarnished plant bug. Mortality of 37.3, 75.5, and 76.3% was recorded in the control, NoVil, and Flonicamid, respectively. This study has identified NoVil as a potential mycoinsecticide candidate for the control of tarnished plant bug under greenhouse conditions. Further field testing on juvenile and adults is needed to evaluate the potential for in-field control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nguya K Maniania
- Crop Defenders Ltd, 3940 Highway 3, Maidstone, ON N0R 1K0, Canada
| | | | - Fayaz M Amnulla
- Crop Defenders Ltd, 3940 Highway 3, Maidstone, ON N0R 1K0, Canada
| | - David K Mfuti
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, P.O. Box 30772-00100 Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Andrei Darie
- Crop Defenders Ltd, 3940 Highway 3, Maidstone, ON N0R 1K0, Canada
| | - Geetika Dhiman
- Crop Defenders Ltd, 3940 Highway 3, Maidstone, ON N0R 1K0, Canada
| | - Ishtiaq M Rao
- Crop Defenders Ltd, 3940 Highway 3, Maidstone, ON N0R 1K0, Canada
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Soth S, Glare TR, Hampton JG, Card SD, Brookes JJ. Biological Control of Diamondback Moth-Increased Efficacy with Mixtures of Beauveria Fungi. Microorganisms 2022; 10:646. [PMID: 35336221 PMCID: PMC8955574 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10030646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Revised: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Diamondback moth (DBM) is an important horticultural pest worldwide as the larvae of these moths feed on the leaves of cruciferous vegetables. As DBM has developed resistance to more than 100 classes of synthetic insecticides, new biological control options are urgently required. Beauveria species are entomopathogenic fungi recognized as the most important fungal genus for controlling a wide range of agricultural, forestry, and veterinary arthropod pests. Previous research, aimed at developing new Beauveria-based biopesticides for DBM, has focused on screening single isolates of Beauveria bassiana. However, these fungal isolates have individual requirements, which may limit their effectiveness in some environments. This current study separately assessed 14 Beauveria isolates, from a range of habitats and aligned to four different species (Beauveria bassiana, B. caledonica, B. malawiensis, and B. pseudobassiana), to determine the most effective isolate for the control of DBM. Further assays then assessed whether selected combinations of these fungal isolates could increase the overall efficacy against DBM. Six Beauveria isolates (three B. bassiana and three B. pseudobassiana) achieved high DBM mortality at a low application rate with the first documented report of B. pseudobassiana able to kill 100% of DBM larvae. Further research determined that applications of low-virulent Beauveria isolates improved the control of DBM compared to mixtures containing high-virulent isolates. This novel approach increased the DBM pest mortality and shortened the time to kill.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sereyboth Soth
- Bio-Protection Research Centre, Lincoln University, P.O. Box 85084, Lincoln 7647, New Zealand; (T.R.G.); (J.G.H.); (J.J.B.)
| | - Travis R. Glare
- Bio-Protection Research Centre, Lincoln University, P.O. Box 85084, Lincoln 7647, New Zealand; (T.R.G.); (J.G.H.); (J.J.B.)
| | - John G. Hampton
- Bio-Protection Research Centre, Lincoln University, P.O. Box 85084, Lincoln 7647, New Zealand; (T.R.G.); (J.G.H.); (J.J.B.)
| | - Stuart D. Card
- Resilient Agriculture, AgResearch Limited, Grasslands Research Centre, Private Bag 11008, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand;
| | - Jenny J. Brookes
- Bio-Protection Research Centre, Lincoln University, P.O. Box 85084, Lincoln 7647, New Zealand; (T.R.G.); (J.G.H.); (J.J.B.)
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Cerritos-Garcia DG, Avery PB, Martini X, Candian V, Cano LM, Cave RD. In Vitro Effects of Leaf Extracts from Brassica rapa on the Growth of Two Entomopathogenic Fungi. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:779. [PMID: 34575817 PMCID: PMC8468573 DOI: 10.3390/jof7090779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to determine the inhibitive or stimulatory effects of leaf extracts from two Brassica rapa subspecies on the hyphal growth of two well-known entomopathogenic fungi, Cordyceps fumosorosea and Beauveria bassiana. Extract concentrations of 50, 25, and 10% w/v based on leaf fresh weight were prepared from turnip (B. rapa subspecies rapa) and bok choy (B. rapa subspecies chinensis) leaves. Each concentration was individually incorporated into potato dextrose agar plates for in vitro bioassays. The center of each plate was inoculated with 20 µL of a fungal suspension that was allowed 24 h to soak into the agar before sealing the plates and incubating them at 25 °C under a 14-h photophase. The fungal colony perimeter was marked 5 days after inoculation on two perpendicular lines drawn on the bottom of each plate. Radial colony growth was measured from 4 marks per plate 5, 10, and 15 days later. Radial growth rates for both fungi were 1.3-2.0 and 0.9-1.4 times faster with bok choy and turnip extracts, respectively, at the 25% and 50% concentrations compared to the no-extract control treatment. Therefore, bok choy and turnip leaf extracts can stimulate entomopathogenic fungus growth within 15 days. Biochemical compounds in the extracts include sesquiterpenes, α-copaene, β-selinene, γ-gurjunene, calamenene, cubenene, and α-calacorene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel G. Cerritos-Garcia
- Indian River Research and Education Center, Department of Entomology and Nematology, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences (IFAS), University of Florida, 2199 South Rock Road, Fort Pierce, FL 34945, USA; (D.G.C.-G.); (R.D.C.)
- Department of Agricultural Sciences and Production, Zamorano University, San Antonio de Oriente, Fco. Morazán, Honduras
| | - Pasco B. Avery
- Indian River Research and Education Center, Department of Entomology and Nematology, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences (IFAS), University of Florida, 2199 South Rock Road, Fort Pierce, FL 34945, USA; (D.G.C.-G.); (R.D.C.)
| | - Xavier Martini
- North Florida Research and Education Center, Department of Entomology and Nematology, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences (IFAS), University of Florida, Quincy, FL 32352, USA;
| | - Valentina Candian
- Indian River Research and Education Center, Department of Plant Pathology, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences (IFAS), University of Florida, 2199 South Rock Road, Fort Pierce, FL 34945, USA; (V.C.); (L.M.C.)
- Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences (DISAFA), University of Torino, 2 Largo P. Braccini, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy
| | - Liliana M. Cano
- Indian River Research and Education Center, Department of Plant Pathology, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences (IFAS), University of Florida, 2199 South Rock Road, Fort Pierce, FL 34945, USA; (V.C.); (L.M.C.)
| | - Ronald D. Cave
- Indian River Research and Education Center, Department of Entomology and Nematology, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences (IFAS), University of Florida, 2199 South Rock Road, Fort Pierce, FL 34945, USA; (D.G.C.-G.); (R.D.C.)
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Buitenhuis R, Poleatewich A, Jandricic M, Brownbridge M. Risk of Spreading Soft Rot Through Cutting Dips Against Whiteflies in Greenhouse-Grown Poinsettia. PLANT DISEASE 2020; 104:2262-2268. [PMID: 32568631 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-12-19-2632-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Dipping is a quick and cost-effective technique to reduce pest infestations on unrooted cuttings of greenhouse ornamental crops. Large numbers of cuttings are immersed in an insecticidal treatment, e.g., biopesticides and/or insecticidal soap, before they are stuck in the growing medium and rooted. This research investigated the risk of cross-contamination of poinsettia cuttings with Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorum, a potentially devastating pathogen causing soft rot, through the dipping process. Sampling at four commercial greenhouses showed that P. carotovorum subsp. carotovorum was present in all dip suspensions during and after processing poinsettia cuttings; concentrations up to 1 × 105 CFU/ml were detected. A laboratory experiment determined that P. carotovorum subsp. carotovorum-infected cuttings could contaminate clean dip suspensions to similar levels. These results indicated that there is potential for disease transfer during dipping. The potential for cross-contamination of healthy cuttings was evaluated by immersing poinsettia cuttings in dip suspensions artificially inoculated with P. carotovorum subsp. carotovorum (from 1 × 103 to 1 × 107 CFU/ml). Disease incidence increased as P. carotovorum subsp. carotovorum concentrations in the dip suspension increased and the variety 'Prestige Red' was more susceptible than 'Freedom White.' However, even at the highest P. carotovorum subsp. carotovorum concentration of 1 × 107 CFU/ml, the proportion of diseased cuttings was low at 6% for var. 'Freedom White,' but higher at 21% for var. 'Prestige Red.' We conclude that P. carotovorum subsp. carotovorum transfer among unrooted poinsettia cuttings through the dipping process is relatively low although some varieties are sensitive to high levels of inoculum. Even so, strict sanitation practices are still important to prevent build-up of inoculum in the dip treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anissa Poleatewich
- Vineland Research and Innovation Centre, Vineland Station, ON, L0R 2E0, Canada
| | - Mark Jandricic
- Vineland Research and Innovation Centre, Vineland Station, ON, L0R 2E0, Canada
| | - Michael Brownbridge
- Vineland Research and Innovation Centre, Vineland Station, ON, L0R 2E0, Canada
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