1
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Dong J, Ding H, Wang Q, Wang L. A 3D-Printed Scaffold for Repairing Bone Defects. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:706. [PMID: 38475389 DOI: 10.3390/polym16050706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Revised: 11/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
The treatment of bone defects has always posed challenges in the field of orthopedics. Scaffolds, as a vital component of bone tissue engineering, offer significant advantages in the research and treatment of clinical bone defects. This study aims to provide an overview of how 3D printing technology is applied in the production of bone repair scaffolds. Depending on the materials used, the 3D-printed scaffolds can be classified into two types: single-component scaffolds and composite scaffolds. We have conducted a comprehensive analysis of material composition, the characteristics of 3D printing, performance, advantages, disadvantages, and applications for each scaffold type. Furthermore, based on the current research status and progress, we offer suggestions for future research in this area. In conclusion, this review acts as a valuable reference for advancing the research in the field of bone repair scaffolds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianghui Dong
- Guangxi Engineering Research Center of Digital Medicine and Clinical Translation, School of Intelligent Medicine and Biotechnology, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541199, China
| | - Hangxing Ding
- Guangxi Engineering Research Center of Digital Medicine and Clinical Translation, School of Intelligent Medicine and Biotechnology, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541199, China
| | - Qin Wang
- Guangxi Engineering Research Center of Digital Medicine and Clinical Translation, School of Intelligent Medicine and Biotechnology, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541199, China
| | - Liping Wang
- Guangxi Engineering Research Center of Digital Medicine and Clinical Translation, School of Intelligent Medicine and Biotechnology, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541199, China
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2
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Feng Y, Wang C, Yang J, Tan T, Yang J. Poly(ethylene succinate- co-lactic acid) as a Multifunctional Additive for Modulating the Miscibility, Crystallization, and Mechanical Properties of Poly(lactic acid). ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:6578-6587. [PMID: 38371800 PMCID: PMC10870275 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c07489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 11/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
Polymer blending offers an effective and economical approach to overcome the performance limitations of poly(lactic acid) (PLA). In this study, a series of copolymers poly(ethylene succinate-co-lactic acid) (PESL) were synthesized, featuring lactic acid (LA) contents that ranged from 20 to 86 wt %. This synthesis involved a one-pot industrial melt polycondensation process using succinic acid (SA), ethylene glycol (EG), and LA, catalyzed by titanium tetraisopropoxide (TTP). The goal was to produce a fully biobased copolymer expected to exhibit partial miscibility with pure poly(lactic acid) (PLA). To assess the capability of PESL copolymers in toughening PLA, we conducted tensile testing on PLA/PESL blends containing 15 wt % PESL. As a result, an elongation at break for the blends with 15 wt % loading of the copolymer PESL72 was directly enhanced to 250% with an ultimate strength of 35 MPa, compared to brittle PLA with less 10% tensile length. The morphological features of interfacial adhesion before and after tensile failure were measured by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). A significant enhancement in the chain mobility of the PLA/PESL blends was further evidenced by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA). These findings hold promise for the development of functional packaging materials based on PLA. The proposed copolymer design, which boasts strong industrial feasibility, can serve as a valuable guide for enhancing the toughness of PLA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinbiao Feng
- State
Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory
of Bioprocess, College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Cong Wang
- State
Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory
of Bioprocess, College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Junjiao Yang
- College
of Chemistry, Beijing University of Chemical
Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Tianwei Tan
- State
Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory
of Bioprocess, College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Jing Yang
- State
Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory
of Bioprocess, College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
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3
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Wang Z, Yan T, Gao Y, Ma X, Xu P, Ding Y. Improving flame retardant and electromagnetic interference shielding properties of poly(lactic acid)/poly(ε-caprolactone) composites using catalytic imidazolium modified CNTs and ammonium polyphosphate. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 259:129265. [PMID: 38218292 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.129265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2023] [Revised: 12/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/15/2024]
Abstract
The flame retardants and electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding performance were enhanced by using imidazolium-functionalized polyurethane (IPU) modified multi-walled carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and ammonium polyphosphate (APP) for polylactic acid (PLA)/polycaprolactone (PCL) composites. The PLA/PCL/10APP/8CNT/1.6IPU composite containing 10 wt% APP and 8 wt% imidazolium modified CNTs reached the limiting oxygen index (LOI) value of 30.3 % and passed the V-0 rating in UL-94 tests. Moreover, the peak of the heat release rate (pHRR) and total heat release (THR) for this composite reached around 302 kW/m2 and 64 KJ/m2, which were decreased by 39.1 % and 15.8 % compared with that of PLA/PCL/10APP composite. The improved flame retardancy was attributed to the interplay of catalytic, barrier, and condensed char forming of imidazolium-modified CNTs and APP. IPU catalyzed the charring effect of the polymer matrix during combustion and regulated the migration of more CNTs to disperse at the two-phase interface. The dispersion of imidazolium-modified CNTs and co-continuous phase structure of the composites can establish continuous conductive pathways. The PLA/PCL/APP/CNT/IPU composite obtained a higher conductivity compared to the PLA/PCL/APP/CNT composite and whose EMI SE reached 33.9 dB, which is a promising candidate for next-generation sustainable and protective plastics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenfeng Wang
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Anhui Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Materials and Devices, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
| | - Tong Yan
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Anhui Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Materials and Devices, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
| | - Yifei Gao
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Anhui Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Materials and Devices, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
| | - Xiangyu Ma
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Anhui Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Materials and Devices, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
| | - Pei Xu
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Anhui Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Materials and Devices, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China.
| | - Yunsheng Ding
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Anhui Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Materials and Devices, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China.
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4
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Dhal MK, Madhu K, Banerjee A, Prasannavenkadesan V, Kumar A, Katiyar V. Polylactic acid/polycaprolactone/sawdust based biocomposites trays with enhanced compostability. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 253:126977. [PMID: 37739287 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.126977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2023] [Revised: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2023]
Abstract
The major drawback associated with petroleum-based polymer products is pollution, leading to environmental hazards. Biodegradable polymers and biocomposites have the potential to play a major role in replacing the conventional polymers in specific applications on a case to case basis. In the current study, sawdust reinforced polylactic acid/polycaprolactone (PLA/PCL) biocomposites were developed using the melt extrusion technique. Primary processed fine sawdust was reinforced with PLA/PCL blend in a mini twin screw extruder in different weight fractions (10 %, 20 %, 30 %, and 40 %). The developed biocomposites were subjected to tensile testing, which indicated that the increased weight percent of sawdust reduced the tensile strength. The materials were further characterized, using sophisticated analytical such as field emission scanning electron microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry and thermogravimetry analysis. The composite containing 30 % sawdust concentration presented the best results with tensile strength of 26.5 MPa, tensile strain of 4.4 % and onset degradation temperature of 320 °C. The same formulation was successfully scaled up to the pilot level of 5 kg batch. It was further subjected to secondary processing to produce market ready cutlery items. Biodegradability studies in simulated composting environments revealed that addition of sawdust drastically reduces the lag phase in degradation and total degradation may be obtained in approximately 90 days. Based on the investigation, there is optimism that the PLA/PCL composites, blended with sawdust may ensure commercial application of sustainable polymer blends at affordable prices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoj Kumar Dhal
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam 781039, India; Centre for Sustainable Polymers, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam 781039, India
| | - Kshitij Madhu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam 781039, India; Centre for Sustainable Polymers, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam 781039, India
| | - Arnab Banerjee
- Centre for Sustainable Polymers, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam 781039, India; Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam 781039, India
| | | | - Amit Kumar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam 781039, India; Centre for Sustainable Polymers, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam 781039, India
| | - Vimal Katiyar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam 781039, India; Centre for Sustainable Polymers, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam 781039, India.
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5
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Matumba KI, Motloung MP, Ojijo V, Ray SS, Sadiku ER. Investigation of the Effects of Chain Extender on Material Properties of PLA/PCL and PLA/PEG Blends: Comparative Study between Polycaprolactone and Polyethylene Glycol. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15092230. [PMID: 37177376 PMCID: PMC10181129 DOI: 10.3390/polym15092230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Revised: 04/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the effect of the Joncryl concentration on the properties of polylactide/poly(ε-caprolactone) (PLA/PCL) and PLA/poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) blends. The addition of Joncryl influenced the properties of both PLA-based blends. In the blend of PLA/PCL blends, the addition of Joncryl reduced the size of PCL droplets, which implies the compatibility of the two phases, while PLA/PEG blends showed a co-continuous type of morphology at 0.1% and 0.3 wt.% of Joncryl loading. The crystallinity of PCL and PEG was studied on both PLA/PCL and PLA/PEG blend systems. In both scenarios, the crystallinity of the blends decreased upon the addition of Joncryl. Thermal stabilities were shown to depend on the addition of Joncryl. The toughness increased when 0.5 wt.% of Joncryl was added to both systems. However, the stiffness of PLA/PCL decreased, while the stiffness of PLA/PEG increased with the increasing concentration of Joncryl. This study provides new insight into the effect of chain extenders on the compatibility of PLA-based blends.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karabo Innocent Matumba
- Centre for Nanostructures and Advanced Materials, DSI-CSIR Nanotechnology Innovation Centre, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Pretoria 0001, South Africa
- Institute of NanoEngineering Research, Department of Chemical, Metallurgical and Materials Engineering (Polymer Division), Tshwane University of Technology, Pretoria 0001, South Africa
| | - Mpho Phillip Motloung
- Centre for Nanostructures and Advanced Materials, DSI-CSIR Nanotechnology Innovation Centre, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Pretoria 0001, South Africa
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg 2028, South Africa
| | - Vincent Ojijo
- Centre for Nanostructures and Advanced Materials, DSI-CSIR Nanotechnology Innovation Centre, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Pretoria 0001, South Africa
| | - Suprakas Sinha Ray
- Centre for Nanostructures and Advanced Materials, DSI-CSIR Nanotechnology Innovation Centre, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Pretoria 0001, South Africa
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg 2028, South Africa
| | - Emmanuel Rotimi Sadiku
- Institute of NanoEngineering Research, Department of Chemical, Metallurgical and Materials Engineering (Polymer Division), Tshwane University of Technology, Pretoria 0001, South Africa
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6
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Shahverdi M, Seifi S, Akbari A, Mohammadi K, Shamloo A, Movahhedy MR. Melt electrowriting of PLA, PCL, and composite PLA/PCL scaffolds for tissue engineering application. Sci Rep 2022; 12:19935. [PMID: 36402790 PMCID: PMC9675866 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-24275-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Fabrication of well-ordered and bio-mimetic scaffolds is one of the most important research lines in tissue engineering. Different techniques have been utilized to achieve this goal, however, each method has its own disadvantages. Recently, melt electrowriting (MEW) as a technique for fabrication of well-organized scaffolds has attracted the researchers' attention due to simultaneous use of principles of additive manufacturing and electrohydrodynamic phenomena. In previous research studies, polycaprolactone (PCL) has been mostly used in MEW process. PCL is a biocompatible polymer with characteristics that make it easy to fabricate well-arranged structures using MEW device. However, the mechanical properties of PCL are not favorable for applications like bone tissue engineering. Furthermore, it is of vital importance to demonstrate the capability of MEW technique for processing a broad range of polymers. To address aforementioned problems, in this study, three ten-layered box-structured well-ordered scaffolds, including neat PLA, neat PCL, and PLA/PCL composite are fabricated using an MEW device. Printing of the composite PLA/PCL scaffold using the MEW device is conducted in this study for the first time. The MEW device used in this study is a commercial fused deposition modeling (FDM) 3D printer which with some changes in its setup and configuration becomes prepared for being used as an MEW device. Since in most of previous studies, a setup has been designed and built for MEW process, the use of the FDM device can be considered as one of the novelties of this research. The printing parameters are adjusted in a way that scaffolds with nearly equal pore sizes in the range of 140 µm to 150 µm are fabricated. However, PCL fibers are mostly narrower (diameters in the range of 5 µm to 15 µm) than PLA fibers with diameters between 15 and 25 µm. Unlike the MEW process of PCL, accurate positioning of PLA fibers is difficult which can be due to higher viscosity of PLA melt compared to PCL melt. The printed composite PLA/PCL scaffold possesses a well-ordered box structure with improved mechanical properties and cell-scaffold interactions compared to both neat PLA and PCL scaffolds. Besides, the composite scaffold exhibits a higher swelling ratio than the neat PCL scaffold which can be related to the presence of less hydrophobic PLA fibers. This scaffold demonstrates an anisotropic behavior during uniaxial tensile test in which its Young's modulus, ultimate tensile stress, and strain to failure all depend on the direction of the applied tensile force. This anisotropy makes the composite PLA/PCL scaffold an exciting candidate for applications in heart tissue engineering. The results of in-vitro cell viability test using L929 mouse murine fibroblast and human umbilical vein endothelial (HUVEC) cells demonstrate that all of the printed scaffolds are biocompatible. In particular, the composite scaffold presents the highest cell viability value among the fabricated scaffolds. All in all, the composite PLA/PCL scaffold shows that it can be a promising substitution for neat PCL scaffold used in previous MEW studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Shahverdi
- grid.412553.40000 0001 0740 9747Advanced Manufacturing Laboratory, School of Mechanical Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Azadi Ave., Tehran, Iran
| | - Saeed Seifi
- grid.412553.40000 0001 0740 9747Nano BioTechnology Laboratory, School of Mechanical Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Akbari
- grid.412553.40000 0001 0740 9747Advanced Manufacturing Laboratory, School of Mechanical Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Azadi Ave., Tehran, Iran
| | - Kaivan Mohammadi
- grid.412553.40000 0001 0740 9747Advanced Manufacturing Laboratory, School of Mechanical Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Azadi Ave., Tehran, Iran
| | - Amir Shamloo
- grid.412553.40000 0001 0740 9747Nano BioTechnology Laboratory, School of Mechanical Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Movahhedy
- grid.412553.40000 0001 0740 9747Advanced Manufacturing Laboratory, School of Mechanical Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Azadi Ave., Tehran, Iran
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7
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Mathew J, Das JP, TP M, Kumar S. Development of poly (butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) PBAT toughened poly (lactic acid) blends 3D printing filament. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-022-03320-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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8
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The Effect of PCL Addition on 3D-Printable PLA/HA Composite Filaments for the Treatment of Bone Defects. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14163305. [PMID: 36015563 PMCID: PMC9416491 DOI: 10.3390/polym14163305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Revised: 08/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The still-growing field of additive manufacturing (AM), which includes 3D printing, has enabled manufacturing of patient-specific medical devices with high geometrical accuracy in a relatively quick manner. However, the development of materials with specific properties is still ongoing, including those for enhanced bone-repair applications. Such applications seek materials with tailored mechanical properties close to bone tissue and, importantly, that can serve as temporary supports, allowing for new bone ingrowth while the material is resorbed. Thus, controlling the resorption rate of materials for bone applications can support bone healing by balancing new tissue formation and implant resorption. In this regard, this work aimed to study the combination of polylactic acid (PLA), polycaprolactone (PCL) and hydroxyapatite (HA) to develop customized biocompatible and bioresorbable polymer-based composite filaments, through extrusion, for fused filament fabrication (FFF) printing. PLA and PCL were used as supporting polymer matrices while HA was added to enhance the biological activity. The materials were characterized in terms of mechanical properties, thermal stability, chemical composition and morphology. An accelerated degradation study was executed to investigate the impact of degradation on the above-mentioned properties. The results showed that the materials' chemical compositions were not affected by the extrusion nor the printing process. All materials exhibited higher mechanical properties than human trabecular bone, even after degradation with a mass loss of around 30% for the polymer blends and 60% for the composites. It was also apparent that the mineral accelerated the polymer degradation significantly, which can be advantageous for a faster healing time, where support is required only for a shorter time period.
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9
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El-Taweel SH, Fathy R. Synergistic Effects of Multi-Wall Carbon Nanotubes and Polycaprolactone on the Thermal and Mechanical Properties of Polylactic Acid. J MACROMOL SCI B 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/00222348.2022.2098656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. H. El-Taweel
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - R. Fathy
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
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10
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Polymerized Ionic Liquid for the Regulation of Phase Structure of PLA/PCL Blends. Macromol Res 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s13233-022-0073-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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11
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Effect of PCL-b-PEG Oligomer Containing Ionic Elements on Phase Interfacial Properties and Aggregated Structure of PLA/PCL Blends. Macromol Res 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s13233-022-0058-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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12
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Maiza M, Hamam A. Toughened Poly (lactic acid)/Poly (ε-caprolactone) blend with triethyl citrate (TEC) and polyethylene glycol (PEG 3). POLYM-PLAST TECH MAT 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/25740881.2021.1982967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mounira Maiza
- Research Center in Industrial Technologies Crti, Cheraga, Algiers, Algeria
| | - Abderrazak Hamam
- Research Center in Industrial Technologies Crti, Cheraga, Algiers, Algeria
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13
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Aliotta L, Vannozzi A, Cinelli P, Coltelli MB, Lazzeri A. Essential Work of Fracture and Evaluation of the Interfacial Adhesion of Plasticized PLA/PBSA Blends with the Addition of Wheat Bran by-Product. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14030615. [PMID: 35160603 PMCID: PMC8838359 DOI: 10.3390/polym14030615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work biocomposites based on plasticized poly(lactic acid) (PLA)–poly(butylene succinate-co-adipate) (PBSA) matrix containing wheat bran fiber (a low value by-product of food industry) were investigated. The effect of the bran addition on the mechanical properties is strictly correlated to the fiber-matrix adhesion and several analytical models, based on static and dynamic tests, were applied in order to estimate the interfacial shear strength of the biocomposites. Finally, the essential work of fracture approach was carried out to investigate the effect of the bran addition on composite fracture toughness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Aliotta
- Department of Civil and Industrial Engineering, University of Pisa, 56122 Pisa, Italy; (A.V.); (P.C.); (A.L.)
- National Interuniversity Consortium of Materials Science and Technology (INSTM), 50121 Florence, Italy
- Correspondence: (L.A.); (M.-B.C.)
| | - Alessandro Vannozzi
- Department of Civil and Industrial Engineering, University of Pisa, 56122 Pisa, Italy; (A.V.); (P.C.); (A.L.)
- National Interuniversity Consortium of Materials Science and Technology (INSTM), 50121 Florence, Italy
| | - Patrizia Cinelli
- Department of Civil and Industrial Engineering, University of Pisa, 56122 Pisa, Italy; (A.V.); (P.C.); (A.L.)
- National Interuniversity Consortium of Materials Science and Technology (INSTM), 50121 Florence, Italy
- Planet Bioplastics s.r.l., Via San Giovanni Bosco 23, 56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Maria-Beatrice Coltelli
- Department of Civil and Industrial Engineering, University of Pisa, 56122 Pisa, Italy; (A.V.); (P.C.); (A.L.)
- National Interuniversity Consortium of Materials Science and Technology (INSTM), 50121 Florence, Italy
- Correspondence: (L.A.); (M.-B.C.)
| | - Andrea Lazzeri
- Department of Civil and Industrial Engineering, University of Pisa, 56122 Pisa, Italy; (A.V.); (P.C.); (A.L.)
- National Interuniversity Consortium of Materials Science and Technology (INSTM), 50121 Florence, Italy
- Planet Bioplastics s.r.l., Via San Giovanni Bosco 23, 56127 Pisa, Italy
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14
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Loyo C, Moreno-Serna V, Fuentes J, Amigo N, Sepúlveda FA, Ortiz JA, Rivas LM, Ulloa MT, Benavente R, Zapata PA. PLA/CaO nanocomposites with antimicrobial and photodegradation properties. Polym Degrad Stab 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2022.109865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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15
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Sepúlveda FA, Rivera F, Loyo C, Canales D, Moreno‐Serna V, Benavente R, Rivas LM, Ulloa MT, Gil‐Castell O, Ribes‐Greus A, Ortiz JA, Zapata PA. Poly (lactic acid)/D‐limonene/
ZnO bio‐nanocomposites
with antimicrobial properties. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.51542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Antonella Sepúlveda
- Universidad de Santiago de Chile (USACH) Facultad de Química y Biología, Departamento de Ciencias del Ambiente, Grupo Polímeros Chile
| | - Francisca Rivera
- Universidad de Santiago de Chile (USACH) Facultad de Química y Biología, Departamento de Ciencias del Ambiente, Grupo Polímeros Chile
| | - Carlos Loyo
- Universidad de Santiago de Chile (USACH) Facultad de Química y Biología, Departamento de Ciencias del Ambiente, Grupo Polímeros Chile
| | - Daniel Canales
- Universidad de Santiago de Chile (USACH) Facultad de Química y Biología, Departamento de Ciencias del Ambiente, Grupo Polímeros Chile
| | - Viviana Moreno‐Serna
- Universidad de Santiago de Chile (USACH) Facultad de Química y Biología, Departamento de Ciencias del Ambiente, Grupo Polímeros Chile
| | | | - Lina María Rivas
- Programa de Microbiología y Micología ICBM‐Facultad de Medicina Universidad de Chile Chile
| | - María Teresa Ulloa
- Programa de Microbiología y Micología ICBM‐Facultad de Medicina Universidad de Chile Chile
| | - Oscar Gil‐Castell
- Instituto de Tecnología de Materiales (ITM) Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV) Spain
| | - Amparo Ribes‐Greus
- Instituto de Tecnología de Materiales (ITM) Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV) Spain
| | - J. Andrés Ortiz
- Universidad de Santiago de Chile (USACH) Facultad de Química y Biología, Departamento de Ciencias del Ambiente, Grupo Polímeros Chile
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química, Biotecnología y Materiales Facultad de Ciencias Físicas y Matemáticas, Universidad de Chile Chile
| | - Paula A. Zapata
- Universidad de Santiago de Chile (USACH) Facultad de Química y Biología, Departamento de Ciencias del Ambiente, Grupo Polímeros Chile
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16
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Huang Y, Brünig H, Boldt R, Müller MT, Wießner S. Fabrication of melt-spun fibers from irradiation modified biocompatible PLA/PCL blends. Eur Polym J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2021.110895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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17
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Wang M, Liang X, Wu H, Huang L, Jin G. Super toughed poly (lactic acid)/poly (ethylene vinyl acetate) blends compatibilized by ethylene-methyl acrylate-glycidyl methacrylate copolymer. Polym Degrad Stab 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2021.109705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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18
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Duan R, Wang Y, Zhang Y, Wang Z, Du F, Du B, Su D, Liu L, Li X, Zhang Q. Blending with Poly(l-lactic acid) Improves the Printability of Poly(l-lactide- co-caprolactone) and Enhances the Potential Application in Cartilage Tissue Engineering. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:18300-18313. [PMID: 34308061 PMCID: PMC8296602 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c02190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Poly(l-lactide-co-caprolactone) (PLCL, 50:50) has been used in cartilage tissue engineering because of its high elasticity. However, its mechanical properties, including its rigidity and viscoelasticity, must be improved for compatibility with native cartilage. In this study, a set of PLCL/poly(l-lactic acid) (PLLA) blends was prepared by blending with different mass ratios of PLLA that range from 10 to 50%, using thermoplastic techniques. After testing the properties of these PLCL/PLLA blends, they were used to fabricate scaffolds by the 3D printing technology. The structures and viscoelastic behavior of the PLCL/PLLA scaffolds were determined, and then, the potential application of the scaffolds in cartilage tissue engineering was evaluated by chondrocytes culture. All blends demonstrate good thermal stability for the 3D printing technology. All blends show good toughness, while the rigidity of PLCL is increased through PLLA blending, and Young's modulus of blends with 10-20% PLLA is similar to that of native cartilage. Furthermore, blending with PLLA improves the processability of PLCL for 3D printing, and the compression modulus and viscoelasticity of 3D-printed PLCL/PLLA scaffolds are different from that of PLCL. Additionally, the stress relaxation time (t 1/2) of the PLCL/PLLA scaffolds, which is important for chondrogenesis, is dramatically shortened compared with the pure PLCL scaffold at the same 3D-printing filling rate. Consistently, the PLCL90PLLA10 scaffold at a 70% filling rate with much shorter t 1/2 is more conducive to the proliferation and chondrogenesis of in vitro seeded chondrocytes accompanied by upregulated expression of SOX9 than the PLCL scaffold. Taken together, these results demonstrate that blending with PLLA improves the printability of PLCL and enhances its potential application, particularly PLCL/PLLA scaffolds with a low ratio of PLLA, in cartilage tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiping Duan
- The
Key Laboratory of Biomedical Material of Tianjin, Biomedical Barriers
Research Center, Chinese Academy of Medical
Sciences & Peking Union Medical College Institute of Biomedical
Engineering, 236 Baidi Road, NanKai District, Tianjin 300192, P.R. China
| | - Yimeng Wang
- The
Key Laboratory of Biomedical Material of Tianjin, Biomedical Barriers
Research Center, Chinese Academy of Medical
Sciences & Peking Union Medical College Institute of Biomedical
Engineering, 236 Baidi Road, NanKai District, Tianjin 300192, P.R. China
| | - Yiyun Zhang
- The
Key Laboratory of Biomedical Material of Tianjin, Biomedical Barriers
Research Center, Chinese Academy of Medical
Sciences & Peking Union Medical College Institute of Biomedical
Engineering, 236 Baidi Road, NanKai District, Tianjin 300192, P.R. China
| | - Ziqiang Wang
- The
Key Laboratory of Biomedical Material of Tianjin, Biomedical Barriers
Research Center, Chinese Academy of Medical
Sciences & Peking Union Medical College Institute of Biomedical
Engineering, 236 Baidi Road, NanKai District, Tianjin 300192, P.R. China
| | - Fuchong Du
- The
Key Laboratory of Biomedical Material of Tianjin, Biomedical Barriers
Research Center, Chinese Academy of Medical
Sciences & Peking Union Medical College Institute of Biomedical
Engineering, 236 Baidi Road, NanKai District, Tianjin 300192, P.R. China
| | - Bo Du
- The
Key Laboratory of Biomedical Material of Tianjin, Biomedical Barriers
Research Center, Chinese Academy of Medical
Sciences & Peking Union Medical College Institute of Biomedical
Engineering, 236 Baidi Road, NanKai District, Tianjin 300192, P.R. China
| | - Danning Su
- The
Key Laboratory of Biomedical Material of Tianjin, Biomedical Barriers
Research Center, Chinese Academy of Medical
Sciences & Peking Union Medical College Institute of Biomedical
Engineering, 236 Baidi Road, NanKai District, Tianjin 300192, P.R. China
| | - Lingrong Liu
- The
Key Laboratory of Biomedical Material of Tianjin, Biomedical Barriers
Research Center, Chinese Academy of Medical
Sciences & Peking Union Medical College Institute of Biomedical
Engineering, 236 Baidi Road, NanKai District, Tianjin 300192, P.R. China
| | - Xuemin Li
- The
Key Laboratory of Biomedical Material of Tianjin, Biomedical Barriers
Research Center, Chinese Academy of Medical
Sciences & Peking Union Medical College Institute of Biomedical
Engineering, 236 Baidi Road, NanKai District, Tianjin 300192, P.R. China
| | - Qiqing Zhang
- The
Key Laboratory of Biomedical Material of Tianjin, Biomedical Barriers
Research Center, Chinese Academy of Medical
Sciences & Peking Union Medical College Institute of Biomedical
Engineering, 236 Baidi Road, NanKai District, Tianjin 300192, P.R. China
- Institute
of Biomedical Engineering, the Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University (Shenzhen People’s Hospital), Shenzhen 518020, Guangdong, P.R. China
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19
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Caner D, Doganci E, Dandan Doganci M, Ozkoc G. Preparation of hetero-armed POSS-cored star-shaped PCL-PLA/PLA composites and effect of different diisocyanates as compatibilizer. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2021; 122:104656. [PMID: 34218016 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2021.104656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Revised: 06/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Eight-armed A4B4-type hetero-arm star-shaped PCL-PLA polymers ((PCL)4-POSS-(PLA)4, SPLA30) with POSS core were successfully prepared via combination of the "arm-first" approach utilizing ring-opening polymerization (ROP) and click chemistry techniques. Firstly, alkyne-functional PLA and PCL polymers having arms with 30 repeating units were synthesized via ROP with utilizing propargyl alcohol as initiator and stannous octoate (Sn(Oct)2) as catalyst. Then, the obtained hetero-armed star-shaped polymers were prepared by Cu(I)-catalyzed alkyne-azide cycloaddition (CuAAC) click reaction between alkyne functional polymers (1:1 PCL:PLA) and azido functional polyhedral oligomeric silsesquoxane (POSS-(N3)8) molecules. Finally, these obtained star-shaped SPLA30 was blended with neat PLA at different PLA/SPLA30 ratios (95/5 and 90/10 wt%) via melt blending by utilizing micro-compounder (a lab-scale) to enhance thermal, morphological, and mechanical properties of neat PLA. Also, different diisocyanates (1,4-phenylene diisocyanate (PDI), isophorone diisocyanate (IPDI), methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (MDI), and toluene 2,4-diisocyanate (TDI)) at constant ratio (1 wt%) were used as a chain extender bonding terminal group of polymers. It was found that addition of SPLA30 and SPLA30+ diisocyanates provided improvements in mechanical properties (especially in elongation at break and impact strength) of neat PLA. When the thermal properties were examined, it was seen that the decomposition temperatures of the blends decreased significantly compared to neat PLA and that there was a significant increment in the Tg and Tm values. In addition, it has been found that especially the diisocyanates added to provide good interfacial adhesion with polymer blends and show a homogeneous distribution on the surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derya Caner
- Department of Polymer Science and Technology, Kocaeli University, 41001, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Erdinc Doganci
- Department of Polymer Science and Technology, Kocaeli University, 41001, Kocaeli, Turkey; Department of Chemistry and Chemical Processing Technology, Kocaeli University, Kocaeli, Turkey.
| | - Merve Dandan Doganci
- Department of Polymer Science and Technology, Kocaeli University, 41001, Kocaeli, Turkey; Department of Chemistry and Chemical Processing Technology, Kocaeli University, Kocaeli, Turkey.
| | - Guralp Ozkoc
- Department of Polymer Science and Technology, Kocaeli University, 41001, Kocaeli, Turkey; Department of Chemical Engineering, Kocaeli University, 41001, Kocaeli, Turkey; Sabanci University SUNUM Nanotechnology Res. and App. Center, 34956, Istanbul, Turkey
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20
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Montoille L, Morales Vicencio C, Fontalba D, Ortiz JA, Moreno-Serna V, Peponi L, Matiacevich S, Zapata PA. Study of the effect of the addition of plasticizers on the physical properties of biodegradable films based on kefiran for potential application as food packaging. Food Chem 2021; 360:129966. [PMID: 33993071 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.129966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2020] [Revised: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Spectroscopies analysis indicated that kefiran contains branched hexasaccharide repeating units. Neat kefiran films, 2 and 5% w/w of glycerol, d-glucitol, d-galactitol, d-mannitol, and d-limonene were incorporated as plasticizers. Neat and plasticized kefiran films were characterized by physical, thermal, mechanical, optical, and water solubilization properties. Neat kefiran had a glass transition temperature (Tg) of -20 ± 2 °C and, with the addition of plasticizers between -15 to -17 ± 2 °C. The values were close to the neat kefiran, and the results could be attributed to a lower amount of plasticizer used. The solubility of the glycerol plasticized films increases by 33% and decreased with the concentration of other plasticizers in comparison with the neat kefiran. d-glucitol and d-galactitol decreased the microhardness and Young's Modulus of films around 30% and 74% respectively, obtaining more flexible kefiran films. Kefiran based films could find applications as potential materials in the food-packaging industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lissette Montoille
- Universidad de Santiago de Chile (USACH), Facultad de Química y Biología, Departamento de Ciencias del Ambiente, Grupo de Polímeros, Chile
| | - Constanza Morales Vicencio
- Universidad de Santiago de Chile (USACH), Facultad de Química y Biología, Departamento de Ciencias del Ambiente, Grupo de Polímeros, Chile
| | - Daniel Fontalba
- Universidad de Santiago de Chile (USACH), Facultad de Química y Biología, Departamento de Ciencias del Ambiente, Grupo de Polímeros, Chile
| | - J Andrés Ortiz
- Universidad de Santiago de Chile (USACH), Facultad de Química y Biología, Departamento de Ciencias del Ambiente, Grupo de Polímeros, Chile; Departamento de Ingeniería Química, Biotecnología y Materiales, Facultad de Ciencias Físicas y Matemáticas, Universidad de Chile, Avenida Beaucheff 851, Santiago, Chile
| | - Viviana Moreno-Serna
- Universidad de Santiago de Chile (USACH), Facultad de Química y Biología, Departamento de Ciencias del Ambiente, Grupo de Polímeros, Chile
| | - Laura Peponi
- Institute of Polymer Science and Technology, ICTP-CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Silvia Matiacevich
- Food Properties Research Group, Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Facultad Tecnológica, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Obispo Manuel Umaña 050, Estación Central, Santiago 9170201, Chile
| | - Paula A Zapata
- Universidad de Santiago de Chile (USACH), Facultad de Química y Biología, Departamento de Ciencias del Ambiente, Grupo de Polímeros, Chile.
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21
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Slouf M, Krajenta J, Gajdosova V, Pawlak A. Macromechanical and micromechanical properties of polymers with reduced density of entanglements. POLYM ENG SCI 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.25699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Miroslav Slouf
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences Prague 6 Czech Republic
| | - Justyna Krajenta
- Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences Lodz Poland
| | - Veronika Gajdosova
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences Prague 6 Czech Republic
| | - Andrzej Pawlak
- Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences Lodz Poland
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22
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Andrzejewski J, Nowakowski M. Development of Toughened Flax Fiber Reinforced Composites. Modification of Poly(lactic acid)/Poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) Blends by Reactive Extrusion Process. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 14:1523. [PMID: 33804651 PMCID: PMC8003650 DOI: 10.3390/ma14061523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The presented study focuses on the development of flax fiber (FF) reinforced composites prepared with the use of poly(lactic acid)/poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate)-PLA/PBAT blend system. This type of modification was aimed to increase impact properties of PLA-based composites, which are usually characterized by high brittleness. The PLA/PBAT blends preparation was carried out using melt blending technique, while part of the samples was prepared by reactive extrusion process with the addition of chain extender (CE) in the form of epoxy-functionalized oligomer. The properties of unreinforced blends was evaluated using injection molded samples. The composite samples were prepared by compression molding technique, while flax fibers reinforcement was in the form of plain fabric. The properties of the laminated sheets were investigated during mechanical test measurements (tensile, flexural, impact). Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analysis was used to determine the thermal properties, while dynamic mechanical thermal analysis (DMTA) and heat deflection temperature (HDT) measurements were conducted in order to measure the thermomechanical properties. Research procedure was supplemented with structure evaluation using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis. The comparative study reveals that the properties of PLA/PBAT-based composites were more favorable, especially in the context of impact resistance improvement. However, for CE modified samples also the modulus and strength was improved. Structural observations after the impact tests confirmed the presence of the plastic deformation of PLA/PBAT matrix, which confirmed the favorable properties of the developed materials. The use of PBAT phase as the impact modifier strongly reduced the PLA brittleness, while the reactive extrusion process improves the fiber-matrix interactions leading to higher stiffness and strength.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacek Andrzejewski
- Polymer Processing Division, Institute of Materials Technology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Poznan University of Technology, ul. Piotrowo 3, 61-138 Poznan, Poland
- MATRIX Students Club, Polymer Processing Division, Poznan University of Technology, ul. Piotrowo 3, 61-138 Poznan, Poland;
| | - Michał Nowakowski
- MATRIX Students Club, Polymer Processing Division, Poznan University of Technology, ul. Piotrowo 3, 61-138 Poznan, Poland;
- Faculty of Materials Engineering and Technical Physics, Poznan University of Technology, ul. Piotrowo 3, 60-965 Poznan, Poland
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23
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Doganci MD. Effects of star-shaped PCL having different numbers of arms on the mechanical, morphological, and thermal properties of PLA/PCL blends. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-020-02380-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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24
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Macro-, Micro- and Nanomechanical Characterization of Crosslinked Polymers with Very Broad Range of Mechanical Properties. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12122951. [PMID: 33321924 PMCID: PMC7763541 DOI: 10.3390/polym12122951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 12/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This work is focused on the comparison of macro-, micro- and nanomechanical properties of a series of eleven highly homogeneous and chemically very similar polymer networks, consisting of diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A cured with diamine terminated polypropylene oxide. The main objective was to correlate the mechanical properties at multiple length scales, while using very well-defined polymeric materials. By means of synthesis parameters, the glass transition temperature (Tg) of the polymer networks was deliberately varied in a broad range and, as a result, the samples changed their mechanical behavior from very hard and stiff (elastic moduli 4 GPa), through semi-hard and ductile, to very soft and elastic (elastic moduli 0.006 GPa). The mechanical properties were characterized in macroscale (dynamic mechanical analysis; DMA), microscale (quasi-static microindentation hardness testing; MHI) and nanoscale (quasi-static and dynamic nanoindentation hardness testing; NHI). The stiffness-related properties (i.e., storage moduli, indentation moduli and indentation hardness at all length scales) showed strong and statistically significant mutual correlations (all Pearson′s correlation coefficients r > 0.9 and corresponding p-values < 0.001). Moreover, the relations among the stiffness-related properties were approximately linear, in agreement with the theoretical prediction. The viscosity-related properties (i.e., loss moduli, damping factors, indentation creep and elastic work of indentation at all length scales) reflected the stiff-ductile-elastic transitions. The fact that the macro-, micro- and nanomechanical properties exhibited the same trends and similar values indicated that not only dynamic, but also quasi-static indentation can be employed as an alternative to well-established DMA characterization of polymer networks.
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25
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Development of Eco-Sustainable PBAT-Based Blown Films and Performance Analysis for Food Packaging Applications. MATERIALS 2020; 13:ma13235395. [PMID: 33261089 PMCID: PMC7730826 DOI: 10.3390/ma13235395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 11/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
In this work, eco-sustainable blown films with improved performance, suitable for flexible packaging applications requiring high ductility, were developed and characterized. Films were made by blending two bioplastics with complementary properties—the ductile and flexible poly(butylene-adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT) and the rigid and brittle poly(lactic acid) (PLA)—at a 60/40 mass ratio. With the aim of improving the blends’ performance, the effects of two types of PLA, differing for viscosity and stereoregularity, and the addition of a commercial polymer chain extender (Joncryl®), were analyzed. The use of the PLA with a viscosity ratio closer to PBAT and lower stereoregularity led to a finer morphology and better interfacial adhesion between the phases, and the addition of the chain extender further reduced the size of the dispersed phase domains, with beneficial effects on the mechanical response of the produced films. The best system composition, made by the blend of PBAT, amorphous PLA, and the compatibilizer, proved to have improved mechanical properties, with a good balance between stiffness and ductility and also good transparency and sealability, which are desirable features for flexible packaging applications.
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26
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Comparison of macro-, micro- and nanomechanical properties of clinically-relevant UHMWPE formulations. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2020; 120:104205. [PMID: 34058599 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2020.104205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Revised: 11/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We characterized a set of eleven clinically relevant formulations of UHMWPE for total joint replacements. Although their molecular and supermolecular structure were quite similar as evidenced by IR, DSC and SAXS measurements, there were slight differences in their crystallinity (DSC crystallinity ranging from 52 to 61%), which were connected with processing conditions, such as the total radiation dose, thermal treatment and/or addition of biocompatible stabilizers. Mechanical properties were assessed at all length scales, using macroscale compression testing, non-instrumented and instrumented microindentation hardness testing (at loading forces ~500 mN), and nanoindentation hardness testing measured at both higher and lower loading (~4 mN and ~0.6 mN, respectively). In agreement with theoretical predictions, we found linear correlations between UHMWPE crystallinity and its stiffness-related properties (elastic moduli, yield stress, and hardness) at all length scales (macro-, micro- and nanoscale). Detailed statistical evaluation of our dataset showed that the accuracy and precision of the applied methods decreased in the following order: non-instrumented microindentation ≥ instrumented microindentation ≥ macromechanical properties ≥ nanoindentation measured at higher loading forces ≫ nanoindentation measured at lower loading forces. The results confirm that microindentation and nanoindentation at sufficiently high loading forces are reliable methods, suitable for UHMWPE characterization.
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27
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Yang X, Liu S, Yu E, Wei Z. Toughening of Poly(l-Lactide) with Branched Polycaprolactone: Effect of Chain Length. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:29284-29291. [PMID: 33225159 PMCID: PMC7675962 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c04070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
In this work, a series of branched polycaprolactone (BPCL) samples with different ε-caprolactone (CL) chain lengths were synthesized and used to toughen poly (lactic acid) (PLA). The spherical structure increased the free volume, facilitating the free movement of the PLA chain segment and increasing the ductility. In addition, the hydrogen bonds between the multi-terminal hydroxyl group of BPCL x and PLA improved the interaction between them. The glass-transition temperatures (T g) and crystallization temperatures (T c) of the blends were significantly lower than those of PLA, and these temperatures increased with the chain length of polycaprolactone. BPCL x increased the crystallization rate of PLA through heterogeneous nucleation. A longer chain length of CL increased the mutual entanglement in the blends, reduced the hydrogen bonding between BPCL x and PLA, and increased the entanglement of BPCL x chains. When the chain length of CL was 6, the impact strength and elongation at break of the PLA/BPCL blends exhibited an increase of 151.72 and 465.8%, respectively, as compared with PLA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangming Yang
- Key
Laboratory for Green Processing of Chemical Engineering of Xinjiang
Bingtuan/School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China
| | - Shuaibo Liu
- Key
Laboratory for Green Processing of Chemical Engineering of Xinjiang
Bingtuan/School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China
| | - Erlei Yu
- Key
Laboratory for Green Processing of Chemical Engineering of Xinjiang
Bingtuan/School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China
- Key
Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering of Xinjiang
Uygur Autonomous Region/Engineering Research Center of Materials-Oriented
Chemical Engineering of Xinjiang Bingtuan, School of Chemistry and
Chemical Engineering, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China
| | - Zhong Wei
- Key
Laboratory for Green Processing of Chemical Engineering of Xinjiang
Bingtuan/School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China
- Key
Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering of Xinjiang
Uygur Autonomous Region/Engineering Research Center of Materials-Oriented
Chemical Engineering of Xinjiang Bingtuan, School of Chemistry and
Chemical Engineering, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China
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28
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Wang J, Li J, Wang X, Cheng Q, Weng Y, Ren J. Synthesis and properties of UV-curable polyester acrylate resins from biodegradable poly(l-lactide) and poly(ε-caprolactone). REACT FUNCT POLYM 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2020.104695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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29
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Hidese R, Matsuda M, Osanai T, Hasunuma T, Kondo A. Malic Enzyme Facilitates d-Lactate Production through Increased Pyruvate Supply during Anoxic Dark Fermentation in Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803. ACS Synth Biol 2020; 9:260-268. [PMID: 32004431 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.9b00281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
d-Lactate is one of the most valuable compounds for manufacturing biobased polymers. Here, we have investigated the significance of endogenous malate dehydrogenase (decarboxylating) (malic enzyme, ME), which catalyzes the oxidative decarboxylation of malate to pyruvate, in d-lactate biosynthesis in the cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC6803. d-Lactate levels were increased by 2-fold in ME-overexpressing strains, while levels in ME-deficient strains were almost equivalent to those in the host strain. Dynamic metabolomics revealed that overexpression of ME led to increased turnover rates in malate and pyruvate metabolism; in contrast, deletion of ME resulted in increased pool sizes of glycolytic intermediates, probably due to sequential feedback inhibition, initially triggered by malate accumulation. Finally, both the loss of the acetate kinase gene and overexpression of endogenous d-lactate dehydrogenase, concurrent with ME overexpression, resulted in the highest production of d-lactate (26.6 g/L) with an initial cell concentration of 75 g-DCW/L after 72 h fermentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryota Hidese
- Graduate School of Science, Innovation and Technology, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Mami Matsuda
- Graduate School of Science, Innovation and Technology, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
- Engineering Biology Research Center, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada, Kobe, Hyogo 657-8501, Japan
| | - Takashi Osanai
- School of Agriculture, Meiji University, 1-1-1 Higashimita, Tama-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 214-8571, Japan
| | - Tomohisa Hasunuma
- Graduate School of Science, Innovation and Technology, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
- Engineering Biology Research Center, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada, Kobe, Hyogo 657-8501, Japan
| | - Akihiko Kondo
- Graduate School of Science, Innovation and Technology, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
- Engineering Biology Research Center, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada, Kobe, Hyogo 657-8501, Japan
- Biomass Engineering Program, RIKEN, 1-7-22 Suehiro, Tsurumi, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
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30
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Zhao X, Hu H, Wang X, Yu X, Zhou W, Peng S. Super tough poly(lactic acid) blends: a comprehensive review. RSC Adv 2020; 10:13316-13368. [PMID: 35492128 PMCID: PMC9051451 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra01801e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Poly(lactic acid) or poly(lactide) (PLA) is a renewable, bio-based, and biodegradable aliphatic thermoplastic polyester that is considered a promising alternative to petrochemical-derived polymers in a wide range of commodity and engineering applications. However, PLA is inherently brittle, with less than 10% elongation at break and a relatively poor impact strength, which limit its use in some specific areas. Therefore, enhancing the toughness of PLA has been widely explored in academic and industrial fields over the last two decades. This work aims to summarize and organize the current development in super tough PLA fabricated via polymer blending. The miscibility and compatibility of PLA-based blends, and the methods and approaches for compatibilized PLA blends are briefly discussed. Recent advances in PLA modified with various polymers for improving the toughness of PLA are also summarized and elucidated systematically in this review. Various polymers used in toughening PLA are discussed and organized: elastomers, such as petroleum-based traditional polyurethanes (PUs), bio-based elastomers, and biodegradable polyester elastomers; glycidyl ester compatibilizers and their copolymers/elastomers, such as poly(ethylene-co-glycidyl methacrylate) (EGMA), poly(ethylene-n-butylene-acrylate-co-glycidyl methacrylate) (EBA-GMA); rubber; petroleum-based traditional plastics, such as PE and PP; and various biodegradable polymers, such as poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT), polycaprolactone (PCL), poly(butylene succinate) (PBS), and natural macromolecules, especially starch. The high tensile toughness and high impact strength of PLA-based blends are briefly outlined, while the super tough PLA-based blends with impact strength exceeding 50 kJ m−2 are elucidated in detail. The toughening strategies and approaches of PLA based super tough blends are summarized and analyzed. The relationship of the properties of PLA-based blends and their morphological parameters, including particle size, interparticle distance, and phase morphologies, are presented. PLA is a renewable, bio-based, and biodegradable aliphatic thermoplastic polyester that is considered a promising alternative to petrochemical-derived polymers in a wide range of commodity and engineering applications.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Xipo Zhao
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Green Materials for Light Industry
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Green Light-weight Materials and Processing
- Hubei University of Technology
- Wuhan 430068
- China
| | - Huan Hu
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Green Materials for Light Industry
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Green Light-weight Materials and Processing
- Hubei University of Technology
- Wuhan 430068
- China
| | - Xin Wang
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Green Materials for Light Industry
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Green Light-weight Materials and Processing
- Hubei University of Technology
- Wuhan 430068
- China
| | - Xiaolei Yu
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Green Materials for Light Industry
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Green Light-weight Materials and Processing
- Hubei University of Technology
- Wuhan 430068
- China
| | - Weiyi Zhou
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Green Materials for Light Industry
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Green Light-weight Materials and Processing
- Hubei University of Technology
- Wuhan 430068
- China
| | - Shaoxian Peng
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Green Materials for Light Industry
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Green Light-weight Materials and Processing
- Hubei University of Technology
- Wuhan 430068
- China
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Motloung MP, Ojijo V, Bandyopadhyay J, Ray SS. Morphological characteristics and thermal, rheological, and mechanical properties of cellulose nanocrystals‐containing biodegradable poly(lactic acid)/poly(ε‐caprolactone) blend composites. J Appl Polym Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/app.48665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mpho Phillip Motloung
- DST‐CSIR National Centre for Nanostructured Materials, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research Pretoria 0001 South Africa
- Department of Chemical SciencesUniversity of Johannesburg Doornfontein, 2028 Johannesburg South Africa
| | - Vincent Ojijo
- DST‐CSIR National Centre for Nanostructured Materials, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research Pretoria 0001 South Africa
| | - Jayita Bandyopadhyay
- DST‐CSIR National Centre for Nanostructured Materials, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research Pretoria 0001 South Africa
| | - Suprakas Sinha Ray
- DST‐CSIR National Centre for Nanostructured Materials, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research Pretoria 0001 South Africa
- Department of Chemical SciencesUniversity of Johannesburg Doornfontein, 2028 Johannesburg South Africa
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32
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Šlouf M, Michálková D, Gajdošová V, Dybal J, Pilař J. Prooxidant activity of phenolic stabilizers in polyolefins during accelerated photooxidation. Polym Degrad Stab 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2019.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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33
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Lin W, Qu JP. Enhancing Impact Toughness of Renewable Poly(lactic acid)/Thermoplastic Polyurethane Blends via Constructing Cocontinuous-like Phase Morphology Assisted by Ethylene–Methyl Acrylate–Glycidyl Methacrylate Copolymer. Ind Eng Chem Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.9b01644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Wangyang Lin
- National Engineering Research Center of Novel Equipment for Polymer Processing, Key Laboratory of Polymer Processing Engineering, Ministry of Education, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Technique and Equipment for Macromolecular Advanced Manufacturing, School of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510640, China
| | - Jin-Ping Qu
- National Engineering Research Center of Novel Equipment for Polymer Processing, Key Laboratory of Polymer Processing Engineering, Ministry of Education, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Technique and Equipment for Macromolecular Advanced Manufacturing, School of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510640, China
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34
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Phetphaisit CW, Wapanyakul W, Phinyocheep P. Effect of modified rubber powder on the morphology and thermal and mechanical properties of blown poly(lactic acid)-hydroxyl epoxidized natural rubber films for flexible film packaging. J Appl Polym Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/app.47503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chor Wayakron Phetphaisit
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science; Naresuan University; Phitsanulok 65000 Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Biomaterials; Naresuan University; Phitsanulok 65000 Thailand
| | - Wittawat Wapanyakul
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science; Naresuan University; Phitsanulok 65000 Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Biomaterials; Naresuan University; Phitsanulok 65000 Thailand
| | - Pranee Phinyocheep
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science; Mahidol University; 10400 Thailand
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35
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Zhao N, Lv Z, Ma J, Zhu C, Li Q. Fabrication of hydrophilic small diameter vascular foam scaffolds of poly(ε-caprolactone)/polylactic blend by sodium hydroxide solution. Eur Polym J 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2018.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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36
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Quiles-Carrillo L, Montanes N, Pineiro F, Jorda-Vilaplana A, Torres-Giner S. Ductility and Toughness Improvement of Injection-Molded Compostable Pieces of Polylactide by Melt Blending with Poly(ε-caprolactone) and Thermoplastic Starch. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2018; 11:E2138. [PMID: 30380751 PMCID: PMC6266747 DOI: 10.3390/ma11112138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2018] [Revised: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The present study describes the preparation and characterization of binary and ternary blends based on polylactide (PLA) with poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL) and thermoplastic starch (TPS) to develop fully compostable plastics with improved ductility and toughness. To this end, PLA was first melt-mixed in a co-rotating twin-screw extruder with up to 40 wt % of different PCL and TPS combinations and then shaped into pieces by injection molding. The mechanical, thermal, and thermomechanical properties of the resultant binary and ternary blend pieces were analyzed and related to their composition. Although the biopolymer blends were immiscible, the addition of both PCL and TPS remarkably increased the flexibility and impact strength of PLA while it slightly reduced its mechanical strength. The most balanced mechanical performance was achieved for the ternary blend pieces that combined high PCL contents with low amounts of TPS, suggesting a main phase change from PLA/TPS (comparatively rigid) to PLA/PCL (comparatively flexible). The PLA-based blends presented an "island-and-sea" morphology in which the TPS phase contributed to the fine dispersion of PCL as micro-sized spherical domains that acted as a rubber-like phase with the capacity to improve toughness. In addition, the here-prepared ternary blend pieces presented slightly higher thermal stability and lower thermomechanical stiffness than the neat PLA pieces. Finally, all biopolymer pieces fully disintegrated in a controlled compost soil after 28 days. Therefore, the inherently low ductility and toughness of PLA can be successfully improved by melt blending with PCL and TPS, resulting in compostable plastic materials with a great potential in, for instance, rigid packaging applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Quiles-Carrillo
- Technological Institute of Materials (ITM), Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV), Plaza Ferrándiz y Carbonell 1, 03801 Alcoy, Spain.
| | - Nestor Montanes
- Technological Institute of Materials (ITM), Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV), Plaza Ferrándiz y Carbonell 1, 03801 Alcoy, Spain.
| | - Fede Pineiro
- Technological Institute of Materials (ITM), Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV), Plaza Ferrándiz y Carbonell 1, 03801 Alcoy, Spain.
| | - Amparo Jorda-Vilaplana
- Technological Institute of Materials (ITM), Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV), Plaza Ferrándiz y Carbonell 1, 03801 Alcoy, Spain.
| | - Sergio Torres-Giner
- Technological Institute of Materials (ITM), Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV), Plaza Ferrándiz y Carbonell 1, 03801 Alcoy, Spain.
- Novel Materials and Nanotechnology Group, Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology (IATA), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Calle Catedrático Agustín Escardino Benlloch 7, 46980 Paterna, Spain.
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37
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Garcia-Campo MJ, Quiles-Carrillo L, Sanchez-Nacher L, Balart R, Montanes N. High toughness poly(lactic acid) (PLA) formulations obtained by ternary blends with poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB) and flexible polyesters from succinic acid. Polym Bull (Berl) 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s00289-018-2475-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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38
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Botlhoko OJ, Ramontja J, Ray SS. A new insight into morphological, thermal, and mechanical properties of melt-processed polylactide/poly(ε-caprolactone) blends. Polym Degrad Stab 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2018.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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39
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Zare Y, Rhim S, Garmabi H, Rhee KY. A simple model for constant storage modulus of poly (lactic acid)/poly (ethylene oxide)/carbon nanotubes nanocomposites at low frequencies assuming the properties of interphase regions and networks. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2018; 80:164-170. [PMID: 29427932 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2018.01.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2017] [Revised: 01/27/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The networks of nanoparticles in nanocomposites cause solid-like behavior demonstrating a constant storage modulus at low frequencies. This study examines the storage modulus of poly (lactic acid)/poly (ethylene oxide)/carbon nanotubes (CNT) nanocomposites. The experimental data of the storage modulus in the plateau regions are obtained by a frequency sweep test. In addition, a simple model is developed to predict the constant storage modulus assuming the properties of the interphase regions and the CNT networks. The model calculations are compared with the experimental results, and the parametric analyses are applied to validate the predictability of the developed model. The calculations properly agree with the experimental data at all polymer and CNT concentrations. Moreover, all parameters acceptably modulate the constant storage modulus. The percentage of the networked CNT, the modulus of networks, and the thickness and modulus of the interphase regions directly govern the storage modulus of nanocomposites. The outputs reveal the important roles of the interphase properties in the storage modulus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasser Zare
- Department of Polymer Engineering and Color Technology, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sungsoo Rhim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 446-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Hamid Garmabi
- Department of Polymer Engineering and Color Technology, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Kyong Yop Rhee
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 446-701, Republic of Korea.
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40
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Ostafinska A, Vackova T, Slouf M. Strong synergistic improvement of mechanical properties in HDPE/COC blends with fibrillar morphology. POLYM ENG SCI 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.24805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Ostafinska
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Heyrovsky Sq. 2; Prague 6 162 06 Czech Republic
| | - Tatana Vackova
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Heyrovsky Sq. 2; Prague 6 162 06 Czech Republic
| | - Miroslav Slouf
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Heyrovsky Sq. 2; Prague 6 162 06 Czech Republic
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41
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Ito S, Takeya M, Osanai T. Substrate Specificity and Allosteric Regulation of a D-Lactate Dehydrogenase from a Unicellular Cyanobacterium are Altered by an Amino Acid Substitution. Sci Rep 2017; 7:15052. [PMID: 29118438 PMCID: PMC5678113 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-15341-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Accepted: 10/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Lactate/lactic acid is an important chemical compound for the manufacturing of bioplastics. The unicellular cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 can produce lactate from carbon dioxide and possesses d-lactate dehydrogenase (Ddh). Here, we performed a biochemical analysis of the Ddh from this cyanobacterium (SyDdh) using recombinant proteins. SyDdh was classified into a cyanobacterial clade similar to those from Gram-negative bacteria, although it was distinct from them. SyDdh can use both pyruvate and oxaloacetate as a substrate and is activated by fructose-1,6-bisphosphate and repressed by divalent cations. An amino acid substitution based on multiple sequence alignment data revealed that the glutamine at position 14 and serine at position 234 are important for the allosteric regulation by Mg2+ and substrate specificity of SyDdh, respectively. These results reveal the characteristic biochemical properties of Ddh in a unicellular cyanobacterium, which are different from those of other bacterial Ddhs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoki Ito
- School of Agriculture, Meiji University, 1-1-1, Higashimita, Tama-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, 214-8571, Japan
| | - Masahiro Takeya
- School of Agriculture, Meiji University, 1-1-1, Higashimita, Tama-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, 214-8571, Japan
| | - Takashi Osanai
- School of Agriculture, Meiji University, 1-1-1, Higashimita, Tama-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, 214-8571, Japan.
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42
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Fortelný I, Jůza J. Prediction of average droplet size in flowing immiscible polymer blends. J Appl Polym Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/app.45250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Fortelný
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry AS CR; Heyrovského nám. 2 Praha 6 162 06 Czech Republic
| | - Josef Jůza
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry AS CR; Heyrovského nám. 2 Praha 6 162 06 Czech Republic
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