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Wang Y, Hua M, Chen X, Chen W. Sustainable response strategy for COVID-19: Pandemic zoning with urban multimodal transport data. JOURNAL OF TRANSPORT GEOGRAPHY 2023; 110:103605. [PMID: 37260561 PMCID: PMC10188920 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2023.103605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
In the post-COVID-19 era, the pandemic response is increasingly difficult and entails a high cost to society. Existing pandemic control methods, such as lockdowns, greatly affect residents' normal lives. This paper proposes a pandemic control method, consisting of the scientific delineation of urban areas based on multimodal transportation data. An improved Leiden method based on the gravity model is used to construct a preliminary zoning scheme, which is then modified by spatial constraints. The modularity index demonstrates the suitability of this method for community detection. This method can minimize cut-off traffic flows between pandemic control areas. The results show that only 24.8% of travel links are disrupted using our method, which could reduce both the impact of pandemic control on the daily life of residents and its cost. These findings can help develop sustainable strategies and proposals for effective pandemic response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufei Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Urban ITS, Southeast University, China
- Jiangsu Province Collaborative Innovation Center of Modern Urban Traffic Technologies, Southeast University, China
- School of Transportation, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China
| | - Mingzhuang Hua
- College of General Aviation and Flight, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Liyang 213300, China
| | - Xuewu Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Urban ITS, Southeast University, China
- Jiangsu Province Collaborative Innovation Center of Modern Urban Traffic Technologies, Southeast University, China
- School of Transportation, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China
| | - Wendong Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Urban ITS, Southeast University, China
- Jiangsu Province Collaborative Innovation Center of Modern Urban Traffic Technologies, Southeast University, China
- School of Transportation, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China
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2
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Taha BA, Al Mashhadany Y, Al-Jubouri Q, Rashid ARBA, Luo Y, Chen Z, Rustagi S, Chaudhary V, Arsad N. Next-generation nanophotonic-enabled biosensors for intelligent diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 variants. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 880:163333. [PMID: 37028663 PMCID: PMC10076079 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.163333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/02/2023] [Indexed: 04/15/2023]
Abstract
Constantly mutating SARS-CoV-2 is a global concern resulting in COVID-19 infectious waves from time to time in different regions, challenging present-day diagnostics and therapeutics. Early-stage point-of-care diagnostic (POC) biosensors are a crucial vector for the timely management of morbidity and mortalities caused due to COVID-19. The state-of-the-art SARS-CoV-2 biosensors depend upon developing a single platform for its diverse variants/biomarkers, enabling precise detection and monitoring. Nanophotonic-enabled biosensors have emerged as 'one platform' to diagnose COVID-19, addressing the concern of constant viral mutation. This review assesses the evolution of current and future variants of the SARS-CoV-2 and critically summarizes the current state of biosensor approaches for detecting SARS-CoV-2 variants/biomarkers employing nanophotonic-enabled diagnostics. It discusses the integration of modern-age technologies, including artificial intelligence, machine learning and 5G communication with nanophotonic biosensors for intelligent COVID-19 monitoring and management. It also highlights the challenges and potential opportunities for developing intelligent biosensors for diagnosing future SARS-CoV-2 variants. This review will guide future research and development on nano-enabled intelligent photonic-biosensor strategies for early-stage diagnosing of highly infectious diseases to prevent repeated outbreaks and save associated human mortalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bakr Ahmed Taha
- Photonics Technology Laboratory, Department of Electrical, Electronic and Systems Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia UKM, 43600 Bangi, Malaysia.
| | - Yousif Al Mashhadany
- Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Anbar, Anbar 00964, Iraq
| | - Qussay Al-Jubouri
- Department of Communication Engineering, University of Technology, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Affa Rozana Bt Abdul Rashid
- Faculty of Science and Technology, University Sains Islam Malaysia, Bandar Baru Nilai, 71800 Nilai, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia
| | - Yunhan Luo
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Fiber Sensing and Communications, Department of Optoelectronic Engineering, College of Science and Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Zhe Chen
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Information and Sensing Technologies of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Jinan University Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Sarvesh Rustagi
- School of Applied and Life Sciences, Uttaranchal University, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Vishal Chaudhary
- Department of Physics, Bhagini Nivedita College, University of Delhi, New Delhi 110045, India.
| | - Norhana Arsad
- Photonics Technology Laboratory, Department of Electrical, Electronic and Systems Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia UKM, 43600 Bangi, Malaysia.
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3
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Zheng Q, Bao C, Ji Y, Li P, Ma Z, Wang X, Meng Q, Pan Q. Treating SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant infection by molnupiravir for pandemic mitigation and living with the virus: a mathematical modeling study. Sci Rep 2023; 13:5474. [PMID: 37016035 PMCID: PMC10071263 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-32619-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 04/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Treating severe COVID-19 patients and controlling the spread of SARS-CoV-2 are concurrently important in mitigating the pandemic. Classically, antiviral drugs are primarily developed for treating hospitalized COVID-19 patients with severe diseases to reduce morbidity and/or mortality, which have limited effects on limiting pandemic spread. In this study, we simulated the expanded applications of oral antiviral drugs such as molnupiravir to mitigate the pandemic by treating nonhospitalized COVID-19 cases. We developed a compartmental mathematical model to simulate the effects of molnupiravir treatment assuming various scenarios in the Omicron variant dominated settings in Denmark, the United Kingdom and Germany. We found that treating nonhospitalized cases can limit Omicron spread. This indirectly reduces the burden of hospitalization and patient death. The effectiveness of this approach depends on the intrinsic nature of the antiviral drug and the strategies of implementation. Hypothetically, if resuming pre-pandemic social contact pattern, extensive application of molnupiravir treatment would dramatically (but not completely) mitigate the COVID-19 burden, and thus there remains lifetime cost of living with the virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinyue Zheng
- School of International Affairs and Public Administration, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
- School of Management, Shandong Key Laboratory of Social Supernetwork Computation and Decision Simulation, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Chunbing Bao
- School of Management, Shandong Key Laboratory of Social Supernetwork Computation and Decision Simulation, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Yunpeng Ji
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Genetics, Inner Mongolian Maternal and Child Care Hospital, Hohhot, Inner Mongolian, China
| | - Pengfei Li
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Zhongren Ma
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioengineering of State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Biomedical Research Center, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xinwei Wang
- Department of Engineering Mechanics, State Key Laboratory of Structural Analysis for Industrial, Equipment, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
| | - Qingchun Meng
- School of Management, Shandong Key Laboratory of Social Supernetwork Computation and Decision Simulation, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Qiuwei Pan
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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4
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Al-Zubiedi SA, Younus M, Al-Khalidi S, Ekilo M, Alshammari TM. Pharmacovigilance regulatory actions by national pharmacovigilance centers in Arab countries following COVID-19 pandemic. Expert Opin Drug Saf 2023; 22:165-174. [PMID: 35915555 DOI: 10.1080/14740338.2022.2108398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pharmacovigilance (PV) activities were affected by COVID-19. Therefore, several health authorities around the world have issued guidelines and practices to ensure that PV activities are maintained and continued during the pandemic. This study aimed to assess the impact of COVID-19 on the preparedness and performance of national PV systems in 14 Arab countries. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS This was a cross-sectional study that was conducted between July and October 2020. National PV centers in 18 Arab countries were invited to participate in this study. Descriptive analysis was used to summarize and present the results of this study. RESULTS Responses were obtained from 14 (77.8%) countries. Adverse events reporting was the main PV activity that was covered by PV guidelines and practices. National guidelines and practices covered other PV activities in 8 (57.14%) of the participating countries. Performance and practices of national PV centers vary considerably among participating countries during the pandemic. CONCLUSION The findings highlight the differences in preparedness and performance of different national PV centers in participating Arab countries. Improving digital infrastructure among participating countries could serve as a useful tool to minimize the impact of the pandemic on PV activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sameh A Al-Zubiedi
- Department of Biopharmaceutics and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan.,School of Pharmacy, University of Jordan Pharmacovigilance office, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
| | - Manal Younus
- Iraqi Pharmacovigilance Centre, Ministry of Health, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Sara Al-Khalidi
- Medication Safety Research Centre, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Thamir M Alshammari
- Medication Safety Research Centre, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,College of Pharmacy, Riyadh Elm University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Whaibeh E. The good, the bad, and the disruptive: how telehealth can reduce health inequity and mitigate the digital divide in the MENA region. Med Confl Surviv 2022; 38:339-345. [PMID: 36317382 DOI: 10.1080/13623699.2022.2139871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Emile Whaibeh
- Ecole Doctorale Sciences et Santé [EDSS], Faculty of Medicine, Saint-Joseph University, Beirut, Lebanon.,Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Balamand, Beirut, Lebanon
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6
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Zarei S, Mohammadi S. Challenges of higher education related to e-learning in developing countries during COVID-19 spread: a review of the perspectives of students, instructors, policymakers, and ICT experts. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:85562-85568. [PMID: 34100207 PMCID: PMC8184049 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-14647-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic brought about many critical issues in all aspects such as economy, environment, health, and lifestyle, but people always try to find some response to crisis in different conditions. E-learning is defined as an elaborate response aiming at continuing education during the COVID-19 pandemic. It seems that developed countries have established and adjusted their technological infrastructures for the transition from a face-to-face education to a digital one. In contrast, developing countries were not completely prepared for this transition. Improper and deficient technological and practical fundamentals have been causing problems for all students, instructors, and other involved individuals. Therefore, we reviewed the challenges that have arisen from e-learning during the COVID-19 outbreak in different parts of tertiary education focusing on underprivileged countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soraya Zarei
- Information Technology Group, Department of Industrial Engineering, K.N. Toosi University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shahriar Mohammadi
- Information Technology Group, Department of Industrial Engineering, K.N. Toosi University of Technology, Tehran, Iran.
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7
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Zeid N, Tang L. Egyptian Newspapers Coverage of COVID-19 Vaccines: A Theoretically Driven Content Analysis. JOURNAL OF HEALTH COMMUNICATION 2022; 27:727-736. [PMID: 36567666 DOI: 10.1080/10810730.2022.2157908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The Egyptian government has acquired COVID-19 vaccines from different sources; however, the vaccination rates and vaccine acceptance among the public remained low. News media play an influential role in shaping the public's understanding of medical issues and promoting health behaviors such as vaccination. Guided by the Extended Parallel Processing Model (EPPM) and the framing theory, a content analysis of COVID-19 vaccines coverage in two established Egyptian newspapers in Arabic (Al-Goumhuria and Al-Masry Al-Youm) between January 2020 and November 2021 was conducted. Findings suggested that the Egyptian newspapers focused on the efficacy of the vaccines but downplayed the severity of COVID-19. Most articles from both newspapers did not use gain or loss frames, although Al-Goumhuria was most likely to use both (loss and gain) frames simultaneously. Specific vaccine information regarding its safety, side effects, and effectiveness was minimal in both newspapers. The differences in COVID-19 vaccine coverage between the two newspapers were limited, suggesting a high level of government control of COVID-19 related content, regardless of whether it is state- or private-owned newspaper. Theoretical and practical implications of the findings were discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nour Zeid
- Department of Communication& Journalism, Texas A&M University, College Station Texas USA
| | - Lu Tang
- Department of Communication& Journalism, Texas A&M University, College Station Texas USA
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8
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Alafeef M, Pan D. Diagnostic Approaches For COVID-19: Lessons Learned and the Path Forward. ACS NANO 2022; 16:11545-11576. [PMID: 35921264 PMCID: PMC9364978 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c01697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a transmitted respiratory disease caused by the infection of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Although humankind has experienced several outbreaks of infectious diseases, the COVID-19 pandemic has the highest rate of infection and has had high levels of social and economic repercussions. The current COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the limitations of existing virological tests, which have failed to be adopted at a rate to properly slow the rapid spread of SARS-CoV-2. Pandemic preparedness has developed as a focus of many governments around the world in the event of a future outbreak. Despite the largely widespread availability of vaccines, the importance of testing has not diminished to monitor the evolution of the virus and the resulting stages of the pandemic. Therefore, developing diagnostic technology that serves as a line of defense has become imperative. In particular, that test should satisfy three criteria to be widely adopted: simplicity, economic feasibility, and accessibility. At the heart of it all, it must enable early diagnosis in the course of infection to reduce spread. However, diagnostic manufacturers need guidance on the optimal characteristics of a virological test to ensure pandemic preparedness and to aid in the effective treatment of viral infections. Nanomaterials are a decisive element in developing COVID-19 diagnostic kits as well as a key contributor to enhance the performance of existing tests. Our objective is to develop a profile of the criteria that should be available in a platform as the target product. In this work, virus detection tests were evaluated from the perspective of the COVID-19 pandemic, and then we generalized the requirements to develop a target product profile for a platform for virus detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maha Alafeef
- Department of Chemical, Biochemical and Environmental
Engineering, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Interdisciplinary
Health Sciences Facility, 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, Maryland 21250,
United States
- Departments of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear
Medicine and Pediatrics, Center for Blood Oxygen Transport and Hemostasis,
University of Maryland Baltimore School of Medicine, Health Sciences
Research Facility III, 670 W Baltimore Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21201,
United States
- Department of Bioengineering, the
University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801,
United States
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Jordan
University of Science and Technology, Irbid 22110,
Jordan
| | - Dipanjan Pan
- Department of Chemical, Biochemical and Environmental
Engineering, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Interdisciplinary
Health Sciences Facility, 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, Maryland 21250,
United States
- Departments of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear
Medicine and Pediatrics, Center for Blood Oxygen Transport and Hemostasis,
University of Maryland Baltimore School of Medicine, Health Sciences
Research Facility III, 670 W Baltimore Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21201,
United States
- Department of Bioengineering, the
University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801,
United States
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9
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Tracking COVID-19 urban activity changes in the Middle East from nighttime lights. Sci Rep 2022; 12:8096. [PMID: 35577917 PMCID: PMC9109745 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-12211-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, governments around the world have enacted widespread physical distancing measures to prevent and control virus transmission. Quantitative, spatially-disaggregated information about the population-scale shifts in activity that have resulted from these measures is extremely scarce, particularly for regions outside of Europe and the US. Public health institutions often must make decisions about control measures with limited region-specific data about how they will affect societal behavior, patterns of exposure, and infection outcomes. The Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite Day/Night Band (VIIRS DNB), a new-generation space-borne low-light imager, has the potential to track changes in human activity, but the capability has not yet been applied to a cross-country analysis of COVID-19 responses. Here, we examine multi-year (2015–2020) daily time-series data derived from NASA’s Black Marble VIIRS nighttime lights product (VNP46A2) covering 584 urban areas, in 17 countries in the Middle East to understand how communities have adhered to COVID-19 measures in the first 4 months of the pandemic. Nighttime lights capture the onset of national curfews and lockdowns well, but also expose the inconsistent response to control measures both across and within countries. In conflict-afflicted countries, low adherence to lockdowns and curfews was observed, highlighting the compound health and security threats that fragile states face. Our findings show how satellite measurements can aid in assessing the public response to physical distancing policies and the socio-cultural factors that shape their success, especially in fragile and data-sparse regions.
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El-Attar EA, Helmy Elkaffas RM, Aglan SA, Naga IS, Nabil A, Abdallah HY. Genomics in Egypt: Current Status and Future Aspects. Front Genet 2022; 13:797465. [PMID: 35664315 PMCID: PMC9157251 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.797465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Egypt is the third most densely inhabited African country. Due to the economic burden and healthcare costs of overpopulation, genomic and genetic testing is a huge challenge. However, in the era of precision medicine, Egypt is taking a shift in approach from “one-size-fits all” to more personalized healthcare via advancing the practice of medical genetics and genomics across the country. This shift necessitates concrete knowledge of the Egyptian genome and related diseases to direct effective preventive, diagnostic and counseling services of prevalent genetic diseases in Egypt. Understanding disease molecular mechanisms will enhance the capacity for personalized interventions. From this perspective, we highlight research efforts and available services for rare genetic diseases, communicable diseases including the coronavirus 2019 disease (COVID19), and cancer. The current state of genetic services in Egypt including availability and access to genetic services is described. Drivers for applying genomics in Egypt are illustrated with a SWOT analysis of the current genetic/genomic services. Barriers to genetic service development in Egypt, whether economic, geographic, cultural or educational are discussed as well. The sensitive topic of communicating genomic results and its ethical considerations is also tackled. To understand disease pathogenesis, much can be gained through the advancement and integration of genomic technologies via clinical applications and research efforts in Egypt. Three main pillars of multidisciplinary collaboration for advancing genomics in Egypt are envisaged: resources, infrastructure and training. Finally, we highlight the recent national plan to establish a genome center that will aim to prepare a map of the Egyptian human genome to discover and accurately determine the genetic characteristics of various diseases. The Reference Genome Project for Egyptians and Ancient Egyptians will initialize a new genomics era in Egypt. We propose a multidisciplinary governance system in Egypt to support genomic medicine research efforts and integrate into the healthcare system whilst ensuring ethical conduct of data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eman Ahmed El-Attar
- Chemical Pathology Department, Medical Research Institute, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
- *Correspondence: Eman Ahmed El-Attar,
| | | | - Sarah Ahmed Aglan
- Chemical Pathology Department, Medical Research Institute, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Iman S. Naga
- Department of Microbiology, Medical Research Institute, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Amira Nabil
- Department of Human Genetics, Medical Research Institute, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Hoda Y. Abdallah
- Medical Genetics Unit, Histology and Cell Biology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
- Center of Excellence in Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
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11
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Jones N, Baird S, Abu Hamad B, Bhutta ZA, Oakley E, Shah M, Sajdi J, Yount KM. Compounding inequalities: Adolescent psychosocial wellbeing and resilience among refugee and host communities in Jordan during the COVID-19 pandemic. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0261773. [PMID: 35108293 PMCID: PMC8809558 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0261773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The COVID-19 pandemic and associated risk-mitigation strategies have altered the social contexts in which adolescents in low- and middle-income countries live. Little is known, however, about the impacts of the pandemic on displaced populations, and how those impacts differ by gender and life stage. We investigate the extent to which the pandemic has compounded pre-existing social inequalities among adolescents in Jordan, and the role support structures play in promoting resilience. METHODS Our analysis leverages longitudinal quantitative survey data and in-depth qualitative interviews, collected before and after the onset of COVID-19, with over 3,000 Syrian refugees, stateless Palestinians and vulnerable Jordanians, living in camps, host communities and informal tented settlements. We utilize mixed-methods analysis combining multivariate regression with deductive qualitative tools to evaluate pandemic impacts and associated policy responses on adolescent wellbeing and mental health, at three and nine months after the pandemic onset. We also explore the role of support systems at individual, household, community, and policy levels. FINDINGS We find the pandemic has resulted in severe economic and service disruptions with far-reaching and heterogenous effects on adolescent wellbeing. Nine months into the pandemic, 19.3% of adolescents in the sample presented with symptoms of moderate-to severe depression, with small signs of improvement (3.2 percentage points [pp], p<0.001). Two thirds of adolescents reported household stress had increased during the pandemic, especially for Syrian adolescents in host communities (10.7pp higher than any other group, p<0.001). Social connectedness was particularly low for girls, who were 13.4 percentage points (p<0.001) more likely than boys to have had no interaction with friends in the past 7 days. Adolescent programming shows signs of being protective, particularly for girls, who were 8.8 percentage points (p<0.01) more likely to have a trusted friend than their peers who were not participating in programming. CONCLUSIONS Pre-existing social inequalities among refugee adolescents affected by forced displacement have been compounded during the COVID-19 pandemic, with related disruptions to services and social networks. To achieve Sustainable Development Goal targets to support healthy and empowered development in adolescence and early adulthood requires interventions that target the urgent needs of the most vulnerable adolescents while addressing population-level root causes and determinants of psychosocial wellbeing and resilience for all adolescent girls and boys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Jones
- Gender and Adolescence: Global Evidence (GAGE), ODI, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah Baird
- Department of Global Health, George Washington University, Washington, DC., United States of America
| | - Bassam Abu Hamad
- Department of Public Health, Al Quds University, Gaza, State of Palestine
| | - Zulfiqar A. Bhutta
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
- Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Erin Oakley
- Department of Global Health, George Washington University, Washington, DC., United States of America
| | - Manisha Shah
- Luskin School of Public Affairs, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
| | - Jude Sajdi
- Information and Research Center, King Hussein Foundation, Amman, Jordan
| | - Kathryn M. Yount
- Department of Global Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
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12
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Ahmadi S, Jorjoran Shushtari Z, Shirazikhah M, Biglarian A, Irandoost SF, Paykani T, Almasi A, Rajabi-Gilan N, Mehedi N, Salimi Y. Social Determinants of Adherence to COVID-19 Preventive Guidelines in Iran: A Qualitative Study. INQUIRY : A JOURNAL OF MEDICAL CARE ORGANIZATION, PROVISION AND FINANCING 2022; 59:469580221084185. [PMID: 35349357 PMCID: PMC8968392 DOI: 10.1177/00469580221084185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Adherence to COVID-19 preventative guidelines may be influenced by a variety of factors at the individual, societal, and institutional levels. The current study sought to investigate the social factors of adherence to those preventive measures from the perspective of health professionals. Methods In October 2020, we performed qualitative research in Tehran, Iran, using the directed content analysis method. For the preparation of our interview guide and data analysis, we employed the WHO conceptual framework of socioeconomic determinants of health. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 15 health professionals and policymakers who were chosen using a purposive sampling approach. MAXQDA-18 software was used to analyze the data. The Goba and Lincoln criteria were used to assess the quality of the results. Results There are 23 subcategories and 9 categories, which include socio-economic and political context (unstable macroeconomic environment, poor management of the pandemic, media and knowledge transfer), cultural and social values (fatalism, cultural norms, value conflicts, social customs), socio-economic positions (livelihood conditions), social capital (social cohesion, low trust), living conditions (housing conditions), occupational conditions (precarious employment), individual characteristics (demographic characteristics, personality traits, COVID-19 knowledge, and attitude), psycho-social factors (normalization of the disease, social pressure, and stigma), and health system leadership (health system problems, not taking evidence-based decisions, non-comprehensive preventive guidelines, non-operational guidelines, inadequate executive committee) were obtained. Conclusion To limit the new COVID-19 transmission, people must be encouraged to follow COVID-19 prevention instructions. Improving adherence to COVID-19 preventive guidelines necessitates dealing with the complexities of responding to social determinants of those guidelines. Increasing public health literacy and knowledge of COVID-19, informing people about the consequences of social interactions and cultural customs in the spread of COVID-19, strengthening regulatory lockdown laws, improving guarantees for adhering to preventive guidelines, providing easy access to preventive supplies, and strengthening financial support for households with precarious employment are all important.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sina Ahmadi
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, 48533University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Social Welfare Management, 48533University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Jorjoran Shushtari
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, 48533University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Marzieh Shirazikhah
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, 48533University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Akbar Biglarian
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, 48533University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Fahim Irandoost
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Clinical Research Institute, 37555Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Toktam Paykani
- Social Development and Health Promotion Research Center, 48441Gonabad University of Medical Sciences, Gonabad, Iran
| | - Ali Almasi
- Social Development & Health Promotion Research Center, Health Institute, 48464Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Nader Rajabi-Gilan
- Social Development & Health Promotion Research Center, Health Institute, 48464Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Nafiul Mehedi
- Department of Social Work, 113074Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet, Bangladesh
| | - Yahya Salimi
- Social Development & Health Promotion Research Center, Health Institute, 48464Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
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13
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SeyyedHosseini S, BasirianJahromi R. COVID-19 pandemic in the Middle East countries: coronavirus-seeking behavior versus coronavirus-related publications. Scientometrics 2021; 126:7503-7523. [PMID: 34276108 PMCID: PMC8272609 DOI: 10.1007/s11192-021-04066-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The spread of COVID-19 has created a fundamental need for coordinated mechanisms responding to outbreaks in different sectors. One of the main sectors relates to information supply and demand in the middle of this pandemic in the digital environment. It could be called an infodemiology. It is known as a promising approach to solving the challenge in the present age. At this level, the purpose of this article is to investigate the COVID-19 related search process by field research. Data were retrieved from Google Trends in Middle Eastern countries alongside scientific research output of Middle Eastern scientists towards COVID-19 in Web of Science, Scopus, and PubMed. Daily COVID-19 cases and deaths were retrieved from the World Health Organization. We searched for descriptive statistical analyses to detect coronavirus-seeking behavior versus coronavirus releases in the Middle East in 2020. Findings show that people in the Middle East use various keyword solutions to search for COVID-19 in Google. There is a significant correlation between coronavirus confirmed cases and scientific productivity (January 2020-December 2020). Also, there is a positive association between the number of deaths and the number of scientific publications (except Jordan). It was a positive and significant association between online coronavirus-seeking behavior on Google (RSVs) and the confirmed cases (except Syria and Yemen). Furthermore, it was a positive relationship between RSVs and scientific productivity in the Middle East (except Bahrain and Qatar). From an infodemiological viewpoint, there is a significant correlation between coronavirus information demand and its information provision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shohreh SeyyedHosseini
- Department of Medical Library and Information Science, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
| | - Reza BasirianJahromi
- Department of Medical Library and Information Science, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
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14
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Uçar E, Atila Ü, Uçar M, Akyol K. Automated detection of Covid-19 disease using deep fused features from chest radiography images. Biomed Signal Process Control 2021; 69:102862. [PMID: 34131433 PMCID: PMC8192891 DOI: 10.1016/j.bspc.2021.102862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2020] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The health systems of many countries are desperate in the face of Covid-19, which has become a pandemic worldwide and caused the death of hundreds of thousands of people. In order to keep Covid-19, which has a very high propagation rate, under control, it is necessary to develop faster, low-cost and highly accurate methods, rather than a costly Polymerase Chain Reaction test that can yield results in a few hours. In this study, a deep learning-based approach that can detect Covid-19 quickly and with high accuracy on X-ray images, which are common in every hospital and can be obtained at low cost, was proposed. Deep features were extracted from X-Ray images in RGB, CIE Lab and RGB CIE color spaces using DenseNet121 and EfficientNet B0 pre-trained deep learning architectures and then obtained features were fed into a two-stage classifier approach. Each of the classifiers in the proposed approach performed binary classification. In the first stage, healthy and infected samples were separated, and in the second stage, infected samples were detected as Covid-19 or pneumonia. In the experiments, Bi-LSTM network and well-known ensemble approaches such as Gradient Boosting, Random Forest and Extreme Gradient Boosting were used as the classifier model and it was seen that the Bi-LSTM network had a superior performance than other classifiers with 92.489% accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emine Uçar
- Department of Management Information Systems, Faculty of Business and Management Science, Iskenderun Technical University, Hatay, Turkey
| | - Ümit Atila
- Department of Computer Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Murat Uçar
- Department of Management Information Systems, Faculty of Business and Management Science, Iskenderun Technical University, Hatay, Turkey
| | - Kemal Akyol
- Department of Computer Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Kastamonu University, Kastamonu, Turkey
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15
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Nassereddine G, Habli S, Slama S, Sen K, Rizk A, Sibai AM. COVID-19 and non-communicable diseases in the Eastern Mediterranean Region: the need for a syndemics approach to data reporting and healthcare delivery. BMJ Glob Health 2021; 6:e006189. [PMID: 34103327 PMCID: PMC8188577 DOI: 10.1136/bmjgh-2021-006189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ghiwa Nassereddine
- Faculty of Health Sciences, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Samia Habli
- Faculty of Health Sciences, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Slim Slama
- WHO Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Kasturi Sen
- Wolfson College (CR), University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Anthony Rizk
- Department of Anthropology and Sociology, Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Abla M Sibai
- Faculty of Health Sciences, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
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16
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Huang W, Ao S, Han D, Liu Y, Liu S, Huang Y. Data-Driven and Machine-Learning Methods to Project Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pandemic Trend in Eastern Mediterranean. Front Public Health 2021; 9:602353. [PMID: 34055708 PMCID: PMC8158576 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2021.602353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has become a major public health crisis worldwide, and the Eastern Mediterranean is one of the most affected areas. Materials and Methods: We use a data-driven approach to assess the characteristics, situation, prevalence, and current intervention actions of the COVID-19 pandemic. We establish a spatial model of the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic to project the trend and time distribution of the total confirmed cases and growth rate of daily confirmed cases based on the current intervention actions. Results: The results show that the number of daily confirmed cases, number of active cases, or growth rate of daily confirmed cases of COVID-19 are exhibiting a significant downward trend in Qatar, Egypt, Pakistan, and Saudi Arabia under the current interventions, although the total number of confirmed cases and deaths is still increasing. However, it is predicted that the number of total confirmed cases and active cases in Iran and Iraq may continue to increase. Conclusion: The COVID-19 pandemic in Qatar, Egypt, Pakistan, and Saudi Arabia will be largely contained if interventions are maintained or tightened. The future is not optimistic, and the intervention response must be further strengthened in Iran and Iraq. The aim of this study is to contribute to the prevention and control of the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenbo Huang
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Food Environment and Public Health, Minzu University of China, Beijing, China
- Department of Software and Information, Beijing Information Technology College, Beijing, China
| | - Shuang Ao
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Food Environment and Public Health, Minzu University of China, Beijing, China
| | - Dan Han
- College of Medicine, Minzu University of China, Beijing, China
| | - Yuming Liu
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing, China
| | - Shuang Liu
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Food Environment and Public Health, Minzu University of China, Beijing, China
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing, China
| | - Yaojiang Huang
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Food Environment and Public Health, Minzu University of China, Beijing, China
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States
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17
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Al Dhaheri AS, Bataineh MF, Mohamad MN, Ajab A, Al Marzouqi A, Jarrar AH, Habib-Mourad C, Abu Jamous DO, Ali HI, Al Sabbah H, Hasan H, Stojanovska L, Hashim M, Abd Elhameed OA, Shaker Obaid RR, ElFeky S, Saleh ST, Osaili TM, Cheikh Ismail L. Impact of COVID-19 on mental health and quality of life: Is there any effect? A cross-sectional study of the MENA region. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0249107. [PMID: 33765015 PMCID: PMC7993788 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0249107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic is a major health crisis that has changed the life of millions globally. The purpose of this study was to assess the effect of the pandemic on mental health and quality of life among the general population in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region. A total of 6142 adults from eighteen countries within the MENA region completed an online questionnaire between May and June 2020. Psychological impact was assessed using the Impact of Event Scale-Revised (IES-R) and the social and family support impact was assessed with questions from the Perceived Support Scale (PSS). The IES-R mean score was 29.3 (SD = 14.8), corresponding to mild stressful impact with 30.9% reporting severe psychological impact. Most participants (45%-62%) felt horrified, apprehensive, or helpless due to COVID-19. Furthermore, over 40% reported increased stress from work and financial matters. Higher IES-R scores were found among females, participants aged 26-35 years, those with lower educational level, and participants residing in the North Africa region (p<0.005). About 42% reported receiving increased support from family members, 40.5% were paying more attention to their mental health, and over 40% reported spending more time resting since the pandemic started. The COVID-19 pandemic was associated with mild psychological impact while it also encouraged some positive impact on family support and mental health awareness among adults in the MENA region. Clinical interventions targeted towards vulnerable groups such as females and younger adults are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayesha S. Al Dhaheri
- Department of Nutrition and Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Mo’ath F. Bataineh
- Department of Sport Rehabilitation, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, The Hashemite University, Zarqa, Jordan
| | - Maysm N. Mohamad
- Department of Nutrition and Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Abir Ajab
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, College of Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
- Research Institute of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Amina Al Marzouqi
- Research Institute of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
- Department of Health Services Administration, College of Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Amjad H. Jarrar
- Department of Nutrition and Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Carla Habib-Mourad
- Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Nutrition Department, American University of Beirut, Riad El-Solh, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Dima O. Abu Jamous
- Research Institute of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Habiba I. Ali
- Department of Nutrition and Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Haleama Al Sabbah
- College of Natural and Health Sciences, Zayed University, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - Hayder Hasan
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, College of Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
- Research Institute of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Lily Stojanovska
- Department of Nutrition and Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Mona Hashim
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, College of Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
- Research Institute of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
- Nutrition and Dietetics Program, School of Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | | | - Reyad R. Shaker Obaid
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, College of Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
- Research Institute of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Samar ElFeky
- Community-Based Initiatives and Health for Older People, World Health Organization, Regional Office for Eastern Mediterranean Region, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Sheima T. Saleh
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, College of Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
- Research Institute of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Tareq M. Osaili
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, College of Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
- Research Institute of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
- Department of Nutrition and Food Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Leila Cheikh Ismail
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, College of Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
- Research Institute of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
- Nuffield Department of Women’s & Reproductive Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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18
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Zumla A, Azhar EI, Shafi S, Memish ZA. COVID-19 and the scaled-down 2020 Hajj Pilgrimage - Decisive, logical and prudent decision making by Saudi authorities overcomes pre-Hajj public health concerns. Int J Infect Dis 2020:S1201-9712(20)30643-3. [PMID: 32777586 PMCID: PMC7413862 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2020.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The Publisher regrets that this article is an accidental duplication of an article that has already been published, DOI of original article: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2020.08.006 . The duplicate article has therefore been withdrawn. The full Elsevier Policy on Article Withdrawal can be found at http://www.elsevier.com/locate/withdrawalpolicy .
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Affiliation(s)
- Alimuddin Zumla
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, and NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, UCL Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom.
| | - Esam I Azhar
- Special Infectious Agents Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; Medical Laboratory Sciences Department, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Shuja Shafi
- Mass Gatherings and Global Health Network, London, United Kingdom.
| | - Ziad A Memish
- Research & Innovation Centre, King Saud Medical City, Ministry of Health, and College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Hubert Department of Global Health, Emory University, Atlanta, USA.
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19
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Zumla A, Azhar EI, Alqahtani S, Shafi S, Memish ZA. COVID-19 and the scaled-down 2020 Hajj Pilgrimage-Decisive, logical and prudent decision making by Saudi authorities overcomes pre-Hajj public health concerns. Int J Infect Dis 2020; 99:34-36. [PMID: 32771631 PMCID: PMC7409790 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2020.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Alimuddin Zumla
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, and NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, UCL Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom.
| | - Esam I Azhar
- Special Infectious Agents Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; Medical Laboratory Sciences Department, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Saleh Alqahtani
- Department of Medicine, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Shuja Shafi
- Mass Gatherings and Global Health Network, London, United Kingdom.
| | - Ziad A Memish
- Research & Innovation Centre, King Saud Medical City, Ministry of Health, and College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Hubert Department of Global Health, Emory University, Atlanta, USA.
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