1
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Kantor PF, Shi L, Colan SD, Orav EJ, Wilkinson JD, Hamza TH, Webber SA, Canter CE, Towbin JA, Everitt MD, Pahl E, Ware SM, Rusconi PG, Lamour JM, Jefferies JL, Addonizio LJ, Lipshultz SE. Progressive Left Ventricular Remodeling for Predicting Mortality in Children With Dilated Cardiomyopathy: The Pediatric Cardiomyopathy Registry. J Am Heart Assoc 2024; 13:e022557. [PMID: 38214257 PMCID: PMC10926795 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.121.022557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pediatric dilated cardiomyopathy often leads to death or cardiac transplantation. We sought to determine whether changes in left ventricular (LV) end-diastolic dimension (LVEDD), LV end-diastolic posterior wall thickness, and LV fractional shortening (LVFS) over time may help predict adverse outcomes. METHODS AND RESULTS We studied children up to 18 years old with dilated cardiomyopathy, enrolled between 1990 and 2009 in the Pediatric Cardiomyopathy Registry. Changes in LVFS, LVEDD, LV end-diastolic posterior wall thickness, and the LV end-diastolic posterior wall thickness:LVEDD ratio between baseline and follow-up echocardiograms acquired ≈1 year after diagnosis were determined for children who, at the 1-year follow-up had died, received a heart transplant, or were alive and transplant-free. Within 1 year after diagnosis, 40 (5.0%) of the 794 eligible children had died, 117 (14.7%) had undergone cardiac transplantation, and 585 (73.7%) had survived without transplantation. At diagnosis, survivors had higher median LVFS and lower median LVEDD Z scores. Median LVFS and LVEDD Z scores improved among survivors (Z score changes of +2.6 and -1.1, respectively) but remained stable or worsened in the other 2 groups. The LV end-diastolic posterior wall thickness:LVEDD ratio increased in survivors only, suggesting beneficial reverse LV remodeling. The risk for death or cardiac transplantation up to 7 years later was lower when LVFS was improved at 1 year (hazard ratio [HR], 0.83; P=0.004) but was higher in those with progressive LV dilation (HR, 1.45; P<0.001). CONCLUSIONS Progressive deterioration in LV contractile function and increasing LV dilation are associated with both early and continuing mortality in children with dilated cardiomyopathy. Serial echocardiographic monitoring of these children is therefore indicated. REGISTRATION URL: https://www.clinicaltrials.gov; Unique identifier: NCT00005391.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul F. Kantor
- Children’s Hospital Los Angeles and Keck School of Medicine of USCLos AngelesCA
| | - Ling Shi
- New England Research InstitutesWatertownMA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Elfriede Pahl
- Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children’s Hospital of ChicagoChicagoIL
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Steven E. Lipshultz
- University at Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical SciencesBuffaloNY
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2
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Bustea C, Bungau AF, Tit DM, Iovanovici DC, Toma MM, Bungau SG, Radu AF, Behl T, Cote A, Babes EE. The Rare Condition of Left Ventricular Non-Compaction and Reverse Remodeling. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:1318. [PMID: 37374101 PMCID: PMC10305066 DOI: 10.3390/life13061318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2023] [Revised: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Left ventricular non-compaction (LVNC) is a rare disease defined by morphological criteria, consisting of a two-layered ventricular wall, a thin compacted epicardial layer, and a thick hyper-trabeculated myocardium layer with deep recesses. Controversies still exist regarding whether it is a distinct cardiomyopathy (CM) or a morphological trait of different conditions. This review analyzes data from the literature regarding diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis in LVNC and the current knowledge regarding reverse remodeling in this form of CM. Furthermore, for clear exemplification, we report a case of a 41-year-old male who presented symptoms of heart failure (HF). LVNC CM was suspected at the time of transthoracic echocardiography and was subsequently confirmed upon cardiac magnetic resonance imaging. A favorable remodeling and clinical outcome were registered after including an angiotensin receptor neprilysin inhibitor in the HF treatment. LVNC remains a heterogenous CM, and although a favorable outcome is not commonly encountered, some patients respond well to therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristiana Bustea
- Department of Preclinical Disciplines, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, 410073 Oradea, Romania;
| | - Alexa Florina Bungau
- Department of Preclinical Disciplines, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, 410073 Oradea, Romania;
- Doctoral School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Oradea, 410087 Oradea, Romania; (D.C.I.); (M.M.T.); (S.G.B.); (A.-F.R.)
| | - Delia Mirela Tit
- Doctoral School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Oradea, 410087 Oradea, Romania; (D.C.I.); (M.M.T.); (S.G.B.); (A.-F.R.)
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, 410028 Oradea, Romania
| | - Diana Carina Iovanovici
- Doctoral School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Oradea, 410087 Oradea, Romania; (D.C.I.); (M.M.T.); (S.G.B.); (A.-F.R.)
| | - Mirela Marioara Toma
- Doctoral School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Oradea, 410087 Oradea, Romania; (D.C.I.); (M.M.T.); (S.G.B.); (A.-F.R.)
| | - Simona Gabriela Bungau
- Doctoral School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Oradea, 410087 Oradea, Romania; (D.C.I.); (M.M.T.); (S.G.B.); (A.-F.R.)
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, 410028 Oradea, Romania
| | - Andrei-Flavius Radu
- Department of Preclinical Disciplines, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, 410073 Oradea, Romania;
- Doctoral School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Oradea, 410087 Oradea, Romania; (D.C.I.); (M.M.T.); (S.G.B.); (A.-F.R.)
| | - Tapan Behl
- School of Health Sciences & Technology, University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, Bidholi, Dehradun 248007, India;
| | - Adrian Cote
- Department of Surgical Disciplines, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, 410073 Oradea, Romania;
| | - Elena Emilia Babes
- Department of Medical Disciplines, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, 410073 Oradea, Romania;
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3
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Different Phenotypes of Sarcomeric MyBPC3-Cardiomyopathy in the Same Family: Hypertrophic, Left Ventricular Noncompaction and Restrictive Phenotypes (in Association with Sarcoidosis). Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13081344. [PMID: 36011256 PMCID: PMC9407345 DOI: 10.3390/genes13081344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Revised: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The same variants in sarcomeric genes can lead to different cardiomyopathies within the same family. This gave rise to the concept of a continuum of sarcomeric cardiomyopathies. However, the manifestations and evolution of these cardiomyopathies in pathogenic variant carriers, including members of the same family, remains poorly understood. We present a case of familial sarcomeric cardiomyopathy caused by heterozygous truncating pathogenic variant p.Q1233* in cardiac myosin-binding protein C (MyBPC3) gene. The proband was first diagnosed with restrictive cardiomyopathy combined with left ventricular noncompaction (LVNC) and sarcoidosis at the age of 64. The predominantly restrictive phenotype of cardiomyopathy is considered to be a result of interaction between LVNC and sarcoid myocarditis. His 39-year-old son and 35-year-old daughter have identical non-obstructive asymmetric hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. The risk of sudden cardiac death in the son is high due to myocardial fibrosis, ischemia and nonsustained VT. We assume that both phenotypes in the family may have originally been different or there may have been a gradual transformation of the hypertrophic phenotype into LVNC. Myocarditis is regarded as an important epigenomic modifier of sarcomeric cardiomyopathy. In the proband and his son, cardioverter-defibrillators were implanted, and the proband experienced appropriate shocks due to ventricular tachycardia/fibrillation. The proband was also treated with corticosteroids. His death at the age of 69 years occurred due to acute gastric hemorrhage accompanied by progressive heart failure. This report confirms the concept of the phenotypic continuum of sarcomeric cardiomyopathies and describes possible phenotypic patterns and their transformation over time.
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4
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Adabifirouzjaei F, Igata S, DeMaria AN. Hypertrabeculation; a phenotype with Heterogeneous etiology. Prog Cardiovasc Dis 2021; 68:60-69. [PMID: 34265334 DOI: 10.1016/j.pcad.2021.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Left ventricular hypertrabeculation (LVHT) is a phenotype with multiple etiologies and variable clinical presentation and significance. It is characterized by a 2-layer myocardium with an enlarged trabecular layer and a thinner compacted layer. The prevalence has been increasing due to advances in cardiac imaging. Initial attention was focused on the congenital noncompaction syndrome, and the presence of LVHT was always attributed to this etiology. However, due to the lack of consensus diagnostic criteria, LVHT has now been reported in a broad spectrum of cardiomyopathies, congenital heart diseases, monogenetic disorders, neuromuscular diseases, and even healthy individuals. LVHT is often associated with systolic dysfunction, arrhythmias, and thromboembolic events. Given the etiologic heterogeneity, the prognosis and outcomes are primarily determined by comorbidities, and treatment is dictated by known guidelines. We present hypertrabeculation (HT) as a phenotype and discuss the varied landscape in the classification, etiology, diagnosis, and management of the condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Adabifirouzjaei
- The Division of Cardiology, Sulpizio Cardiovascular Center, University of California at San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Sachiyo Igata
- The Division of Cardiology, Sulpizio Cardiovascular Center, University of California at San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Anthony Nicholas DeMaria
- The Division of Cardiology, Sulpizio Cardiovascular Center, University of California at San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA.
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5
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Gerecke BJ, Engberding R. Noncompaction Cardiomyopathy-History and Current Knowledge for Clinical Practice. J Clin Med 2021; 10:2457. [PMID: 34206037 PMCID: PMC8199228 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10112457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Noncompaction cardiomyopathy (NCCM) has gained increasing attention over the past twenty years, but in daily clinical practice NCCM is still rarely considered. So far, there are no generally accepted diagnostic criteria and some groups even refuse to acknowledge it as a distinct cardiomyopathy, and grade it as a variant of dilated cardiomyopathy or a morphological trait of different conditions. A wide range of morphological variants have been observed even in healthy persons, suggesting that pathologic remodeling and physiologic adaptation have to be differentiated in cases where this spongy myocardial pattern is encountered. Recent studies have uncovered numerous new pathogenetic and pathophysiologic aspects of this elusive cardiomyopathy, but a current summary and evaluation of clinical patient management are still lacking, especially to avoid mis- and overdiagnosis. Addressing this issue, this article provides an up to date overview of the current knowledge in classification, pathogenesis, pathophysiology, epidemiology, clinical manifestations and diagnostic evaluation, including genetic testing, treatment and prognosis of NCCM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birgit J. Gerecke
- Department of Cardiology and Pneumology, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Rolf Engberding
- Internal Medicine & Cardiology, amO MVZ, Academic Hospital Wolfsburg, 38440 Wolfsburg, Germany;
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6
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Ross SB, Jones K, Blanch B, Puranik R, McGeechan K, Barratt A, Semsarian C. A systematic review and meta-analysis of the prevalence of left ventricular non-compaction in adults. Eur Heart J 2021; 41:1428-1436. [PMID: 31143950 DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehz317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2018] [Revised: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 05/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS To assess the reported prevalence of left ventricular non-compaction (LVNC) in different adult cohorts, taking in to consideration the role of diagnostic criteria and imaging modalities used. METHODS AND RESULTS A systematic review and meta-analysis of studies reporting LVNC prevalence in adults. Studies were sourced from Pre-Medline, Medline, and Embase and assessed for eligibility according to inclusion criteria. Eligible studies provided a prevalence of LVNC in adult populations (≥12 years). Studies were assessed, and data extracted by two independent reviewers. Fifty-nine eligible studies documenting LVNC in 67 unique cohorts were included. The majority of studies were assessed as moderate or high risk of bias. The pooled prevalence estimates for LVNC were consistently higher amongst cohorts diagnosed on cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) imaging (14.79%, n = 26; I2 = 99.45%) compared with echocardiogram (1.28%, n = 36; I2 = 98.17%). This finding was unchanged when analysis was restricted to studies at low or moderate risk of bias. The prevalence of LVNC varied between disease and population representative cohorts. Athletic cohorts demonstrated high pooled prevalence estimates on echocardiogram (3.16%, n = 5; I2 = 97.37%) and CMR imaging (27.29%, n = 2). CONCLUSION Left ventricular non-compaction in adult populations is a poorly defined entity which likely encompasses both physiological adaptation and pathological disease. There is a higher prevalence with the introduction of newer imaging technologies, specifically CMR imaging, which identify LVNC changes more readily. The clinical significance of these findings remains unclear; however, there is significant potential for overdiagnosis, overtreatment, and unnecessary follow-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha B Ross
- Agnes Ginges Centre for Molecular Cardiology at Centenary Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney 2050, New South Wales, Australia.,Sydney Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney 2050, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Katherine Jones
- Agnes Ginges Centre for Molecular Cardiology at Centenary Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney 2050, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Bianca Blanch
- Agnes Ginges Centre for Molecular Cardiology at Centenary Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney 2050, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Rajesh Puranik
- Sydney Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney 2050, New South Wales, Australia.,Department of Cardiology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney 2050, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Kevin McGeechan
- Sydney School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney 2050, New South Wales, Australia.,Wiser Healthcare, Sydney 2050, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Alexandra Barratt
- Sydney School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney 2050, New South Wales, Australia.,Wiser Healthcare, Sydney 2050, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Christopher Semsarian
- Agnes Ginges Centre for Molecular Cardiology at Centenary Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney 2050, New South Wales, Australia.,Sydney Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney 2050, New South Wales, Australia.,Department of Cardiology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney 2050, New South Wales, Australia.,Wiser Healthcare, Sydney 2050, New South Wales, Australia
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7
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Abstract
Left ventricular noncompaction cardiomyopathy is a heart disease with relevant potential complications including heart failure, life-threatening arrhythmias, and embolic events. In order to prevent adverse outcomes, it is crucial to appropriately recognize and manage this cardiomyopathy. In this paper, we report the main clinical presentations and imaging modalities used for diagnosis, including echocardiography and magnetic resonance imaging. We highlight the role of a comprehensive functional cardiac evaluation and the possible prognostic implications of both systolic and diastolic dysfunction. Furthermore, we summarize clinical factors and imaging findings which have prognostic significance. Finally, we discuss the main management strategies based on phenotypic expressions which are aimed at treating symptoms and preventing complications.
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8
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Finsterer J, Stöllberger C. Left Ventricular Noncompaction Syndrome: Genetic Insights and Therapeutic Perspectives. Curr Cardiol Rep 2020; 22:84. [DOI: 10.1007/s11886-020-01339-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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9
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Negri F, De Luca A, Fabris E, Korcova R, Cernetti C, Grigoratos C, Aquaro GD, Nucifora G, Camici PG, Sinagra G. Left ventricular noncompaction, morphological, and clinical features for an integrated diagnosis. Heart Fail Rev 2020; 24:315-323. [PMID: 30612215 DOI: 10.1007/s10741-018-9763-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The presence of myocardial noncompaction (NC), regardless of the criterion used, does not identify cardiomyopathy per se. The distinction between a morphological variant and the presence of an NC cardiomyopathy is challenging. However, thanks to larger cohorts of patients and longer periods of follow-up, better clinical characterization and prognostic evaluation are becoming available. Indeed, the physician is required to integrate the evidence of NC with the clinical history of the patient, which is supplemented by necessary advanced instrumental investigations before a definite diagnosis of NC cardiomyopathy can be made. Therefore, we extensively revised the current literature in order to help the clinicians to identify clinical features which are pivotal supporting diagnostic element for the correct recognition of Left ventricular noncompaction cardiomyopathy and thus highlighting the difference between a form of cardiomyopathy and a mere intraventricular hypertrabeculation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Negri
- Cardiovascular Department, Cardiomyopathy Center, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Integrata di Trieste, Trieste, Italy.
| | - Antonio De Luca
- Cardiovascular Department, Cardiomyopathy Center, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Integrata di Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Enrico Fabris
- Cardiovascular Department, Cardiomyopathy Center, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Integrata di Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Renata Korcova
- Cardiovascular Department, Cardiomyopathy Center, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Integrata di Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Carlo Cernetti
- Head of Cardio-Neuro-Vascular Department Ca' Foncello and San Giacomo Hospital Azienda N 2, Marca Trevigiana, Treviso, Italy
| | - Chrysanthos Grigoratos
- Fondazione G. Monastiero CNR-Regione Toscana, Pisa, Italy.,Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Institute of Life Sciences, Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Gaetano Nucifora
- Northwest Heart Centre, Wythenshawe Hospital, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK.,Flinders University, Bedford Park, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Paolo G Camici
- Vita-Salute University and San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Gianfranco Sinagra
- Cardiovascular Department, Cardiomyopathy Center, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Integrata di Trieste, Trieste, Italy
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10
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Minamisawa M, Koyama J, Ikeda U. Left ventricular noncompaction cardiomyopathy: Recent update on genetics, usefulness of biomarkers, and speckle imaging. J Cardiol 2018; 73:95-96. [PMID: 30487060 DOI: 10.1016/j.jjcc.2018.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Masatoshi Minamisawa
- (a)Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan; (b)Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jun Koyama
- (a)Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan; (b)Department of Cardiology, Maruko General Hospital, Ueda, Japan
| | - Uichi Ikeda
- (a)Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan; (b)Department of Cardiology, Nagano Municipal Hospital, Nagano, Japan.
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11
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Chebrolu LH, Mehta AM, Nanda NC. Noncompaction cardiomyopathy: The role of advanced multimodality imaging techniques in diagnosis and assessment. Echocardiography 2017; 34:279-289. [DOI: 10.1111/echo.13435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Lakshmi H. Chebrolu
- Department of Cardiology; Houston Methodist DeBakey Heart and Vascular Center; Houston TX USA
| | - Anjlee M. Mehta
- Division of Cardiology; University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio; San Antonio TX USA
| | - Navin C. Nanda
- Division of Cardiovascular Disease; University of Alabama at Birmingham; Birmingham AL USA
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12
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Navarrete G, Pozo E, Díez-Villanueva P, Olivera MJ, Caballero P, Jiménez-Borreguero LJ, Alfonso F. Spongious Ischemic Myocardium. Circ Heart Fail 2017; 10:CIRCHEARTFAILURE.116.003718. [DOI: 10.1161/circheartfailure.116.003718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gonzalo Navarrete
- From the Cardiology Department (G.N., E.P., P.D.-V., L.J.J.-B., F.A.) and Radiology Department (M.J.O., P.C.), Hospital Universitario de La Princesa, IIS-IP, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Spain; and Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, Madrid, Spain (L.J.J.-B.)
| | - Eduardo Pozo
- From the Cardiology Department (G.N., E.P., P.D.-V., L.J.J.-B., F.A.) and Radiology Department (M.J.O., P.C.), Hospital Universitario de La Princesa, IIS-IP, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Spain; and Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, Madrid, Spain (L.J.J.-B.)
| | - Pablo Díez-Villanueva
- From the Cardiology Department (G.N., E.P., P.D.-V., L.J.J.-B., F.A.) and Radiology Department (M.J.O., P.C.), Hospital Universitario de La Princesa, IIS-IP, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Spain; and Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, Madrid, Spain (L.J.J.-B.)
| | - María José Olivera
- From the Cardiology Department (G.N., E.P., P.D.-V., L.J.J.-B., F.A.) and Radiology Department (M.J.O., P.C.), Hospital Universitario de La Princesa, IIS-IP, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Spain; and Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, Madrid, Spain (L.J.J.-B.)
| | - Paloma Caballero
- From the Cardiology Department (G.N., E.P., P.D.-V., L.J.J.-B., F.A.) and Radiology Department (M.J.O., P.C.), Hospital Universitario de La Princesa, IIS-IP, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Spain; and Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, Madrid, Spain (L.J.J.-B.)
| | - Luis Jesús Jiménez-Borreguero
- From the Cardiology Department (G.N., E.P., P.D.-V., L.J.J.-B., F.A.) and Radiology Department (M.J.O., P.C.), Hospital Universitario de La Princesa, IIS-IP, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Spain; and Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, Madrid, Spain (L.J.J.-B.)
| | - Fernando Alfonso
- From the Cardiology Department (G.N., E.P., P.D.-V., L.J.J.-B., F.A.) and Radiology Department (M.J.O., P.C.), Hospital Universitario de La Princesa, IIS-IP, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Spain; and Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, Madrid, Spain (L.J.J.-B.)
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13
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Stöllberger C, Finsterer J. Unmet needs in the cardiologic and neurologic work-up of left ventricular hypertrabeculation/noncompaction. Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther 2016; 14:1151-60. [DOI: 10.1080/14779072.2016.1215244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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