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Liu X, Li W, Cai J, Yan Z, Shao X, Xie K, Guo XE, Luo E, Jing D. Spatiotemporal characterization of microdamage accumulation and its targeted remodeling mechanisms in diabetic fatigued bone. FASEB J 2020; 34:2579-2594. [PMID: 31908007 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201902011rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2019] [Revised: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The skeleton of type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) has deteriorated mechanical integrity and increased fragility, whereas the mechanisms are not fully understood. Load-induced microdamage naturally occurs in bone matrix and can be removed by initiating endogenous targeted bone remodeling. However, the microdamage accumulation in diabetic skeleton and the corresponding bone remodeling mechanisms remain poorly understood. Herein, streptozotocin-induced T1DM rats and age-matched non-diabetic rats were subjected to daily uniaxial ulnar loading for 1, 4, 7, and 10 days, respectively. The SPECT/CT and basic fuchsin staining revealed significant higher-density spatial accumulation of linear and diffuse microdamage in diabetic ulnae than non-diabetic ulnae. Linear microcracks increased within 10-day loading in diabetic bone, whereas peaked at Day 7 in non-diabetic bone. Moreover, diabetic fatigued ulnae had more severe disruptions of osteocyte canaliculi around linear microcracks. Immunostaining results revealed that diabetes impaired targeted remodeling in fatigued bone at every key stage, including increased apoptosis of bystander osteocytes, decreased RANKL secretion, reduced osteoclast recruitment and bone resorption, and impaired osteoblast-mediated bone formation. This study characterizes microdamage accumulation and abnormal remodeling mechanisms in the diabetic skeleton, which advances our etiologic understanding of diabetic bone deterioration and increased fragility from the aspect of microdamage accumulation and bone remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiyu Liu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jing Cai
- College of Basic Medicine, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, China
| | - Zedong Yan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xi Shao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Kangning Xie
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - X Edward Guo
- Bone Bioengineering Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Erping Luo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Da Jing
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
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Liu X, Tang C, Zhang X, Cai J, Yan Z, Xie K, Yang Z, Wang J, Guo XE, Luo E, Jing D. Spatiotemporal Distribution of Linear Microcracks and Diffuse Microdamage Following Daily Bouts of Fatigue Loading of Rat Ulnae. J Orthop Res 2019; 37:2112-2121. [PMID: 31206769 DOI: 10.1002/jor.24391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Microdamage accumulation contributes to impaired skeletal mechanical integrity. The bone can remove microdamage by initiating targeted bone remodeling. However, the spatiotemporal characteristics of microdamage initiation and propagation and their relationship with bone remodeling in response to fatigue loading, especially for more physiologically relevant daily bouts of compressive loading, remain poorly understood. The right forelimbs of 24 rats were cyclically loaded with a ramp waveform for 1,500 cycles/day, and contralateral ulnae were not loaded as the controls. The rats were divided into four equal groups and loaded for 1, 4, 7, and 10 days, respectively. We demonstrated that linear microcracking accumulation exhibited a non-linear time-varying process within 10 days of loading with peaked microcrack density at Day 7. Disrupted canaliculi surrounding linear microcracks showed high similarity with the temporal changes of linear microcracking accumulation. Observable intracortical resorption regions were found on Day 10. We found more linear microcracks accumulated in the tensile cortex, but longer cracks were observed in the compressive sides. Increased accumulation of diffuse microdamage was observed from Day 4, but no obvious peak was observed within the 10-day loading period. Diffuse damage first initiated in the compressive cortices but extended to tension from Day 7. The diffuse damage exhibited no impacts on the surrounding osteocyte integrity. Together, our findings revealed a time-dependent, bone remodeling-mediated varying process of linear microcracking accumulation following daily bouts of fatigue loading (with observable peak at Day 7 under our loading regime). Our study also identified distinct spatial accumulation of linear and diffuse microdamage in rat ulnae with tensile and compressive strains. © 2019 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 37:2112-2121, 2019.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiyu Liu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Chi Tang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xuhui Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China.,Department of Medical Engineering, 456th Hospital of Chinese People's Liberation Army, Jinan, China
| | - Jing Cai
- Department of Diagnostics, College of Basic Medicine, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, China
| | - Zedong Yan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Kangning Xie
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Zhiping Yang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - X Edward Guo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Bone Bioengineering Laboratory, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Erping Luo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Da Jing
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
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Zhang X, Liu X, Yan Z, Cai J, Kang F, Shan S, Wang P, Zhai M, Edward Guo X, Luo E, Jing D. Spatiotemporal characterization of microdamage accumulation in rat ulnae in response to uniaxial compressive fatigue loading. Bone 2018; 108:156-164. [PMID: 29331298 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2018.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2017] [Revised: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Repetitive fatigue loading can induce microdamage accumulation in bone matrix, which results in impaired mechanical properties and increased fracture susceptibility. However, the spatial distribution and time-variant process of microdamage accumulation in fatigue-loaded skeleton, especially for linear microcracks which are known to initiate bone remodeling, remain not fully understood. In this study, the time-varying process of the morphology and distribution of microcracks in rat ulnae subjected to uniaxial compressive fatigue loading was investigated. Right forelimbs of thirty four-month-old male Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to one bout of cyclic ramp loading with 0.67 Hz at a normalized peak force of 0.055 N/g body weight for 6000 cycles, and the contralateral left ulnae were not loaded as the control samples. Ten rats were randomly euthanized on Days 3, 5, and 7 post fatigue loading. Our findings via two-dimensional histomorphometric measurements based on basic fuchsin staining and three-dimensional quantifications using contrast-enhanced micro-computed tomography (MicroCT) with precipitated BaSO4 staining demonstrated that the accumulation of linear microcracks (increase in the amount of linear microcracks) on Day 5 was significantly higher than that on Day 3 and Day 7 post fatigue loading. Our histological and histomorphometric results revealed that linear microcrack density (Cr.Dn) in the tensile cortex at Days 3, 5 and 7 post fatigue loading was significantly higher than that in the compressive side, whereas linear microcrack length (Cr.Le) in the tensile cortex at Day 3 was significantly lower than that in the compressive cortex. Our findings revealed that microcrack accumulation exhibited a non-linear time-varying process at 3, 5 and 7 days post axial compressive fatigue loading (with observable peak Cr.Dn at Day 5). Our findings also revealed distinct distribution of microcrack density and morphology in rat ulnae with tensile and compressive strains, as characterized by more microcracks accumulated in tensile cortices, and longer cracks shown in compressive cortices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuhui Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China; Department of Medical Engineering, 456th Hospital of Chinese People's Liberation Army, Jinan, China
| | - Xiyu Liu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Zedong Yan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jing Cai
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Fei Kang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Shuai Shan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China; Department of Medical Engineering, 150th Hospital of Chinese People's Liberation Army, Luoyang, China
| | - Pan Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Mingming Zhai
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - X Edward Guo
- Bone Bioengineering Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, USA
| | - Erping Luo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China.
| | - Da Jing
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China.
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Abstract
Background and purpose - Bone fragility is determined by bone mass, bone architecture, and the material properties of bone. Microindentation has been introduced as a measurement method that reflects bone material properties. The pathogenesis of underlying stress fractures, in particular the role of impaired bone material properties, is still poorly understood. Based on the hypothesis that impaired bone material strength might play a role in the development of stress fractures, we used microindentation in patients with stress fractures and in controls. Patients and methods - We measured bone material strength index (BMSi) by microindentation in 30 women with previous stress fractures and in 30 normal controls. Bone mineral density by DXA and levels of the bone markers C-terminal cross-linking telopeptide of type-1 collagen (CTX) and N-terminal propeptide of type-1 procollagen (P1NP) were also determined. Results - Mean BMSi in stress fracture patients was significantly lower than in the controls (SD 72 (8.7) vs. 77 (7.2); p = 0.02). The fracture subjects also had a significantly lower mean bone mineral density (BMD) than the controls (0.9 (0.02) vs. 1.0 (0.06); p = 0.03). Bone turnover-as reflected in serum levels of the bone marker CTX-was similar in both groups, while P1NP levels were significantly higher in the women with stress fractures (55 μg/L vs. 42 μg/L; p = 0.03). There was no correlation between BMSi and BMD or bone turnover. Interpretation - BMSi was inferior in patients with previous stress fracture, but was unrelated to BMD and bone turnover. The lower values of BMSi in patients with previous stress fracture combined with a lower BMD may contribute to the increased propensity to develop stress fractures in these patients.
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Guda T, Labella C, Chan R, Hale R. Quality of bone healing: Perspectives and assessment techniques. Wound Repair Regen 2014; 22 Suppl 1:39-49. [DOI: 10.1111/wrr.12167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2013] [Accepted: 01/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Teja Guda
- Dental Trauma Research Detachment; US Army Institute of Surgical Research; Fort Sam Houston
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine; Winston-Salem North Carolina
- Biomedical Engineering; University of Texas at San Antonio; San Antonio Texas
| | - Carl Labella
- Dental Trauma Research Detachment; US Army Institute of Surgical Research; Fort Sam Houston
| | - Rodney Chan
- Dental Trauma Research Detachment; US Army Institute of Surgical Research; Fort Sam Houston
| | - Robert Hale
- Dental Trauma Research Detachment; US Army Institute of Surgical Research; Fort Sam Houston
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Wu B, Zhang C, Chen B, Zhang L, Dai R, Wu X, Jiang Y, Liao E. Self-repair of rat cortical bone microdamage after fatigue loading in vivo. Int J Endocrinol 2013; 2013:321074. [PMID: 23662102 PMCID: PMC3639633 DOI: 10.1155/2013/321074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2013] [Accepted: 03/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone microdamage can be repaired through bone remodeling induced by loading. In this study, a loading device was developed for improved efficiency and the self-repair process of bone microdamage was studied in ovariectomized rats. First, four-point bending fixtures capable of holding two live rats simultaneously were designed. Rats were loaded and subjected to a sinusoidal wave for 10,000 cycles. They were then divided into four groups to evaluate time points from 1 to 4 weeks in the microdamage repair process. The loaded right ulna was used for microdamage parameter analysis, and the loaded right radius was tested for mechanical properties. In all groups, microdamage consisted primarily of microcracks, which were observed in bone surrounding the force-bearing point. The values of the microdamage parameters were significantly lower at 3 weeks than at 2 weeks. However, none of the differences in mechanical properties between any four groups were statistically significant. This study shows that the improved application of loading in the form of bending for double-rat simultaneous administration was practical and efficient. These results suggest that microdamage was repaired between 2 weeks to 3 weeks after fatigue damage and microdamage is a more sensitive index of bone quality than mechanical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Wu
- Institute of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China
| | - Chan Zhang
- Institute of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China
| | - Bo Chen
- Institute of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China
| | - Ling Zhang
- Institute of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China
| | - Ruchun Dai
- Institute of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China
- *Ruchun Dai:
| | - Xianping Wu
- Institute of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China
| | - Yebin Jiang
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan Hospitals, 1500 E Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Eryuan Liao
- Institute of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China
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