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Bayach I, Almutlaq N, Alkhalifah MA, Asif M, Ayub K, Sheikh NS. Nonlinear Optical Properties and Phototunable Absorption of a Substituted Dihydroazulene-Vinylheptafulvene Pair of Photochromes. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:18951-18963. [PMID: 37273631 PMCID: PMC10233684 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c01456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Quantum calculations were used to study UV-vis absorption properties and nonlinear optical characteristics of a variety of substituted dihydroazulene (DHA)/vinylheptafulvene (VHF) photoswitches. The absorption properties are substantially based on the position and nature of the substituent. In general, electron-donating groups cause red shifts compared to the parent compound. Any electron-withdrawing group, on the other hand, would generate a blue shift. Furthermore, the steric effect at some positions is accountable for the loss of planarity and, as a response, a decrease in electronic conjugation within the molecule, which in most cases result in blue shifts in maximum absorption. The purpose of this research is to investigate the influence of substitution at the seven-membered ring of the DHA/VHF system on the absorption spectra and nonlinear optical characteristics of dihydroazulene photoswitches. UV-vis spectra and hyperpolarizability are determined since a prospective photoswitch should have a minimum overlap of absorption spectra from both isomers. Furthermore, the differential in hyperpolarizability between DHA and VHF is critical for practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imene Bayach
- Department
of Chemistry, College of Science, King Faisal
University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nadiah Almutlaq
- Department
of Chemistry, College of Science, King Faisal
University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed A. Alkhalifah
- Department
of Chemistry, College of Science, King Faisal
University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia
| | - Misbah Asif
- Department
of Chemistry, COMSATS University, Abbottabad
Campus, Abbottabad 22060, Pakistan
| | - Khurshid Ayub
- Department
of Chemistry, COMSATS University, Abbottabad
Campus, Abbottabad 22060, Pakistan
| | - Nadeem S. Sheikh
- Chemical
Sciences, Faculty of Science, Universiti
Brunei Darussalam, Jalan Tungku Link, Gadong BE1410, Brunei Darussalam
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Volarić J, Szymanski W, Simeth NA, Feringa BL. Molecular photoswitches in aqueous environments. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:12377-12449. [PMID: 34590636 PMCID: PMC8591629 DOI: 10.1039/d0cs00547a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Molecular photoswitches enable dynamic control of processes with high spatiotemporal precision, using light as external stimulus, and hence are ideal tools for different research areas spanning from chemical biology to smart materials. Photoswitches are typically organic molecules that feature extended aromatic systems to make them responsive to (visible) light. However, this renders them inherently lipophilic, while water-solubility is of crucial importance to apply photoswitchable organic molecules in biological systems, like in the rapidly emerging field of photopharmacology. Several strategies for solubilizing organic molecules in water are known, but there are not yet clear rules for applying them to photoswitchable molecules. Importantly, rendering photoswitches water-soluble has a serious impact on both their photophysical and biological properties, which must be taken into consideration when designing new systems. Altogether, these aspects pose considerable challenges for successfully applying molecular photoswitches in aqueous systems, and in particular in biologically relevant media. In this review, we focus on fully water-soluble photoswitches, such as those used in biological environments, in both in vitro and in vivo studies. We discuss the design principles and prospects for water-soluble photoswitches to inspire and enable their future applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Volarić
- Centre for Systems Chemistry, Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, Faculty for Science and Engineering, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Wiktor Szymanski
- Centre for Systems Chemistry, Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, Faculty for Science and Engineering, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands.
- Department of Radiology, Medical Imaging Center, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Nadja A Simeth
- Centre for Systems Chemistry, Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, Faculty for Science and Engineering, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands.
- Institute for Organic and Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Göttingen, Tammannstr. 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ben L Feringa
- Centre for Systems Chemistry, Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, Faculty for Science and Engineering, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands.
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Synthesis and fine-tuning of thermal stability of the negative nitrile-rich photochromes of hydroxytricyanopyrrole (HTCP) series. RESEARCH ON CHEMICAL INTERMEDIATES 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s11164-020-04157-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Sarkar R, Heitz MC, Royal G, Boggio-Pasqua M. Electronic Excited States and UV-Vis Absorption Spectra of the Dihydropyrene/Cyclophanediene Photochromic Couple: a Theoretical Investigation. J Phys Chem A 2020; 124:1567-1579. [PMID: 32017559 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.9b11262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Dihydropyrene (DHP)/cyclophanediene (CPD) is a fascinating photoswitchable organic system displaying negative photochromism. Upon irradiation in the visible region, the colored DHP can be converted to its open-ring CPD colorless isomer, which can be converted back to DHP by UV light. DHP and CPD thus possess very different absorption spectra whose absorption bands have never been assigned in detail so far. In this work, we characterize the vertical electronic transitions of the first six and seven excited states of DHP and CPD, respectively, aiming for a realistic comparison with experiment. We used state-of-the-art electronic structure methods [e.g., complete active space second-order perturbation theory (CASPT2), n-electron valence-state perturbation theory (NEVPT2), extended multiconfigurational quasi-degenerate perturbation theory (XMCQDPT2), and third-order algebraic diagrammatic construction ADC(3)] capable of describing differential electron correlation. Vertical transition energies were also computed with time-dependent density functional theory (TD-DFT) and compared to these accurate methods. After the reliability of TD-DFT was validated for the main optical transitions, this efficient method was used to simulate the absorption spectra of DHP and CPD in the framework of the Franck-Condon Herzberg-Teller approximation and also using the nuclear ensemble approach. Overall, for both methods, the simulated absorption spectra reproduce nicely the main spectral features of the DHP and CPD isomers, that is, the main four absorption bands of increasing intensity of DHP and the absorption rise below 300 nm for CPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rudraditya Sarkar
- Laboratoire de Chimie et Physique Quantiques , UMR 5626, IRSAMC, CNRS et Université Toulouse 3 , 118 Route de Narbonne , 31062 Toulouse , France
| | - Marie-Catherine Heitz
- Laboratoire de Chimie et Physique Quantiques , UMR 5626, IRSAMC, CNRS et Université Toulouse 3 , 118 Route de Narbonne , 31062 Toulouse , France
| | - Guy Royal
- Université Grenoble Alpes , CNRS, DCM , F-38000 Grenoble , France
| | - Martial Boggio-Pasqua
- Laboratoire de Chimie et Physique Quantiques , UMR 5626, IRSAMC, CNRS et Université Toulouse 3 , 118 Route de Narbonne , 31062 Toulouse , France
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Saima B, Wang YA, Hussain R, Muhammad S, Ayub K. Thermal decomposition of syn- and anti-dihydropyrenes; functional group-dependent decomposition pathway. J Mol Model 2019; 25:215. [PMID: 31292739 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-019-4052-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Syn and anti dihydropyrene (DHP) are excellent thermochromes, and therefore extensively studied for their thermochromic and photochromic properties, respectively. However, they suffer from thermal decomposition due to thermal instability. In this study, we thoroughly investigated pathways for the thermal decomposition of anti- and syn- dihydropyrenes through computational methods. The decomposition pathways include sigmatropic shift and hemolytic and heterolytic (cationic and anionic) cleavages. The decomposition pathway is influenced not only by the dihydropyrene (syn- or anti-) but also by the functional groups present. For anti-dihydropyrenes, sigmatropic shift is the most plausible pathways for CN and CHO internal groups. The cascade of sigmatropic shifts is followed by elimination to deliver substituted pyrenes. For CH3- and H- dihydropyrenes, hemolytic cleavage of the internal groups is the most plausible pathway for decomposition to pyrenes. The pathway is changed to heterolytic cleavage when the internal groups on the dihydropyrenes are Cl-, Br-, and SMe-. Comparison of the activation barriers for syn (30.18 kcal mol-1) and anti (32.10 kcal mol-1) dimethyldihydropyrenes for radical pathway reveal that decomposition of syn- DHP is more facile over anti-, which is consistent with the experimental observation. The decomposition pathway for syn-dihydropyrene is also hemolytic in cleavage when the internal groups are methyl and hydrogen. Syn-dihydropyrenes (symmetrical or unsymmetrical) bearing CN group do not follow sigmatropic shift, quite contrary to the anti-dihydropyrene. The lack of tendency of the syn-dihydropyrene for sigmatropic shift is rationalized on the planarity of the scaffold. The results of the theoretical study are consistent with the experimental observations. The results here help in understanding the behavior of substituents on the dihydropyrene scaffold, which will be useful in designing new molecules with improved thermal stabilities. Graphical abstract Functional group dependent decomposition pathways of dihydropyrenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bibi Saima
- Department of Chemistry, COMSATS University, Abbottabad Campus, Abbottabad, 22060, Pakistan
| | - Yan Alexander Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Riaz Hussain
- Department of Chemistry, University of Okara, Okara, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Shabbir Muhammad
- Department of Physics, College of Science, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia.,Research Center for Advanced Materials Science (RCAMS), King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khurshid Ayub
- Department of Chemistry, COMSATS University, Abbottabad Campus, Abbottabad, 22060, Pakistan.
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