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Raimondo D, Raffone A, Franceschini C, Virgilio A, Palermo R, Borghese G, Maletta M, Borgia A, Neola D, Travaglino A, Lenzi J, Guida M, Seracchioli R. Comparison of perioperative surgical outcomes between contained and free manual vaginal morcellation of large uteruses following total laparoscopic hysterectomy. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2024; 164:1167-1173. [PMID: 37937384 DOI: 10.1002/ijgo.15224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare contained and free manual vaginal morcellation of large uteruses after total laparoscopic hysterectomy (TLH) in women at low risk of uterine malignancy in terms of feasibility and safety. METHODS A single-center, observational, retrospective, cohort study was carried out including all patients undergoing TLH requiring manual vaginal morcellation for specimen extraction of large uteruses from January 2015 to August 2021 at the Division of Gynecology and Human Reproduction Physiopathology, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria of Bologna, Bologna, Italy. Patients were divided into two groups according to the type of manual vaginal morcellation (contained or free), and compared in terms of demographic, clinical, and perioperative data. RESULTS In all, 271 patients were included: 186 (68.6%) in the contained morcellation group and 85 (31.4%) in the free morcellation group. The mean operative time was significantly lower in the contained morcellation group compared with the free morcellation group (median [interquartile range] 130 [45] vs. 155 [60] min; P < 0.001). No significant difference was found in complications related to the morcellation step, overall, intraoperative and postoperative complications, estimated blood loss, length of hospital stays, uterine weight, and rate of occult malignancy between the two groups. CONCLUSION Contained vaginal manual morcellation of the uterus after total laparoscopic hysterectomy using a specimen retrieval bag appears to be a safe procedure with significantly lower operative time than free vaginal manual morcellation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Raimondo
- Division of Gynecology and Human Reproduction Physiopathology, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Antonio Raffone
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- Gynecology and Obstetrics Unit, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive Sciences and Dentistry, School of Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Camilla Franceschini
- Division of Gynecology and Human Reproduction Physiopathology, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Agnese Virgilio
- Division of Gynecology and Human Reproduction Physiopathology, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Roberto Palermo
- Division of Gynecology and Human Reproduction Physiopathology, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Giulia Borghese
- Division of Gynecology and Human Reproduction Physiopathology, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Manuela Maletta
- Division of Gynecology and Human Reproduction Physiopathology, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Alessandra Borgia
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Daniele Neola
- Gynecology and Obstetrics Unit, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive Sciences and Dentistry, School of Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Antonio Travaglino
- Unit of Pathology, Department of Medicine and Technological Innovation, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Jacopo Lenzi
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Maurizio Guida
- Gynecology and Obstetrics Unit, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive Sciences and Dentistry, School of Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Renato Seracchioli
- Division of Gynecology and Human Reproduction Physiopathology, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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Falus N, Lazarou G, Gabriel I, Sabatino N, Grigorescu B. Contained specimen morcellation during robotics-assisted laparoscopic supracervical hysterectomy for pelvic organ prolapse. Int Urogynecol J 2023; 34:2783-2789. [PMID: 37490062 DOI: 10.1007/s00192-023-05586-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION AND HYPOTHESIS Robotics-assisted laparoscopic supracervical hysterectomy (RALSH) with concomitant apical robotics-assisted POP repair provides advantages of minimally invasive procedures; however specimen removal without intraperitoneal spillage of potential pathology remains challenging. The primary aim of our study is to determine the factors affecting contained manual morcellation (CMM) of specimens during RALSH for POP surgery. The secondary aim of the study is to report complications associated with CMM and on specimen pathology. METHODS A total of 67 sequential patients underwent RALSH with concomitant robotics-assisted sacrocolpopexy or uterosacral vaginal suspension. Factors analyzed to affect CMM were specimen weight, length of skin and fascia incisions, patient age, body mass index (BMI), and estimated blood loss (EBL). RESULTS Median CMM time was 11 min (1 to 46) and specimen weight 62 g (19 to 711). Median patient age was 56 years (36 to 83), and patient BMI was 28 (18 to 44). Median EBL was 50 ml (10 to 150). Median skin and fascial incision lengths were 3 cm (1.5 to 7), and 3.5 cm (1.5 to 8). CMM time was significantly dependent on specimen weight (p < 0.0001) and length of rectus fascia incision (p < 0.0126). There was no gross tissue spillage or bag ruptures. Uterine pathology revealed normal tissue (26%), leiomyoma (47%), adenomyosis (49%), and endometriosis (14%). 4.5% of specimens had evidence of microscopic neoplasm, and 5 years after surgery patients were cancer free. CONCLUSION Contained manual extraction of the uterus and/or adnexae at the time of RALSH for POP surgery is a viable, safe, and efficient method of specimen removal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Falus
- NYIT College of Osteopathic Medicine, Old Westbury, NY, USA
| | - George Lazarou
- Division of Female Pelvic Medicine & Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, NYU Long Island School of Medicine, 259 1st Street, Mineola, NY, 11501, USA
| | - Iwona Gabriel
- Division of Female Pelvic Medicine & Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, NYU Long Island School of Medicine, 259 1st Street, Mineola, NY, 11501, USA
| | - Nicholas Sabatino
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, NYU Long Island School of Medicine, Mineola, NY, USA
| | - Bogdan Grigorescu
- Division of Female Pelvic Medicine & Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, NYU Long Island School of Medicine, 259 1st Street, Mineola, NY, 11501, USA.
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Herman A, Duraiswamy N, Nandy P, Price V, Gibeily G, Hariharan P. Mechanical and leakage integrity testing considerations for evaluating the performance of tissue containment systems. Sci Rep 2023; 13:5104. [PMID: 36991010 PMCID: PMC10060240 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-31847-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Tissue containment systems (TCS) are medical devices that may be used during morcellation procedures during minimally invasive laparoscopic surgery. TCS are not new devices but their use as a potential mitigation for the spread of occult malignancy during laparoscopic power morcellation of fibroids and/or the uterus has been the subject of interest following reports of upstaging of previously undetected sarcoma in women who underwent a laparoscopic hysterectomy. Development of standardized test methods and acceptance criteria to evaluate the safety and performance of these devices will speed development, allowing for more devices to benefit patients. As a part of this study, a series of preclinical experimental bench test methods were developed to evaluate the mechanical and leakage performance of TCS that may be used in power morcellation procedures. Experimental tests were developed to evaluate mechanical integrity, e.g., tensile, burst, puncture, and penetration strengths for the TCS, and leakage integrity, e.g., dye and microbiological leakage (both acting as surrogates for blood and cancer cells) through the TCS. In addition, to evaluate both mechanical integrity and leakage integrity as a combined methodology, partial puncture and dye leakage was conducted on the TCS to evaluate the potential for leakage due to partial damage caused by surgical tools. Samples from 7 different TCSs were subjected to preclinical bench testing to evaluate leakage and mechanical performance. The performance of the TCSs varied significantly between different brands. The leakage pressure of the TCS varied between 26 and > 1293 mmHg for the 7 TCS brands. Similarly, the tensile force to failure, burst pressure, and puncture force varied between 14 and 80 MPa, 2 and 78 psi, and 2.5 N and 47 N, respectively. The mechanical failure and leakage performance of the TCS were different for homogeneous and composite TCSs. The test methods reported in this study may facilitate the development and regulatory review of these devices, may help compare TCS performance between devices, and increase provider and patient accessibility to improved tissue containment technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Herman
- Center for Devices and Radiological Health, Food & Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Nandini Duraiswamy
- Center for Devices and Radiological Health, Food & Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Poulomi Nandy
- Center for Devices and Radiological Health, Food & Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Veronica Price
- Center for Devices and Radiological Health, Food & Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - George Gibeily
- Center for Devices and Radiological Health, Food & Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Prasanna Hariharan
- Center for Devices and Radiological Health, Food & Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA.
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Karaca İ, Demirayak G, Öztürk E, Adıyeke M, Hamdi İnan A, Karaca SY. Facilitating method for removal of the large uterus after laparoscopic hysterectomy: Vaginal vault vertical incision. J Gynecol Obstet Hum Reprod 2023; 52:102530. [PMID: 36587738 DOI: 10.1016/j.jogoh.2022.102530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2022] [Revised: 12/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In patients with a large uterus, an important part of the laparoscopic hysterectomy operation time is the phase of removing the uterus from the abdomen.The development of techniques that will shorten the morcellation time is the key to reducing the total operation time. AIM To evaluate the effect of vaginal cuff vertical incision in accelerating removal of the large uterus in laparoscopic hysterectomy. METHODS This study was performed with patients who underwent total laparoscopic hysterectomy. In the study group, a vertical incision was performed in the middle of the posterior vaginal stump before the vaginal removal of the larger uterus (weighing more than 500 g). The control group consisted of patients who underwent vaginal morcellation after conventional colpotomy. Patients in both groups were matched in terms of uterine weights +/-50 g and the same vaginal morcellation technique was applied to all patients. RESULTS In patients who underwent a vertical incision procedure, the time to remove the uterus from the abdomen (17.55±2.53 min vs 26.62±4.72 min, p<0.001) and the total operation time (130.81±12.83 min vs.143.29±13, 15 min, p = 0.001) was statistically significantly less than the patients without vertical incision. There was no difference between the groups in terms of intraoperative complications, drop in hemoglobin levels, time to flatus, postoperative 6th,24th hour visual analog score and length of hospital stay. CONCLUSIONS The vertical incision procedure reduces the time to remove the large uterus from the abdomen after laparoscopic hysterectomy and, accordingly, the total operation time. This procedure may be the preferred method before vaginal morcellation, especially in large uterus.
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Affiliation(s)
- İbrahim Karaca
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, İzmir Bakircay University, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Gökhan Demirayak
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Bakirkoy Dr. Sadi Konuk Training and Research Hospital, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Emine Öztürk
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Bakirkoy Dr. Sadi Konuk Training and Research Hospital, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Adıyeke
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Health Sciences University Tepecik Education and Research Hospital, Izmir, Turkey
| | - A Hamdi İnan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Health Sciences University Tepecik Education and Research Hospital, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Suna Yıldırım Karaca
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Health Sciences University Tepecik Education and Research Hospital, Izmir, Turkey.
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Wright JD, Chen L, Melamed A, Clair CMS, Hou JY, Khoury-Collado F, Gockley A, Accordino M, Hershman DL, Xu X. Containment Bag Use Among Women Who Undergo Hysterectomy With Laparoscopic Power Morcellation. Obstet Gynecol 2022; 140:371-380. [PMID: 35926199 DOI: 10.1097/aog.0000000000004886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To estimate trends in use of laparoscopic power morcellators in women undergoing minimally invasive hysterectomy and to examine use of containment systems in these patients in relation to safety guidance from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). METHODS We examined data that were recorded in the Premier Healthcare Database from patients who underwent laparoscopic supracervical hysterectomy from 2010 to 2018. Patients were stratified based on use of laparoscopic power morcellators. The cohort was further stratified as either pre-FDA guidance (2010 quarter 1-2014 quarter 1) or post-FDA guidance (2014 quarter 2-2018 quarter 2). Interrupted time series analyses were performed to determine the effect of FDA guidance on the use of laparoscopic power morcellators and containment bags. RESULTS Among 67,115 patients, laparoscopic power morcellator use decreased from 66.7% in 2013 quarter 4 to 13.3% by 2018 quarter 2. The likelihood of laparoscopic power morcellator use decreased by 9.5% for each quarter elapsed in the post-FDA warning period (risk ratio [RR] 0.91, 95% CI 0.90-0.91). Containment bag use rose from 5.2% in 2013 quarter 4 to 15.2% by 2018 quarter 2. The likelihood of containment bag use increased by 3% for each quarter elapsed in the post-FDA warning period (RR 1.03, 95% CI 1.02-1.05). Among women who had laparoscopic power morcellator use, uterine cancers or sarcomas were identified in 54 (0.17%) before the FDA guidance compared with seven (0.12%) after the guidance ( P =.45). Containment bags were used in 11.1% of women with uterine cancers or sarcomas before the FDA guidance compared with 14.3% after the guidance ( P =.12). The perioperative complication rate was 3.3% among women who had laparoscopic power morcellator use without a containment bag compared with 4.5% ( P =.001) in those with a containment bag (aRR 1.35, 95% CI 1.12-1.64). CONCLUSION Use of laparoscopic power morcellators has decreased over time. Containment bag use increased after the FDA's 2014 guidance; however, most procedures employing laparoscopic power morcellators are still performed without a containment bag.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason D Wright
- Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, the Joseph L. Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, the Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, and NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital, New York, New York; and Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
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Wong JM, Whitley J, Moore KJ, Louie M. Impact of Morcellation Method and Site on Laparoscopic Hysterectomy Outcomes in Obese Patients. J Gynecol Surg 2021. [DOI: 10.1089/gyn.2021.0008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline M.K. Wong
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Julia Whitley
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Kristin J. Moore
- Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, University of Minnesota Medical School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Michelle Louie
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
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Abstract
Minimally invasive surgery continues to transform the field of gynecological surgery and is now the standard of care for the surgical treatment of many diseases in gynecology. Owing to minimally invasive surgery's clear advantages, new advances in technology are being employed rapidly and enabling even the most complicated procedures to be performed less invasively. We examine recent literature on minimally invasive surgical innovations, advances, and common practices in benign gynecology that, from our point of view, made an impact on the way laparoscopic surgery is performed and managed in the last decade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lior Levy
- Gynaecological Endoscopy and Endometriosis Surgery, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Monash Health, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jim Tsaltas
- Gynaecological Endoscopy and Endometriosis Surgery, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Monash Health, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Pepin K, Cope A, Einarsson JI, Cellini J, Cohen SL. Safety of Minimally Invasive Tissue Extraction in Myoma Management: A Systematic Review. J Minim Invasive Gynecol 2020; 28:619-643. [PMID: 32977002 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmig.2020.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This review seeks to establish the incidence of adverse outcomes associated with minimally invasive tissue extraction at the time of surgical procedures for myomas. DATA SOURCES Articles published in the following databases without date restrictions: PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews and Trials. Search was conducted on March 25, 2020. METHODS OF STUDY SELECTION Included studies evaluated minimally invasive surgical procedures for uterine myomas involving morcellation. This review did not consider studies of nonuterine tissue morcellation, studies involving uterine procedures other than hysterectomy or myomectomy, studies involving morcellation of known malignancies, nor studies concerning hysteroscopic myomectomy. A total of 695 studies were reviewed, with 185 studies included for analysis. TABULATION, INTEGRATION, AND RESULTS The following variables were extracted: patient demographics, study type, morcellation technique, and adverse outcome category. Adverse outcomes included prolonged operative time, morcellation time, blood loss, direct injury from a morcellator, dissemination of tissue (benign or malignant), and disruption of the pathologic specimen. CONCLUSION Complications related to morcellation are rare; however, there is a great need for higher quality studies to evaluate associated adverse outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen Pepin
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Weill Cornell Medical Center, New York, New York (Dr. Pepin).
| | - Adela Cope
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, The Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota (Drs. Cope and Cohen)
| | - Jon I Einarsson
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Brigham and Women's Hospital (Dr. Einarsson)
| | - Jacqueline Cellini
- Department of Research & Instruction, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health (Ms. Cellini), Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Sarah L Cohen
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, The Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota (Drs. Cope and Cohen)
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Haber HR, Namazi G, Pepin K, Einarsson JI. Minimally Invasive Surgical Techniques for Tissue Extraction. J Minim Invasive Gynecol 2020; 28:388. [PMID: 32882408 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmig.2020.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVE Morcellation is a technique to remove large specimens by means of small incisions and is commonly used in gynecologic procedures [1]. In this video, we demonstrate contained manual morcellation techniques in benign gynecologic surgeries. DESIGN Stepwise demonstration of 4 techniques with narrated video footage. SETTING Tertiary academic teaching hospital. INTERVENTIONS This video showcases 4 contained manual morcellation techniques: abdominal extraction through an umbilical "mini-laparotomy" incision, abdominal extraction through a suprapubic "mini-laparotomy" incision, transvaginal extraction through the colpotomy, and transvaginal extraction through the posterior cul-de-sac with the uterus in place. A particular strategy should be selected on the basis of appropriate patient characteristics and surgical factors [2]. CONCLUSION Minimizing risk during tissue extraction is critical to minimally invasive procedures. The morcellation techniques displayed in this video allow for tissue extraction through small incisions while reducing the risk of spreading an undiagnosed malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilary R Haber
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology (Drs. Haber and Namazi).
| | - Golnaz Namazi
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology (Drs. Haber and Namazi)
| | - Kristen Pepin
- Minimally Invasive Gynecology (Drs. Pepin and Einarsson), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jon I Einarsson
- Minimally Invasive Gynecology (Drs. Pepin and Einarsson), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
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Abstract
Fibroid tissue extraction during hysterectomy and myomectomy has become increasingly controversial. A wave of research has tried to clarify difficult questions around the prevalence of occult malignancies, the effect of morcellation on cancer outcomes, proper informed consent, and surgical options for tissue extraction. This review examines the history of these controversies and discusses tissue extraction techniques and continued areas of debate in the field.
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Hong MK, Wei Y, Chu T, Wang J, Ding D. Safety and efficacy of contained manual morcellation during laparoscopic or robotic gynecological surgery. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2019; 148:168-173. [DOI: 10.1002/ijgo.13062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Revised: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mun Kun Hong
- Minimally Invasive Gynecology Surgery CenterDepartment of Obstetrics and GynecologyHualien Tzu Chi HospitalBuddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation Taiwan R.O.C
- Institute of Medical SciencesTzu Chi University Hualien, Taiwan R.O.C
| | - Yu‐Chi Wei
- Minimally Invasive Gynecology Surgery CenterDepartment of Obstetrics and GynecologyHualien Tzu Chi HospitalBuddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation Taiwan R.O.C
| | - Tang‐Yuan Chu
- Minimally Invasive Gynecology Surgery CenterDepartment of Obstetrics and GynecologyHualien Tzu Chi HospitalBuddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation Taiwan R.O.C
- Institute of Medical SciencesTzu Chi University Hualien, Taiwan R.O.C
| | - Jen‐Hung Wang
- Department of Medical ResearchHualien Tzu Chi General HospitalBuddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation Hualien, Taiwan R.O.C
| | - Dah‐Ching Ding
- Minimally Invasive Gynecology Surgery CenterDepartment of Obstetrics and GynecologyHualien Tzu Chi HospitalBuddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation Taiwan R.O.C
- Institute of Medical SciencesTzu Chi University Hualien, Taiwan R.O.C
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