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Modica F, Basile V, Surace R, Fassi I. Replication Study of Molded Micro-Textured Samples Made of Ultra-High Molecular Weight Polyethylene for Medical Applications. MICROMACHINES 2023; 14:523. [PMID: 36984930 PMCID: PMC10051488 DOI: 10.3390/mi14030523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Revised: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
In articular joint implants, polymeric inserts are usually exploited for on-contact sliding surfaces to guarantee low friction and wear, a high load-bearing capacity, impact strength and stiffness, and biocompatibility. Surface micro-structuring can drastically reduce friction and wear by promoting hydrostatic friction due to synovial fluid. Ultra-High Molecular Weight Polyethylene (UHMWPE) is a suitable material for these applications due to its strong chemical resistance, excellent resistance to stress, cracking, abrasion, and wear, and self-lubricating property. However, surface micro-texturing of UHMWPE is hardly achievable with the currently available processes. The present study investigates UHMWPE's micro-textured surface replication capability via injection molding, comparing the results with the more easily processable High-Density Polyethylene (HDPE). Four different micro-texture cavities were designed and fabricated on a steel mold by micro-EDM milling, and used for the experimental campaign. Complete samples were fabricated with both materials. Then, the mold and samples were geometrically characterized, considering the dimensions of the features and the texture layout. The replication analysis showed that HDPE samples present geometrical errors that span from 1% to 9% resulting in an average error of 4.3%. In comparison, the UHMWPE samples display a higher variability, although still acceptable, with percentage errors ranging from 2% to 31% and an average error of 11.4%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Modica
- CNR-STIIMA Institute of Intelligent Industrial Technologies and Systems for Advanced Manufacturing, Via P. Lembo, 38F, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Vito Basile
- CNR-STIIMA Institute of Intelligent Industrial Technologies and Systems for Advanced Manufacturing, Via P. Lembo, 38F, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Rossella Surace
- CNR-STIIMA Institute of Intelligent Industrial Technologies and Systems for Advanced Manufacturing, Via P. Lembo, 38F, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Irene Fassi
- CNR-STIIMA Institute of Intelligent Industrial Technologies and Systems for Advanced Manufacturing, Via A. Corti, 12, 20133 Milano, Italy
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Jain C, Surabhi P, Marathe K. Critical Review on the Developments in Polymer Composite Materials for Biomedical Implants. JOURNAL OF BIOMATERIALS SCIENCE, POLYMER EDITION 2022; 34:893-917. [PMID: 36369719 DOI: 10.1080/09205063.2022.2145870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
There has been a lack of research for developing functional polymer composites for biomedical implants. Even though metals are widely used as implant materials, there is a need for developing polymer composites as implant materials because of the stress shielding effect that causes a lack of compatibility of metals with the human body. This review aims to bring out the latest developments in polymer composite materials for body implants and to emphasize the significance of polymer composites as a viable alternative to conventional materials used in the biomedical industry for ease of life. This review article explores the developments in functional polymer composites for biomedical applications and provides distinct divisions for their applications based on the part of the body where they are implanted. Each application has been covered in some detail. The various applications covered are bone transplants and bone regeneration, cardiovascular implants (stents), dental implants and restorative materials, neurological and spinal implants, and tendon and ligament replacement.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Kumudinee Marathe
- Department of Chemical Engg, Institute of Chemical Technology, Matunga, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India 400019
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Cao Y, Fan X, Guo Y, Ding W, Liu X, Li C. Multi-objective optimization of injection molding process parameters based on BO-RFR and NSGAⅡ methods. INT POLYM PROC 2022. [DOI: 10.1515/ipp-2020-4063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Injection molding of thin-walled plastic parts with minimum deformation in warpage and volume shrinkage is crucial for part quality. Simulation combined Latin hypercube sampling approach was used to research the effects of different process parameters on deformation. Then, random forest regression (RFR) is used to construct the mathematical relationship between process parameters and defects, such as warpage and volume shrinkage. The gaussian process is used as probabilistic surrogate model, while the probability of improvement is used as acquisition function to construct a Bayesian optimization for RFR’s hyperparameters, and the performance of random search is compared. In addition, the gradient boosting regression (GBR) and support vector regression (SVR) were also adopted to establish the prediction models, respectively. Comparing all the above prediction models, it can be found that the Bayesian optimized random forest regression (BO-RFR) has the highest accuracy. The Non-dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm-II (NSGA-II) is interfaced with the predictive models to find the optimum design parameters for the purpose of effectively predicting and controlling warpage and volume shrinkage. The results show that warpage is reduced by 66.03% while volume shrinkage is 46.20% after optimizing. The final finite element simulation and physical tests indicate that this proposed method can effectively achieve the multi-objective optimization of injection molding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanli Cao
- School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering , Jiangsu Normal University , Xuzhou 221116 , P. R. China
| | - Xiying Fan
- School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering , Jiangsu Normal University , Xuzhou 221116 , P. R. China
| | - Yonghuan Guo
- School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering , Jiangsu Normal University , Xuzhou 221116 , P. R. China
| | - Wenjie Ding
- School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering , Jiangsu Normal University , Xuzhou 221116 , P. R. China
| | - Xin Liu
- School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering , Jiangsu Normal University , Xuzhou 221116 , P. R. China
| | - Chunxiao Li
- School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering , Jiangsu Normal University , Xuzhou 221116 , P. R. China
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Shiroud Heidari B, Bappoo N, Kelsey LJ, Davachi SM, Doyle B. Multi‐response optimization of shrinkage, clamp force, and part weight in simulated injection molding process of a dialysis micro‐filter. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.51732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Behzad Shiroud Heidari
- Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, QEII Medical Centre, Nedlands and the UWA Centre for Medical Research The University of Western Australia Perth Australia
- School of Engineering The University of Western Australia Perth Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre for Personalised Therapeutics Technologies The University of Melbourne Parkville Victoria Australia
| | - Nikhilesh Bappoo
- Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, QEII Medical Centre, Nedlands and the UWA Centre for Medical Research The University of Western Australia Perth Australia
- School of Engineering The University of Western Australia Perth Australia
| | - Lachlan J. Kelsey
- Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, QEII Medical Centre, Nedlands and the UWA Centre for Medical Research The University of Western Australia Perth Australia
- School of Engineering The University of Western Australia Perth Australia
| | - Seyed Mohammad Davachi
- Department of Biological and Chemistry Texas A&M International University Laredo Texas USA
- Department of Food Science, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences Cornell University Ithaca New York USA
| | - Barry Doyle
- Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, QEII Medical Centre, Nedlands and the UWA Centre for Medical Research The University of Western Australia Perth Australia
- School of Engineering The University of Western Australia Perth Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre for Personalised Therapeutics Technologies The University of Melbourne Parkville Victoria Australia
- British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science The University of Edinburgh Edinburgh UK
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Alms J, Hopmann C, Wang J, Hohlweck T. Non-Isothermal Crystallisation Kinetics of Polypropylene at High Cooling Rates and Comparison to the Continuous Two-Domain pvT Model. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12071515. [PMID: 32650449 PMCID: PMC7408015 DOI: 10.3390/polym12071515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The modelling of the correlation between pressure, specific volume and temperature (pvT) of polymers is highly important for applications in the polymer processing of semi-crystalline thermoplastics, especially in injection moulding. In injection moulding, the polymer experiences a wide range of cooling rates, for example, 60 °C/min near the centre of the part and up to 3000 °C/min near the mould walls. The cooling rate has a high influence on the pvT behaviour, as was shown in the continuous two-domain pvT model (CTD). This work examined the Hoffman–Lauritzen nucleation and growth theory used in the modified Hammami model for extremely high cooling rates (up to 300,000 °C/min) by means of Flash differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) measurements. The results were compared to those of the empirical continuous two-domain pvT model. It is shown that the Hammami model is not suitable to predict the crystallisation kinetics of polypropylene at cooling rates above 600 °C/min, but that the continuous two-domain pvT model is well able to predict crystallisation temperatures at high cooling rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Alms
- Institute for Plastics Processing (IKV), RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Christian Hopmann
- Institute for Plastics Processing (IKV), RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Jian Wang
- Institute for Plastics Processing (IKV), RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Tobias Hohlweck
- Institute for Plastics Processing (IKV), RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
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Wang J, Hopmann C, Röbig M, Hohlweck T, Kahve C, Alms J. Continuous Two-Domain Equations of State for the Description of the Pressure-Specific Volume-Temperature Behavior of Polymers. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12020409. [PMID: 32054052 PMCID: PMC7077649 DOI: 10.3390/polym12020409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The two-domain Schmidt equation of state (EoS), which describes the pressure-specific volume–temperature (pvT) behavior of polymers in both the equilibrium molten/liquid state and non-equilibrium solid/glassy state, is often used in the simulation of polymer processing. However, this empirical model has a discontinuity problem and low fitting accuracy. This work derived a continuous two-domain pvT model with higher fitting accuracy compared with the Schmidt model. The cooling rate as an obvious influencing factor on the pvT behavior of polymers was also considered in the model. The interaction parameters of the equations were fitted with the experimental pvT data of an amorphous polymer, acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS), and a semi-crystalline polymer, polypropylene (PP). The fitted results by the continuous two-domain EoS were in good agreement with the experimental data. The average absolute percentage deviations were 0.1% and 0.16% for the amorphous and semi-crystalline polymers, respectively. As a result, the present work provided a simple and useful model for the prediction of the specific volume of polymers as a function of temperature, pressure, and cooling rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Wang
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
- Institute for Plastics Processing (IKV), RWTH Aachen University, Aachen 52074, Germany; (C.H.); (M.R.); (T.H.); (C.K.); (J.A.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-10-64434734
| | - Christian Hopmann
- Institute for Plastics Processing (IKV), RWTH Aachen University, Aachen 52074, Germany; (C.H.); (M.R.); (T.H.); (C.K.); (J.A.)
| | - Malte Röbig
- Institute for Plastics Processing (IKV), RWTH Aachen University, Aachen 52074, Germany; (C.H.); (M.R.); (T.H.); (C.K.); (J.A.)
| | - Tobias Hohlweck
- Institute for Plastics Processing (IKV), RWTH Aachen University, Aachen 52074, Germany; (C.H.); (M.R.); (T.H.); (C.K.); (J.A.)
| | - Cemi Kahve
- Institute for Plastics Processing (IKV), RWTH Aachen University, Aachen 52074, Germany; (C.H.); (M.R.); (T.H.); (C.K.); (J.A.)
| | - Jonathan Alms
- Institute for Plastics Processing (IKV), RWTH Aachen University, Aachen 52074, Germany; (C.H.); (M.R.); (T.H.); (C.K.); (J.A.)
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8
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Recent Trends, Technical Concepts and Components of Computer-Assisted Orthopedic Surgery Systems: A Comprehensive Review. SENSORS 2019; 19:s19235199. [PMID: 31783631 PMCID: PMC6929084 DOI: 10.3390/s19235199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Revised: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Computer-assisted orthopedic surgery (CAOS) systems have become one of the most important and challenging types of system in clinical orthopedics, as they enable precise treatment of musculoskeletal diseases, employing modern clinical navigation systems and surgical tools. This paper brings a comprehensive review of recent trends and possibilities of CAOS systems. There are three types of the surgical planning systems, including: systems based on the volumetric images (computer tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or ultrasound images), further systems utilize either 2D or 3D fluoroscopic images, and the last one utilizes the kinetic information about the joints and morphological information about the target bones. This complex review is focused on three fundamental aspects of CAOS systems: their essential components, types of CAOS systems, and mechanical tools used in CAOS systems. In this review, we also outline the possibilities for using ultrasound computer-assisted orthopedic surgery (UCAOS) systems as an alternative to conventionally used CAOS systems.
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Shiroud Heidari B, Hedayati Moghaddam A, Davachi SM, Khamani S, Alihosseini A. Optimization of process parameters in plastic injection molding for minimizing the volumetric shrinkage and warpage using radial basis function (RBF) coupled with the k-fold cross validation technique. JOURNAL OF POLYMER ENGINEERING 2019. [DOI: 10.1515/polyeng-2018-0359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
In this study, a multi-objective design optimization method based on a radial basis function (RBF) model was applied to minimize the volumetric shrinkage and warpage of hip liners as an injection-molded biomedical part. The hip liners included an ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) liner and UHMWPE reinforced with a nano-hydroxyapatite (nHA) liner. The shrinkage and warpage values of the hip liners were generated by simulation of the injection molding process using Autodesk Moldflow. The RBF model was used to build an approximate function relationship between the objectives and the process parameters. The process parameters, including mold temperature, melt temperature, injection time, packing time, packing pressure, coolant temperature, and type of liner, were surveyed to find the interaction effects of them on the shrinkage and warpage of the liners. The results indicated that the addition of nHA helps the liners to obtain more dimensional stability. The model was validated by the k-fold cross validation technique. Finally, the model revealed the optimal process conditions to achieve the minimized shrinkage and warpage simultaneously for various weights.
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Balali S, Davachi SM, Sahraeian R, Shiroud Heidari B, Seyfi J, Hejazi I. Preparation and Characterization of Composite Blends Based on Polylactic Acid/Polycaprolactone and Silk. Biomacromolecules 2018; 19:4358-4369. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.8b01254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shiva Balali
- Department of Chemical and Polymer Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Central Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Mohammad Davachi
- Department of Chemical and Polymer Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Central Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
- Soft Tissue Engineering Research Center, Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine Institute, Central Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Razi Sahraeian
- Composites Department, Faculty of Processing, Iran Polymer and Petrochemical Institute, P.O. Box 14975/112, Tehran, Iran
| | - Behzad Shiroud Heidari
- Applied Science Nano Research Group, ASNARKA, Tehran, Iran
- Vascular Engineering Laboratory, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, QEII Medical Centre, Nedlands and Centre for Medical Research, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
- School of Engineering, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Javad Seyfi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Shahrood Branch, Islamic Azad University, P.O. Box 36155-163, Shahrood, Iran
| | - Iman Hejazi
- Applied Science Nano Research Group, ASNARKA, Tehran, Iran
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