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Immune System Evasion Mechanisms in Staphylococcus aureus: Current Understanding. JOURNAL OF PURE AND APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.22207/jpam.14.4.01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a major human pathogen that may cause a wide range of infections and is a frequent cause of soft tissue and bloodstream infections. It is a successful pathogen due to its collective virulence factors and its ability to evade the host immune systems. The review aims to highlight how S. aureus destroys and damage the host cells and explains how immune cells can respond to this pathogen. This review may also provide new insights that may be useful for developing new strategy for combating MRSA and its emerging clones such as community-associated methicillin-resistant S. aureus (CA-MRSA).
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Osman M, Al Bikai A, Rafei R, Mallat H, Dabboussi F, Hamze M. Update on invasive fungal infections in the Middle Eastern and North African region. Braz J Microbiol 2020; 51:1771-1789. [PMID: 32623654 PMCID: PMC7335363 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-020-00325-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In the recent years, the epidemiology of invasive fungal infections (IFIs) has changed worldwide. This is remarkably noticed with the significant increase in high-risk populations. Although surveillance of such infections is essential, data in the Middle Eastern and North African (MENA) region remain scarce. In this paper, we reviewed the existing data on the epidemiology of different IFIs in the MENA region. Epidemiological surveillance is crucial to guide optimal healthcare practices. This study can help to guide appropriate interventions and to implement antimicrobial stewardship and infection prevention and control programs in countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marwan Osman
- Laboratoire Microbiologie Santé et Environnement (LMSE), Doctoral School of Science and Technology, Faculty of Public Health, Lebanese University, Tripoli, Lebanon
| | - Aisha Al Bikai
- Laboratoire Microbiologie Santé et Environnement (LMSE), Doctoral School of Science and Technology, Faculty of Public Health, Lebanese University, Tripoli, Lebanon
| | - Rayane Rafei
- Laboratoire Microbiologie Santé et Environnement (LMSE), Doctoral School of Science and Technology, Faculty of Public Health, Lebanese University, Tripoli, Lebanon
| | - Hassan Mallat
- Laboratoire Microbiologie Santé et Environnement (LMSE), Doctoral School of Science and Technology, Faculty of Public Health, Lebanese University, Tripoli, Lebanon
| | - Fouad Dabboussi
- Laboratoire Microbiologie Santé et Environnement (LMSE), Doctoral School of Science and Technology, Faculty of Public Health, Lebanese University, Tripoli, Lebanon
| | - Monzer Hamze
- Laboratoire Microbiologie Santé et Environnement (LMSE), Doctoral School of Science and Technology, Faculty of Public Health, Lebanese University, Tripoli, Lebanon.
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Houfi AE, Thaqafi AA, Alenazi TH, Farahat F, Solem CT, Stephens JM, Johnson C, Macahilig C, Tang WY, Haider S. Early switch/early discharge opportunities for hospitalized patients with methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus complicated skin and soft tissue infections: Saudi Arabia and United Arab Emirates. J Infect Public Health 2020; 13:1126-1133. [PMID: 32482613 DOI: 10.1016/j.jiph.2020.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Revised: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To describe opportunities for early switch (ES) from intravenous (IV) to oral (PO) antibiotics and early discharge (ED) of patients hospitalized in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) and the United Arab Emirates (UAE) with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) complicated skin and soft tissue infections (cSSTIs). METHODS This retrospective medical chart review study enrolled physicians from 16 KSA and UAE sites to collect data for 107 MRSA cSSTI patients. RESULTS Actual length of MRSA-active treatment was 13.3±9.3 mean days in KSA and 11.2±3.9 mean days in UAE, with a mean of 11.8±9.3 days of MRSA-targeted IV therapy in KSA and 10.7±4.3 days in UAE. 12.5% in KSA met ES criteria and potentially could have discontinued IV therapy 4.0±2.9 days sooner; 44.0% in UAE could have discontinued 6.6±3.6 days sooner. Patients were hospitalized for a mean 28.6±45.0 days in KSA and 13.1±5.9 days in UAE. 25.0% in KSA and 48.0% in UAE met ED criteria and potentially could have been discharged 6.1±8.0 days earlier in KSA and 7.9±5.0 days earlier in UAE. CONCLUSIONS A significant proportion of patients hospitalized for MRSA cSSTI could be eligible for ES or ED opportunities, resulting in potential for reductions in IV and bed days.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Abdulhakeem Al Thaqafi
- King Abdulaziz Medical City, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; King Abdullah International Medical Research Centre, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Thamer H Alenazi
- King Abdulaziz Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fayssal Farahat
- King Abdulaziz Medical City, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; King Abdullah International Medical Research Centre, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; King Saud bin AbdulAziz University for Health Sciences, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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Prevalence of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in Saudi Arabia: A Systematic Review. JOURNAL OF PURE AND APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.22207/jpam.14.1.07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
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Zhang H, Zhu A. Emerging Invasive Fungal Infections: Clinical Features and Controversies in Diagnosis and Treatment Processes. Infect Drug Resist 2020; 13:607-615. [PMID: 32110071 PMCID: PMC7039084 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s237815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The diagnosis and treatment of invasive fungal infection (IFI) are still challenging due to its complexity and non-specificity. This study was aimed to investigate the clinical features, diagnosis process, and outcomes of patients with emerging IFIs. Methods A retrospective review of emerging IFIs in adult patients at a university hospital in China was conducted; diagnoses were based on the criteria of EORTC/MSG 2008. Results 145 IFI patients (pulmonary, intestinal and urinary) were enrolled in this study, including 80 proven (55.2%), 59 probable (40.7%), or 6 possible IFIs (4.1%). Among the 126 pulmonary IFIs, the positivity rate for sputum microscopy, sputum culture, and 1.3-ß-D-glucan (BG) test was 54.0%, 44.4%, and 37.3%, respectively. Among the 19 intestinal and urinary IFIs, routine examination of stool or urine and their culture were the main methods of detection. Positive results of 75 detected fungal strains from the samples showed that 30 cases were complicated with one or more bacterial infections. The average length of hospital stay of IFI patients was 14.0 (10.0, 20.0) days. The time from admission to antifungal therapy initiation (P<0.001), liver cirrhosis (P<0.001), hematological tumor (P<0.001), coinfection (P=0.019) and immune diseases (P=0.025) were independent predictors of prolonged hospitalization. Conclusion Delayed time was the primary predictor of prolonged hospitalization. This prediction is suggested to improve IFI diagnostic and therapeutic process of IFI to promote prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongliang Zhang
- Emergency Department, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, People's Republic of China
| | - Aiqun Zhu
- Emergency Department, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, People's Republic of China.,Department of Nursing, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, People's Republic of China
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Yeast Engineering for New Antifungal Compounds: A Contextualized Overview. Fungal Biol 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-41870-0_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Zakaria A, Osman M, Dabboussi F, Rafei R, Mallat H, Papon N, Bouchara JP, Hamze M. Recent trends in the epidemiology, diagnosis, treatment, and mechanisms of resistance in clinical Aspergillus species: A general review with a special focus on the Middle Eastern and North African region. J Infect Public Health 2019; 13:1-10. [PMID: 31672427 DOI: 10.1016/j.jiph.2019.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2018] [Revised: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Globally, more than billion people suffer from fungal infections each year. The early diagnosis of aspergillosis is mandatory for successful treatment outcome. As careful testing takes time, epidemiological surveillance is crucial to guide individual patient therapy and to promote a high standard of health care. In this paper, we first present current trends in the epidemiology and antifungal susceptibility patterns of Aspergillus spp. in Middle Eastern and North African (MENA) countries in order to support infectious disease specialists and health workforces in this geographic area to treat adequately patients with aspergillosis. Then we discuss the existing literature data regarding the available diagnostic tools and antifungal resistance mechanisms of Aspergillus spp. Although a limited number of studies were reviewed here, the currently available data show that Aspergillus infections are not negligible in the MENA region, and that the emergence of antifungal resistance is a growing health issue, especially among immunocompromised patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayate Zakaria
- Laboratoire Microbiologie Santé et Environnement (LMSE), Doctoral School of Science and Technology, Faculty of Public Health, Lebanese University, Tripoli, Lebanon
| | - Marwan Osman
- Laboratoire Microbiologie Santé et Environnement (LMSE), Doctoral School of Science and Technology, Faculty of Public Health, Lebanese University, Tripoli, Lebanon
| | - Fouad Dabboussi
- Laboratoire Microbiologie Santé et Environnement (LMSE), Doctoral School of Science and Technology, Faculty of Public Health, Lebanese University, Tripoli, Lebanon
| | - Rayane Rafei
- Laboratoire Microbiologie Santé et Environnement (LMSE), Doctoral School of Science and Technology, Faculty of Public Health, Lebanese University, Tripoli, Lebanon
| | - Hassan Mallat
- Laboratoire Microbiologie Santé et Environnement (LMSE), Doctoral School of Science and Technology, Faculty of Public Health, Lebanese University, Tripoli, Lebanon
| | - Nicolas Papon
- Groupe d'Etude des Interactions Hôte-Pathogène (GEIHP), EA 3142, SFR 4208 ICAT, UNIV Angers, UNIV Brest, Angers, France
| | - Jean-Philippe Bouchara
- Groupe d'Etude des Interactions Hôte-Pathogène (GEIHP), EA 3142, SFR 4208 ICAT, UNIV Angers, UNIV Brest, Angers, France
| | - Monzer Hamze
- Laboratoire Microbiologie Santé et Environnement (LMSE), Doctoral School of Science and Technology, Faculty of Public Health, Lebanese University, Tripoli, Lebanon.
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Ghazi S, Rafei R, Osman M, El Safadi D, Mallat H, Papon N, Dabboussi F, Bouchara JP, Hamze M. The epidemiology of Candida species in the Middle East and North Africa. J Mycol Med 2019; 29:245-252. [PMID: 31400864 DOI: 10.1016/j.mycmed.2019.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2019] [Revised: 06/30/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
In recent decades, the epidemiology of invasive candidiasis (IC) has progressively changed worldwide. This notably includes emergence of several Candida species. Although some surveillance programs provided global trends in IC epidemiology, data from countries from the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) remain scarce. In this manuscript, we reviewed the existing available data on the epidemiology of Candida species associated with IC, particularly candidemia, in MENA region regarding species distribution. As witnessed worldwide, an evident shift of Candidaalbicans towards non-albicansCandida (NAC) has been observed in the MENA region. The worrying emergence of multi-drug resistant Candida species in MENA calls for a better understanding of their epidemiology. This represents an essential prerequisite for the implementation of effective infection control strategies and surveillance systems to prevent IC among high-risk patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Ghazi
- Laboratoire Microbiologie Santé et Environnement (LMSE), Doctoral School of Sciences and Technology, Faculty of Public Health, Lebanese University, Tripoli, Lebanon
| | - R Rafei
- Laboratoire Microbiologie Santé et Environnement (LMSE), Doctoral School of Sciences and Technology, Faculty of Public Health, Lebanese University, Tripoli, Lebanon
| | - M Osman
- Laboratoire Microbiologie Santé et Environnement (LMSE), Doctoral School of Sciences and Technology, Faculty of Public Health, Lebanese University, Tripoli, Lebanon
| | - D El Safadi
- Laboratoire Microbiologie Santé et Environnement (LMSE), Doctoral School of Sciences and Technology, Faculty of Public Health, Lebanese University, Tripoli, Lebanon
| | - H Mallat
- Laboratoire Microbiologie Santé et Environnement (LMSE), Doctoral School of Sciences and Technology, Faculty of Public Health, Lebanese University, Tripoli, Lebanon
| | - N Papon
- Groupe d'Etude des Interactions Hôte-Pathogène, GEIHP, EA 3142, SFR ICAT 4208, UNIV Angers, UNIV Brest, Institut de Biologie en Santé, IRIS, CHU Angers, 4, rue Larrey, 49933 Angers cedex 9, France
| | - F Dabboussi
- Laboratoire Microbiologie Santé et Environnement (LMSE), Doctoral School of Sciences and Technology, Faculty of Public Health, Lebanese University, Tripoli, Lebanon
| | - J-P Bouchara
- Groupe d'Etude des Interactions Hôte-Pathogène, GEIHP, EA 3142, SFR ICAT 4208, UNIV Angers, UNIV Brest, Institut de Biologie en Santé, IRIS, CHU Angers, 4, rue Larrey, 49933 Angers cedex 9, France
| | - M Hamze
- Laboratoire Microbiologie Santé et Environnement (LMSE), Doctoral School of Sciences and Technology, Faculty of Public Health, Lebanese University, Tripoli, Lebanon.
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Bazzi AM, Rabaan AA, Al-Tawfiq JA, Shannak BM. Comparison of Effectiveness of Germania Honey Compared to Manuka Honey in Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) Killing. Open Microbiol J 2019. [DOI: 10.2174/1874285801913010021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose:
Manuka honey is currently used in medical-grade sterile wound treatment products and has been shown to be effective in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) killing in vitro and in wound healing in a number of case studies and series. Locally produced honey in Pakistan and Chile have been proposed to be as effective as Manuka honey in bacterial killing in vitro, presenting potentially more accessible and affordable alternatives. In this study, we compared the effectiveness of a local Germania honey from Saudi Arabia to Manuka honey MGO 550 for in vitro killing of MRSA.
Methodology:
Overnight Muller Hinton broth cultures of 50 wound culture isolates of MRSA from 50 patients were incubated with a series of dilutions of Manuka honey MGO 550 and corresponding Germania honey dilutions for 24 h. Turbidity was assessed to determine whether bacterial growth had occurred, and no growth was confirmed by a further 24 h sub-culture on blood agar.
Results/Key findings:
Manuka honey MGO 550 was significantly more effective than Germania honey at MRSA killing at 100% v/v, 50% v/v and 25% v/v (p=0.025, 0.000265, and 0.000112 respectively)
Conclusion:
Manuka honey MGO 550 is significantly more effective in killing MRSA in vitro than Germania honey. Germania honey does not appear to be a promising locally produced alternative to Manuka honey for the development of honey-based wound dressings. Further experiments could determine if Germania honey is effective against other bacterial species.
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Polyhexamethylene Biguanide and Nadifloxacin Self-Assembled Nanoparticles: Antimicrobial Effects against Intracellular Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Polymers (Basel) 2018; 10:polym10050521. [PMID: 30966555 PMCID: PMC6415416 DOI: 10.3390/polym10050521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2018] [Revised: 04/29/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The treatment of skin and soft tissue infections caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) remains a challenge, partly due to localization of the bacteria inside the host’s cells, where antimicrobial penetration and efficacy is limited. We formulated the cationic polymer polyhexamethylene biguanide (PHMB) with the topical antibiotic nadifloxacin and tested the activities against intracellular MRSA in infected keratinocytes. The PHMB/nadifloxacin nanoparticles displayed a size of 291.3 ± 89.6 nm, polydispersity index of 0.35 ± 0.04, zeta potential of +20.2 ± 4.8 mV, and drug encapsulation efficiency of 58.25 ± 3.4%. The nanoparticles killed intracellular MRSA, and relative to free polymer or drugs used separately or together, the nanoparticles displayed reduced toxicity and improved host cell recovery. Together, these findings show that PHMB/nadifloxacin nanoparticles are effective against intracellular bacteria and could be further developed for the treatment of skin and soft tissue infections.
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