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Screnci B, Stafford LJ, Barnes T, Shema K, Gilman S, Wright R, Al Absi S, Phillips T, Azuelos C, Slovik K, Murphy P, Harmon DB, Charpentier T, Doranz BJ, Rucker JB, Chambers R. Antibody specificity against highly conserved membrane protein Claudin 6 driven by single atomic contact point. iScience 2022; 25:105665. [PMID: 36505931 PMCID: PMC9732412 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.105665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Revised: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The tight junction protein claudin 6 (CLDN6) is differentially expressed on cancer cells with almost no expression in healthy tissue. However, achieving therapeutic MAb specificity for this 4 transmembrane protein is challenging because it is nearly identical to the widely expressed CLDN9, with only 3 extracellular amino acids different. Most other CLDN6 MAbs, including those in clinical development are cross-reactive with CLDN9, and several trials have now been stopped. Here we isolated rare MAbs that bind CLDN6 with up to picomolar affinity and display minimal cross-reactivity with CLDN9, 22 other CLDN family members, or across the human membrane proteome. Amino acid-level epitope mapping distinguished the binding sites of our MAbs from existing clinical-stage MAbs. Atomic-level epitope mapping identified the structural mechanism by which our MAbs differentiate CLDN6 and CLDN9 through steric hindrance at a single molecular contact point, the γ carbon on CLDN6 residue Q156.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brad Screnci
- Integral Molecular, 3711 Market Street, Suite 900, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Lewis J. Stafford
- Integral Molecular, 3711 Market Street, Suite 900, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Trevor Barnes
- Integral Molecular, 3711 Market Street, Suite 900, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Kristen Shema
- Integral Molecular, 3711 Market Street, Suite 900, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Samantha Gilman
- Integral Molecular, 3711 Market Street, Suite 900, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Rebecca Wright
- Integral Molecular, 3711 Market Street, Suite 900, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Suzie Al Absi
- Integral Molecular, 3711 Market Street, Suite 900, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Tim Phillips
- Integral Molecular, 3711 Market Street, Suite 900, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Charles Azuelos
- Integral Molecular, 3711 Market Street, Suite 900, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Katherine Slovik
- Integral Molecular, 3711 Market Street, Suite 900, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Paige Murphy
- Integral Molecular, 3711 Market Street, Suite 900, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Daniel B. Harmon
- Integral Molecular, 3711 Market Street, Suite 900, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Tom Charpentier
- Integral Molecular, 3711 Market Street, Suite 900, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Benjamin J. Doranz
- Integral Molecular, 3711 Market Street, Suite 900, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Joseph B. Rucker
- Integral Molecular, 3711 Market Street, Suite 900, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Ross Chambers
- Integral Molecular, 3711 Market Street, Suite 900, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA,Corresponding author
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Ray M, Kihara Y, Bornhop DJ, Chun J. Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA)-antibody (504B3) engagement detected by interferometry identifies off-target binding. Lipids Health Dis 2021; 20:32. [PMID: 33853612 PMCID: PMC8048308 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-021-01454-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) is a bioactive lysophospholipid that acts through its six cognate G protein-coupled receptors. As a family, lysophospholipids have already produced medicines (e.g., sphingosine 1-phosphate) as is being pursued for LPA through the use of specific antibodies that reduce ligand availability. Methods The binding properties of a commercially available, reportedly specific, monoclonal LPA antibody named 504B3 that is related to the clinical candidate Lpathomab/LT3015 were reexamined using a free solution assay (FSA) measured in a compensated interferometric reader (CIR). Results Measurement of 504B3 binding properties with an FSA-CIR approach revealed similar binding affinities for 504B3 against LPA as well as the non-LPA lipids, phosphatidic acid (PA) and lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC). Conclusions Antibody binding specificity and sensitivity, particularly involving lipid ligands, can be assessed in solution and without labels using FSA-CIR. These findings could affect interpretations of both current and past basic and clinical studies employing 504B3 and related anti-LPA antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manisha Ray
- Translational Neuroscience Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Yasuyuki Kihara
- Translational Neuroscience Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Darryl J Bornhop
- Department of Chemistry and Vanderbilt Institute for Chemical Biology, Nashville, TN, 37235, USA
| | - Jerold Chun
- Translational Neuroscience Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA.
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3
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Jiang Y, Li T, Wu Y, Xu H, Xie C, Dong Y, Zhong L, Wang Z, Zhao H, Zhou Y, Li J, Ji N, Zeng X, Feng X, Chen Q. GPR39 Overexpression in OSCC Promotes YAP-Sustained Malignant Progression. J Dent Res 2020; 99:949-958. [PMID: 32325008 DOI: 10.1177/0022034520915877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The clinical outcome of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) has not improved in recent years, mainly due to the limited effective targeted therapy that has been applied. Recently, a transcriptional coactivator, YAP, has been shown to have a key regulatory role in malignant progression in multiple cancers, including OSCC. But pharmacologically targeting YAP or the Hippo pathway, which is the main signaling pathway regulating YAP, has been proven to be challenging. Therefore, uncovering YAP upstream regulators in cancer would identify novel therapeutic targets for treatment of YAP-sustained cancers. Here, we showed that YAP was overactivated in OSCC and that high YAP activity in patients with OSCC was associated with malignant progression and poor survival. We uncovered that GPR39 (a G protein-coupled receptor) was overexpressed in OSCC, that the expression level of GPR39 was correlated with the activity level of YAP, and that the high GPR39 expression was associated with malignant progression and poor survival in patients with OSCC. Moreover, we found that GPR39 regulated YAP through a Gαq/11-RhoA-dependent signaling pathway. Importantly, inhibition of GPR39 resulted in YAP-sustained OSCC growth inhibition. Our findings suggest that GPR39 is a potential therapeutic target for OSCC treatment with itself as a biomarker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit of Oral Carcinogenesis and Management, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - T Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit of Oral Carcinogenesis and Management, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Y Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit of Oral Carcinogenesis and Management, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - H Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit of Oral Carcinogenesis and Management, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - C Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit of Oral Carcinogenesis and Management, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Y Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit of Oral Carcinogenesis and Management, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - L Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit of Oral Carcinogenesis and Management, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Z Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit of Oral Carcinogenesis and Management, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - H Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit of Oral Carcinogenesis and Management, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Y Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit of Oral Carcinogenesis and Management, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - J Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit of Oral Carcinogenesis and Management, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - N Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit of Oral Carcinogenesis and Management, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - X Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit of Oral Carcinogenesis and Management, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - X Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit of Oral Carcinogenesis and Management, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Q Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit of Oral Carcinogenesis and Management, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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4
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Farokhi E, Fleming JK, Erasmus MF, Ward AD, Wu Y, Gutierrez MG, Wojciak JM, Huxford T. Ion Binding Properties of a Naturally Occurring Metalloantibody. Antibodies (Basel) 2020; 9:antib9020010. [PMID: 32316193 PMCID: PMC7345679 DOI: 10.3390/antib9020010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Revised: 04/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
LT1009 is a humanized version of murine LT1002 IgG1 that employs two bridging Ca2+ ions to bind its antigen, the biologically active lipid sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P). We crystallized and determined the X-ray crystal structure of the LT1009 Fab fragment in 10 mM CaCl2 and found that it binds two Ca2+ in a manner similar to its antigen-bound state. Flame atomic absorption spectroscopy (FAAS) confirmed that murine LT1002 also binds Ca2+ in solution and inductively-coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) revealed that, although Ca2+ is preferred, LT1002 can bind Mg2+ and, to much lesser extent, Ba2+. Isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) indicated that LT1002 binds two Ca2+ ions endothermically with a measured dissociation constant (KD) of 171 μM. Protein and genome sequence analyses suggested that LT1002 is representative of a small class of confirmed and potential metalloantibodies and that Ca2+ binding is likely encoded for in germline variable chain genes. To test this hypothesis, we engineered, expressed, and purified a Fab fragment consisting of naïve murine germline-encoded light and heavy chain genes from which LT1002 is derived and observed that it binds Ca2+ in solution. We propose that LT1002 is representative of a class of naturally occurring metalloantibodies that are evolutionarily conserved across diverse mammalian genomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elinaz Farokhi
- Structural Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Dr., San Diego, CA 92182-1030, USA; (E.F.); (J.K.F.); (M.F.E.); (A.D.W.); (Y.W.)
| | - Jonathan K. Fleming
- Structural Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Dr., San Diego, CA 92182-1030, USA; (E.F.); (J.K.F.); (M.F.E.); (A.D.W.); (Y.W.)
- Apollo Endosurgery, Inc. (formerly Lpath, Inc.) 1120 S. Capital of Tx Hwy, Bldg. 1, Suite 300, Austin, TX 78746, USA;
| | - M. Frank Erasmus
- Structural Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Dr., San Diego, CA 92182-1030, USA; (E.F.); (J.K.F.); (M.F.E.); (A.D.W.); (Y.W.)
| | - Aaron D. Ward
- Structural Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Dr., San Diego, CA 92182-1030, USA; (E.F.); (J.K.F.); (M.F.E.); (A.D.W.); (Y.W.)
| | - Yunjin Wu
- Structural Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Dr., San Diego, CA 92182-1030, USA; (E.F.); (J.K.F.); (M.F.E.); (A.D.W.); (Y.W.)
| | - Maria G. Gutierrez
- Structural Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Dr., San Diego, CA 92182-1030, USA; (E.F.); (J.K.F.); (M.F.E.); (A.D.W.); (Y.W.)
| | - Jonathan M. Wojciak
- Apollo Endosurgery, Inc. (formerly Lpath, Inc.) 1120 S. Capital of Tx Hwy, Bldg. 1, Suite 300, Austin, TX 78746, USA;
| | - Tom Huxford
- Structural Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Dr., San Diego, CA 92182-1030, USA; (E.F.); (J.K.F.); (M.F.E.); (A.D.W.); (Y.W.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-619-594-1606
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5
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Abstract
Single-domain antibodies (sdAbs), the autonomous variable domains of heavy chain-only antibodies produced naturally by camelid ungulates and cartilaginous fishes, have evolved to bind antigen using only three complementarity-determining region (CDR) loops rather than the six present in conventional VH:VL antibodies. It has been suggested, based on limited evidence, that sdAbs may adopt paratope structures that predispose them to preferential recognition of recessed protein epitopes, but poor or non-recognition of protuberant epitopes and small molecules. Here, we comprehensively surveyed the evidence in support of this hypothesis. We found some support for a global structural difference in the paratope shapes of sdAbs compared with those of conventional antibodies: sdAb paratopes have smaller molecular surface areas and diameters, more commonly have non-canonical CDR1 and CDR2 structures, and have elongated CDR3 length distributions, but have similar amino acid compositions and are no more extended (interatomic distance measured from CDR base to tip) than conventional antibody paratopes. Comparison of X-ray crystal structures of sdAbs and conventional antibodies in complex with cognate antigens showed that sdAbs and conventional antibodies bury similar solvent-exposed surface areas on proteins and form similar types of non-covalent interactions, although these are more concentrated in the compact sdAb paratope. Thus, sdAbs likely have privileged access to distinct antigenic regions on proteins, but only owing to their small molecular size and not to general differences in molecular recognition mechanism. The evidence surrounding the purported inability of sdAbs to bind small molecules was less clear. The available data provide a structural framework for understanding the evolutionary emergence and function of autonomous heavy chain-only antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin A Henry
- a Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre , National Research Council Canada , Ottawa , Ontario , Canada
| | - C Roger MacKenzie
- a Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre , National Research Council Canada , Ottawa , Ontario , Canada.,b School of Environmental Sciences , University of Guelph , Guelph , Ontario , Canada
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6
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King AN, Fleming JK, Knapik SS, Visentin B, Wojciak JM, Huxford T. High-affinity pan-specific monoclonal antibodies that target cysteinyl leukotrienes and show efficacy in an acute model of colitis. J Lipid Res 2017; 58:1386-1398. [PMID: 28507038 PMCID: PMC5496036 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m075614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2017] [Revised: 04/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Cysteinyl leukotrienes (CysLTs) are a small family of biological signaling lipids produced by active leukocytes that contribute to diverse inflammatory disease states as a consequence of their engagement with dedicated G protein-coupled receptors. Immunization of mice with a CysLT-modified hapten carrier protein yielded novel monoclonal antibodies that display variable binding affinity to CysLTs. Solution binding assays indicated differing specificities among the antibodies tested, with antibody 10G4 displaying a preference for leukotriene C4 (LTC4). X-ray crystallography of a humanized 10G4 Fab fragment in complex with LTC4 revealed that binding induces a hook-like conformation within the hydrocarbon tail of the lipid arachidonic acid moiety. Specific hydrogen bonding to the LTC4 carboxylate groups further stabilized the complex, while a water molecule mediated a hydrogen bond network that connected the N-terminal arm of l-glutathione to both the arachidonyl carboxylate of LTC4 and the antibody heavy chain. Prophylactic administration of two anti-CysLT antibodies in mice followed by challenge with LTC4 demonstrated their in vivo efficacy against acute inflammation in a vascular permeability model. 10G4 ameliorated the effects of acute dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis, suggesting that anti-CysLT antibodies could provide a therapeutic benefit in the treatment of inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashlee N King
- Apollo Endosurgery, Inc. (formerly Lpath, Inc.), Austin, TX 78746
| | | | | | - Barbara Visentin
- Apollo Endosurgery, Inc. (formerly Lpath, Inc.), Austin, TX 78746
| | | | - Tom Huxford
- Structural Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182.
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7
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Woodard GA, Yang YL, You L, Jablons DM. Drug development against the hippo pathway in mesothelioma. Transl Lung Cancer Res 2017; 6:335-342. [PMID: 28713678 DOI: 10.21037/tlcr.2017.06.02] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Advances in the treatments for malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) have been disappointing until recently. Conventional cytotoxic drugs fail in MPM in part because they do not address the cancer stem cell population or stem cell pathways that drive tumor resistance and resurgence following treatment. The Hippo stem cell pathway regulates cell contact inhibition with tumor suppressor genes such as NF2 (Neurofibromatosis 2) upstream controlling YAP (Yes-associated protein 1) oncogenes. NF2 is mutated in 40-50% of all MPM and downstream YAP is constitutively active in greater than 70% of MPM, making the downstream YAP/TEAD (transcriptional enhancer associate domain) complex the ultimate target. Novel small molecule YAP inhibitors are showing promising results in preclinical studies and may prove to be effective chemotherapy drugs in MPM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gavitt A Woodard
- Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, USA
| | - Yi-Lin Yang
- Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, USA
| | - Liang You
- Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, USA
| | - David M Jablons
- Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, USA
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8
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Fleming JK, Glass TR, Lackie SJ, Wojciak JM. A novel approach for measuring sphingosine-1-phosphate and lysophosphatidic acid binding to carrier proteins using monoclonal antibodies and the Kinetic Exclusion Assay. J Lipid Res 2016; 57:1737-47. [PMID: 27444045 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.d068866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) and lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) are bioactive signaling lysophospholipids that activate specific G protein-coupled receptors on the cell surface triggering numerous biological events. In circulation, S1P and LPA associate with specific carrier proteins or chaperones; serum albumin binds both S1P and LPA while HDL shuttles S1P via interactions with apoM. We used a series of kinetic exclusion assays in which monoclonal anti-S1P and anti-LPA antibodies competed with carrier protein for the lysophospholipid to measure the equilibrium dissociation constants (Kd) for these carrier proteins binding S1P and the major LPA species. Fatty acid-free (FAF)-BSA binds these lysophospholipids with the following Kd values: LPA(16:0), 68 nM; LPA(18:1), 130 nM; LPA(18:2), 350 nM; LPA(20:4), 2.2 μM; and S1P, 41 μM. FAF human serum albumin binds each lysophospholipid with comparable affinities. By measuring the apoM concentration and expanding the model to include endogenous ligand, we were able to resolve the Kd values for S1P binding apoM in the context of human HDL and LDL particles (21 nM and 2.4 nM, respectively). The novel competitive assay and analysis described herein enables measurement of Kd values of completely unmodified lysophospholipids binding unmodified carrier proteins in solution, and thus provide insights into S1P and LPA storage in the circulation system and may be useful in understanding chaperone-dependent receptor activation and signaling.
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9
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Targeting the Hippo pathway: Clinical implications and therapeutics. Pharmacol Res 2015; 103:270-8. [PMID: 26678601 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2015.11.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2015] [Revised: 11/30/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The Hippo pathway plays a critical role in tissue and organ size regulation by restraining cell proliferation and apoptosis under homeostatic conditions. Deregulation of this pathway can promote tumorigenesis in multiple malignant human tumor types, including sarcoma, breast, lung and liver cancers. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of Hippo pathway function, it's role in human cancer, and address the potential of Hippo pathway member proteins as therapeutic targets for a variety of tumors.
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10
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Deel MD, Li JJ, Crose LES, Linardic CM. A Review: Molecular Aberrations within Hippo Signaling in Bone and Soft-Tissue Sarcomas. Front Oncol 2015; 5:190. [PMID: 26389076 PMCID: PMC4557106 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2015.00190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2015] [Accepted: 08/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The Hippo signaling pathway is an evolutionarily conserved developmental network vital for the regulation of organ size, tissue homeostasis, repair and regeneration, and cell fate. The Hippo pathway has also been shown to have tumor suppressor properties. Hippo transduction involves a series of kinases and scaffolding proteins that are intricately connected to proteins in developmental cascades and in the tissue microenvironment. This network governs the downstream Hippo transcriptional co-activators, YAP and TAZ, which bind to and activate the output of TEADs, as well as other transcription factors responsible for cellular proliferation, self-renewal, differentiation, and survival. Surprisingly, there are few oncogenic mutations within the core components of the Hippo pathway. Instead, dysregulated Hippo signaling is a versatile accomplice to commonly mutated cancer pathways. For example, YAP and TAZ can be activated by oncogenic signaling from other pathways, or serve as co-activators for classical oncogenes. Emerging evidence suggests that Hippo signaling couples cell density and cytoskeletal structural changes to morphogenic signals and conveys a mesenchymal phenotype. While much of Hippo biology has been described in epithelial cell systems, it is clear that dysregulated Hippo signaling also contributes to malignancies of mesenchymal origin. This review will summarize the known molecular alterations within the Hippo pathway in sarcomas and highlight how several pharmacologic compounds have shown activity in modulating Hippo components, providing proof-of-principle that Hippo signaling may be harnessed for therapeutic application in sarcomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael D Deel
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University School of Medicine , Durham, NC , USA
| | - Jenny J Li
- Duke University School of Medicine , Durham, NC , USA
| | - Lisa E S Crose
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University School of Medicine , Durham, NC , USA
| | - Corinne M Linardic
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University School of Medicine , Durham, NC , USA ; Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine , Durham, NC , USA
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11
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Benesch MGK, Tang X, Venkatraman G, Bekele RT, Brindley DN. Recent advances in targeting the autotaxin-lysophosphatidate-lipid phosphate phosphatase axis in vivo. J Biomed Res 2015; 30:272-84. [PMID: 27533936 PMCID: PMC4946318 DOI: 10.7555/jbr.30.20150058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2015] [Revised: 05/12/2015] [Accepted: 05/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular lysophosphatidate (LPA) is a potent bioactive lipid that signals through six G-protein-coupled receptors. This signaling is required for embryogenesis, tissue repair and remodeling processes. LPA is produced from circulating lysophosphatidylcholine by autotaxin (ATX), and is degraded outside cells by a family of three enzymes called the lipid phosphate phosphatases (LPPs). In many pathological conditions, particularly in cancers, LPA concentrations are increased due to high ATX expression and low LPP activity. In cancers, LPA signaling drives tumor growth, angiogenesis, metastasis, resistance to chemotherapy and decreased efficacy of radiotherapy. Hence, targeting the ATX-LPA-LPP axis is an attractive strategy for introducing novel adjuvant therapeutic options. In this review, we will summarize current progress in targeting the ATX-LPA-LPP axis with inhibitors of autotaxin activity, LPA receptor antagonists, LPA monoclonal antibodies, and increasing low LPP expression. Some of these agents are already in clinical trials and have applications beyond cancer, including chronic inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew G K Benesch
- Signal Transduction Research Group, Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, T6G 2S2, Canada
| | - Xiaoyun Tang
- Signal Transduction Research Group, Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, T6G 2S2, Canada
| | - Ganesh Venkatraman
- Signal Transduction Research Group, Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, T6G 2S2, Canada
| | - Raie T Bekele
- Signal Transduction Research Group, Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, T6G 2S2, Canada
| | - David N Brindley
- Signal Transduction Research Group, Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, T6G 2S2, Canada.
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12
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Guo L, Teng L. YAP/TAZ for cancer therapy: opportunities and challenges (review). Int J Oncol 2015; 46:1444-52. [PMID: 25652178 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2015.2877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2014] [Accepted: 01/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
YAP (Yes-associated protein) and its paralog TAZ (transcriptional co-activator with PDZ-binding motif) are the main downstream effectors of the Hippo signaling pathway. This pathway is an evolutionally conserved signal cascade, which plays pivotal roles in organ size control and tumorigenesis from Drosophila to mammals. Functionally, when the Hippo pathway is activated, YAP and TAZ will be sequestered in the cytoplasm and degraded. Conversely, when the Hippo pathway is deactivated, YAP and TAZ will translocate into nucleus and promote transcription of downstream genes by forming complexes with transcription factors, such as transcriptional enhancer factors (TEF; also referred to as TEAD), runt-domain transcription factors (Runx) and others. Most of these transcription factors belong to growth promoting or apoptosis-inhibition genes. It has been reported that the deactivation of the Hippo pathway, as well as up-regulation of YAP and TAZ was observed in many human cancers with a high frequency, which suggests that the Hippo pathway may be a potent target for developing anticancer drugs. In this review, we provide an overview of the Hippo pathway and summarize recent advances with respect to the role of YAP and TAZ in Hippo signaling pathway and cancer development. Furthermore, we describe the opportunities and challenges for exploit YAP and TAZ as potential therapeutic targets in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liwen Guo
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The 1st Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, P.R. China
| | - Lisong Teng
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The 1st Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, P.R. China
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13
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Broughton SE, Hercus TR, Nero TL, Dhagat U, Owczarek CM, Hardy MP, Fabri LJ, Scotney PD, Nash AD, Wilson NJ, Lopez AF, Parker MW. Crystallization and preliminary X-ray diffraction analysis of the interleukin-3 alpha receptor bound to the Fab fragment of antibody CSL362. Acta Crystallogr F Struct Biol Commun 2014; 70:358-61. [PMID: 24598927 PMCID: PMC3944702 DOI: 10.1107/s2053230x14002593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2013] [Accepted: 02/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-3 (IL-3) is a member of the beta common family of cytokines that regulate multiple functions of myeloid cells. The IL-3 receptor-specific alpha subunit (IL3Rα) is overexpressed on stem cells/progenitor cells of patients with acute myeloid leukaemia, where elevated receptor expression correlates clinically with a reduced patient survival rate. The monoclonal antibody (MAb) CSL362 is a humanized MAb derived from the murine MAb 7G3, originally identified for its ability to specifically recognize the human IL-3 receptor and for blocking the signalling of IL-3 in myeloid and endothelial cells. In order to elucidate the molecular mechanism of CSL362 antagonism, a preliminary structure of human IL3Rα in complex with the MAb CSL362 has been determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie E. Broughton
- Australian Cancer Research Foundation Rational Drug Discovery Centre and Biota Structural Biology Laboratory, St Vincent’s Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
| | - Timothy R. Hercus
- Division of Human Immunology, The Centre for Cancer Biology, SA Pathology, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Tracy L. Nero
- Australian Cancer Research Foundation Rational Drug Discovery Centre and Biota Structural Biology Laboratory, St Vincent’s Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
| | - Urmi Dhagat
- Australian Cancer Research Foundation Rational Drug Discovery Centre and Biota Structural Biology Laboratory, St Vincent’s Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
| | - Catherine M. Owczarek
- CSL Limited, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Matthew P. Hardy
- CSL Limited, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Louis J. Fabri
- CSL Limited, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Pierre D. Scotney
- CSL Limited, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Andrew D. Nash
- CSL Limited, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Nicholas J. Wilson
- CSL Limited, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Angel F. Lopez
- Division of Human Immunology, The Centre for Cancer Biology, SA Pathology, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Michael W. Parker
- Australian Cancer Research Foundation Rational Drug Discovery Centre and Biota Structural Biology Laboratory, St Vincent’s Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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14
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Park HW, Guan KL. Regulation of the Hippo pathway and implications for anticancer drug development. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2013; 34:581-9. [PMID: 24051213 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2013.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2013] [Revised: 08/12/2013] [Accepted: 08/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Research in the past decade has revealed key components of the Hippo tumor suppressor pathway and its critical role in organ size regulation and tumorigenesis. Recent progress has identified a wide range of upstream factors that control the Hippo pathway, which include cell-cell contact, various diffusible signals, and cognate receptors. Dysregulation of the Hippo pathway, caused by gene mutation or aberrant expression, promotes cell proliferation and tumorigenesis. Here, we discuss the current state of Hippo pathway research, primarily focusing on upstream regulators and protein-protein interactions as potential therapeutic targets. Consideration of pharmacological intervention of the Hippo pathway may provide novel avenues for future therapeutic treatment of human diseases, particularly in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Woo Park
- Department of Pharmacology and Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
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15
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Li J, Dong Y, Lü X, Wang L, Peng W, Zhang XC, Rao Z. Crystal structures and biochemical studies of human lysophosphatidic acid phosphatase type 6. Protein Cell 2013; 4:548-61. [PMID: 23807634 DOI: 10.1007/s13238-013-3031-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2013] [Accepted: 05/28/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) is an important bioactive phospholipid involved in cell signaling through Gprotein-coupled receptors pathways. It is also involved in balancing the lipid composition inside the cell, and modulates the function of lipid rafts as an intermediate in phospholipid metabolism. Because of its involvement in these important processes, LPA degradation needs to be regulated as precisely as its production. Lysophosphatidic acid phosphatase type 6 (ACP6) is an LPA-specific acid phosphatase that hydrolyzes LPA to monoacylglycerol (MAG) and phosphate. Here, we report three crystal structures of human ACP6 in complex with malonate, L-(+)-tartrate and tris, respectively. Our analyses revealed that ACP6 possesses a highly conserved Rossmann-foldlike body domain as well as a less conserved cap domain. The vast hydrophobic substrate-binding pocket, which is located between those two domains, is suitable for accommodating LPA, and its shape is different from that of other histidine acid phosphatases, a fact that is consistent with the observed difference in substrate preferences. Our analysis of the binding of three molecules in the active site reveals the involvement of six conserved and crucial residues in binding of the LPA phosphate group and its catalysis. The structure also indicates a water-supplying channel for substrate hydrolysis. Our structural data are consistent with the fact that the enzyme is active as a monomer. In combination with additional mutagenesis and enzyme activity studies, our structural data provide important insights into substrate recognition and the mechanism for catalytic activity of ACP6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Li
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
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16
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Abstract
The Hippo pathway controls organ size in diverse species, whereas pathway deregulation can induce tumours in model organisms and occurs in a broad range of human carcinomas, including lung, colorectal, ovarian and liver cancer. Despite this, somatic or germline mutations in Hippo pathway genes are uncommon, with only the upstream pathway gene neurofibromin 2 (NF2) recognized as a bona fide tumour suppressor gene. In this Review, we appraise the evidence for the Hippo pathway as a cancer signalling network, and discuss cancer-relevant biological functions, potential mechanisms by which Hippo pathway activity is altered in cancer and emerging therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kieran F Harvey
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, 7 St Andrews Place, East Melbourne, Victoria 3002, Australia.
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17
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Sippl MJ, Wiederstein M. Detection of spatial correlations in protein structures and molecular complexes. Structure 2012; 20:718-28. [PMID: 22483118 PMCID: PMC3320710 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2012.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2011] [Revised: 01/09/2012] [Accepted: 01/31/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Protein structures are frequently related by spectacular and often surprising similarities. Structural correlations among protein chains are routinely detected by various structure-matching techniques, but the comparison of oligomers and molecular complexes is largely uncharted territory. Here we solve the structure-matching problem for oligomers and large molecular aggregates, including the largest molecular complexes known today. We provide several challenging examples that cannot be handled by conventional structure-matching techniques and we report on a number of remarkable correlations. The examples cover the cell-puncturing device of bacteriophage T4, the secretion system of P. aeruginosa, members of the dehydrogenase family, DNA clamps, ferredoxin iron-storage cages, and virus capsids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manfred J Sippl
- Division of Bioinformatics, Department of Molecular Biology, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunnerstraße 34, 5020 Salzburg, Austria.
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18
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Robbins GR, Knight KL. Mechanism for pre-B cell loss in VH-mutant rabbits. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 187:4714-20. [PMID: 21957145 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1101778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Pre-BCR signaling is a critical checkpoint in B cell development in which B-lineage cells expressing functional IgH μ-chain are selectively expanded. B cell development is delayed in mutant ali/ali rabbits because the a-allotype encoding V(H)1 gene, which is normally used in VDJ gene rearrangements in wt rabbits, is deleted, and instead, most B-lineage cells use the a-allotype encoding V(H)4 gene [V(H)4(a)], which results in a severe developmental block at the pre-B cell stage. We found that V(H)4(a)-utilizing pre-B cells exhibit reduced pre-BCR signaling and do not undergo normal expansion in vitro. Transduction of murine 38B9 pre-B cells with chimeric rabbit-VDJ mouse-Cμ encoding retroviruses showed V(H)4(a)-encoded μ-chains do not readily form signal-competent pre-BCR, thereby explaining the reduction in pre-BCR signaling and pre-B cell expansion. Development of V(H)4(a)-utilizing B cells can be rescued in vivo by the expression of an Igκ transgene, indicating that V(H)4(a)-μ chains are not defective for conventional BCR formation and signaling. The ali/ali rabbit model system is unique because V(H)4(a)-μ chains have the capacity to pair with a variety of conventional IgL chains and yet lack the capacity to form a signal-competent pre-BCR. This system could allow for identification of critical structural parameters that govern pre-BCR formation/signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory R Robbins
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL 60153, USA
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