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Lu X, Windmüller A, Schmidt D, Schöner S, Tsai CL, Kungl H, Liao X, Chen Y, Yu S, Tempel H, Eichel RA. Li-Ion Conductivity of Single-Step Synthesized Glassy-Ceramic Li 10GeP 2S 12 and Post-heated Highly Crystalline Li 10GeP 2S 12. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023. [PMID: 37442800 PMCID: PMC10375472 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c05878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
Li10GeP2S12 is a phosphosulfide solid electrolyte that exhibits exceptionally high Li-ion conductivity, reaching a conductivity above 10-3 S cm-1 at room temperature, rivaling that of liquid electrolytes. Herein, a method to produce glassy-ceramic Li10GeP2S12 via a single-step utilizing high-energy ball milling was developed and systematically studied. During the high energy milling process, the precursors experience three different stages, namely, the 'Vitrification zone' where the precursors undergo homogenization and amorphization, 'Intermediary zone' where Li3PS4 and Li4GeS4 are formed, and the 'Product stage' where the desired glassy-ceramic Li10GeP2S12 is formed after 520 min of milling. At room temperature, the as-milled sample achieved a high ionic conductivity of 1.07 × 10-3 S cm-1. It was determined via quantitative phase analyses (QPA) of transmission X-ray diffraction results that the as-milled Li10GeP2S12 possessed a high degree of amorphization (44.4 wt %). To further improve the crystallinity and ionic conductivity of the Li10GeP2S12, heat treatment of the as-milled sample was carried out. The optimal heat-treated Li10GeP2S12 is almost fully crystalline and possesses a room temperature ionic conductivity of 3.27 × 10-3 S cm-1, an over 200% increase compared to the glassy-ceramic Li10GeP2S12. These findings help provide previously lacking insights into the controllable preparation of Li10GeP2S12 material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Lu
- Institut für Energie- und Klimaforschung (IEK-9: Grundlagen der Elektrochemie), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, NRW 52428, Germany
- Institut für Materialien und Prozesse für Elektrochemische Energiespeicher- und wandler, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Anna Windmüller
- Institut für Energie- und Klimaforschung (IEK-9: Grundlagen der Elektrochemie), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, NRW 52428, Germany
| | - Dana Schmidt
- Institut für Energie- und Klimaforschung (IEK-9: Grundlagen der Elektrochemie), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, NRW 52428, Germany
- Institut für Materialien und Prozesse für Elektrochemische Energiespeicher- und wandler, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Sandro Schöner
- Institut für Energie- und Klimaforschung (IEK-9: Grundlagen der Elektrochemie), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, NRW 52428, Germany
- Institut für Materialien und Prozesse für Elektrochemische Energiespeicher- und wandler, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Chih-Long Tsai
- Institut für Energie- und Klimaforschung (IEK-9: Grundlagen der Elektrochemie), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, NRW 52428, Germany
| | - Hans Kungl
- Institut für Energie- und Klimaforschung (IEK-9: Grundlagen der Elektrochemie), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, NRW 52428, Germany
| | - Xunfan Liao
- National Engineering Research Center for Carbohydrate Synthesis/Key Lab of Fluorine and Silicon for Energy Materials and Chemistry of Ministry of Education, Jiangxi Normal University, 330022 Nanchang, China
| | - Yiwang Chen
- National Engineering Research Center for Carbohydrate Synthesis/Key Lab of Fluorine and Silicon for Energy Materials and Chemistry of Ministry of Education, Jiangxi Normal University, 330022 Nanchang, China
| | - Shicheng Yu
- Institut für Energie- und Klimaforschung (IEK-9: Grundlagen der Elektrochemie), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, NRW 52428, Germany
| | - Hermann Tempel
- Institut für Energie- und Klimaforschung (IEK-9: Grundlagen der Elektrochemie), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, NRW 52428, Germany
| | - Rüdiger-A Eichel
- Institut für Energie- und Klimaforschung (IEK-9: Grundlagen der Elektrochemie), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, NRW 52428, Germany
- Institut für Materialien und Prozesse für Elektrochemische Energiespeicher- und wandler, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
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Schleker PPM, Grosu C, Paulus M, Jakes P, Schlögl R, Eichel RA, Scheurer C, Granwehr J. Electrolyte contact changes nano-Li 4Ti 5O 12 bulk properties via surface polarons. Commun Chem 2023; 6:113. [PMID: 37286703 DOI: 10.1038/s42004-023-00913-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023] Open
Abstract
It is of general interest to combine the faradaic processes based high energy density of a battery with the non-faradaic processes based high power density of a capacitor in one cell. Surface area and functional groups of electrode materials strongly affect these properties. For the anode material Li4Ti5O12 (LTO), we suggest a polaron based mechanism that influences Li ion uptake and mobility. Here we show electrolytes containing a lithium salt induce an observable change in the bulk NMR relaxation properties of LTO nano particles. The longitudinal 7Li NMR relaxation time of bulk LTO can change by almost an order of magnitude and, therefore, reacts very sensitively to the cation and its concentration in the surrounding electrolyte. The reversible effect is largely independent of the used anions and of potential anion decomposition products. It is concluded that lithium salt containing electrolytes increase the mobility of surface polarons. These polarons and additional lithium cations from the electrolyte can now diffuse through the bulk, induce the observed enhanced relaxation rate and enable the non-faradaic process. This picture of a Li+ ion equilibrium between electrolyte and solid may help with improving the charging properties of electrode materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Philipp M Schleker
- Institut für Grundlagen der Elektrochemie IEK-9, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Wilhelm-Johnen Straße, 52425, Jülich, Germany.
| | - Cristina Grosu
- Institut für Grundlagen der Elektrochemie IEK-9, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Wilhelm-Johnen Straße, 52425, Jülich, Germany
- Institut für Chemie, Technische Universität München, 85748, Garching b, München, Germany
| | - Marc Paulus
- Institut für Grundlagen der Elektrochemie IEK-9, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Wilhelm-Johnen Straße, 52425, Jülich, Germany
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie (IPC), RWTH Aachen University, D-52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Peter Jakes
- Institut für Grundlagen der Elektrochemie IEK-9, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Wilhelm-Johnen Straße, 52425, Jülich, Germany
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie (IPC), RWTH Aachen University, D-52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Robert Schlögl
- Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft Faradayweg 4-6, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Rüdiger-A Eichel
- Institut für Grundlagen der Elektrochemie IEK-9, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Wilhelm-Johnen Straße, 52425, Jülich, Germany
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie (IPC), RWTH Aachen University, D-52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Christoph Scheurer
- Institut für Grundlagen der Elektrochemie IEK-9, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Wilhelm-Johnen Straße, 52425, Jülich, Germany
- Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft Faradayweg 4-6, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Josef Granwehr
- Institut für Grundlagen der Elektrochemie IEK-9, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Wilhelm-Johnen Straße, 52425, Jülich, Germany
- Institut für Technische und Makromolekulare Chemie (ITMC), RWTH Aachen University, D-52074, Aachen, Germany
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Paulus MC, Paulus A, Eichel RA, Granwehr J. Independent component analysis combined with Laplace inversion of spectrally resolved spin-alignment echo/T
1 3D 7Li NMR of superionic Li10GeP2S12. Z PHYS CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1515/zpch-2021-3136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
The use of independent component analysis (ICA) for the analysis of two-dimensional (2D) spin-alignment echo–T
1
7Li NMR correlation data with transient echo detection as a third dimension is demonstrated for the superionic conductor Li10GeP2S12 (LGPS). ICA was combined with Laplace inversion, or discrete inverse Laplace transform (ILT), to obtain spectrally resolved 2D correlation maps. Robust results were obtained with the spectra as well as the vectorized correlation maps as independent components. It was also shown that the order of ICA and ILT steps can be swapped. While performing the ILT step before ICA provided better contrast, a substantial data compression can be achieved if ICA is executed first. Thereby the overall computation time could be reduced by one to two orders of magnitude, since the number of computationally expensive ILT steps is limited to the number of retained independent components. For LGPS, it was demonstrated that physically meaningful independent components and mixing matrices are obtained, which could be correlated with previously investigated material properties yet provided a clearer, better separation of features in the data. LGPS from two different batches was investigated, which showed substantial differences in their spectral and relaxation behavior. While in both cases this could be attributed to ionic mobility, the presented analysis may also clear the way for a more in-depth theoretical analysis based on numerical simulations. The presented method appears to be particularly suitable for samples with at least partially resolved static quadrupolar spectra, such as alkali metal ions in superionic conductors. The good stability of the ICA analysis makes this a prospect algorithm for preprocessing of data for a subsequent automatized analysis using machine learning concepts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Christoffer Paulus
- Institute of Energy and Climate Research – Fundamental Electrochemistry (IEK-9), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH , 52425 Jülich , Germany
- Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University , 52056 Aachen , Germany
| | - Anja Paulus
- Institute of Energy and Climate Research – Fundamental Electrochemistry (IEK-9), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH , 52425 Jülich , Germany
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University , 52056 Aachen , Germany
| | - Rüdiger-Albert Eichel
- Institute of Energy and Climate Research – Fundamental Electrochemistry (IEK-9), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH , 52425 Jülich , Germany
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University , 52056 Aachen , Germany
| | - Josef Granwehr
- Institute of Energy and Climate Research – Fundamental Electrochemistry (IEK-9), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH , 52425 Jülich , Germany
- Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University , 52056 Aachen , Germany
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Hogrefe K, Minafra N, Zeier WG, Wilkening HMR. Tracking Ions the Direct Way: Long-Range Li + Dynamics in the Thio-LISICON Family Li 4MCh 4 (M = Sn, Ge; Ch = S, Se) as Probed by 7Li NMR Relaxometry and 7Li Spin-Alignment Echo NMR. THE JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY. C, NANOMATERIALS AND INTERFACES 2021; 125:2306-2317. [PMID: 33584937 PMCID: PMC7876753 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcc.0c10224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Solid electrolytes are key elements for next-generation energy storage systems. To design powerful electrolytes with high ionic conductivity, we need to improve our understanding of the mechanisms that are at the heart of the rapid ion exchange processes in solids. Such an understanding also requires evaluation and testing of methods not routinely used to characterize ion conductors. Here, the ternary Li4MCh4 system (M = Ge, Sn; Ch = Se, S) provides model compounds to study the applicability of 7Li nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spin-alignment echo (SAE) spectroscopy to probe slow Li+ exchange processes. Whereas the exact interpretation of conventional spin-lattice relaxation data depends on models, SAE NMR offers a model-independent, direct access to motional correlation rates. Indeed, the jump rates and activation energies deduced from time-domain relaxometry data perfectly agree with results from 7Li SAE NMR. In particular, long-range Li+ diffusion in polycrystalline Li4SnS4 as seen by NMR in a dynamic range covering 6 orders of magnitude is determined by an activation energy of E a = 0.55 eV and a pre-exponential factor of 3 × 1013 s-1. The variation in E a and 1/τ0 is related to the LiCh4 volume that changes within the four Li4MCh4 compounds studied. The corresponding volume of Li4SnS4 seems to be close to optimum for Li+ diffusivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Hogrefe
- Institute
of Chemistry and Technology of Materials, Graz University of Technology (NAWI Graz), Stremayrgasse 9, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Nicolò Minafra
- Institute
of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University
of Münster, Correnstrasse
30, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Wolfgang G. Zeier
- Institute
of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University
of Münster, Correnstrasse
30, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - H. Martin R. Wilkening
- Institute
of Chemistry and Technology of Materials, Graz University of Technology (NAWI Graz), Stremayrgasse 9, A-8010 Graz, Austria
- Email
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Gao Y, Blümich B. Analysis of three-site T 2-T 2 exchange NMR. JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE (SAN DIEGO, CALIF. : 1997) 2020; 315:106740. [PMID: 32438312 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2020.106740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Revised: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
T2-T2 exchange NMR is a unique method to investigate the pore space and fluid dynamics in porous media. While two-site relaxation exchange is well understood, three-site exchange is not. We analyze the solutions for three-site T2-T2 exchange NMR analytically and by computer simulation. Three main results are obtained. First, the exchange map can be asymmetric in the case of microscale vortex motion in violation of the principle of detailed balance. Second, the apparent longitudinal relaxation times and/or apparent transverse relaxation times can be complex valued. In the case of complex apparent transverse relaxation times, the three-site exchange map coalesces to a two-site exchange map with characteristic oscillations in the time domain. As a result of the oscillations, the shorter relaxation time is less than expected. Third, there can be negative cross-peaks in the exchange map for certain combinations of longitudinal and transverse relaxation times or if the mixing period is shorter than the evolution and detection periods. In view of these results experimental exchange maps may need to be reevaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Gao
- College of Science, China University of Petroleum, Beijing 102249, China; Institut für Technische und Makromolekulare Chemie, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen 52056, Germany.
| | - Bernhard Blümich
- Institut für Technische und Makromolekulare Chemie, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen 52056, Germany
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6
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Paulus MC, Paulus A, Schleker PPM, Jakes P, Eichel RA, Heitjans P, Granwehr J. Experimental evidence for the relaxation coupling of all longitudinal 7Li magnetization orders in the superionic conductor Li 10GeP 2S 12. JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE (SAN DIEGO, CALIF. : 1997) 2019; 303:57-66. [PMID: 31004985 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2019.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2018] [Revised: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
This contribution addresses the experimental proof of the relaxation coupling of the 7Li (I = 3/2) longitudinal magnetization orders in the solid-state electrolyte Li10GeP2S12 (LGPS). This effect was theoretically described by Korb and Petit in 1988 but has not yet been shown experimentally. In a 2D-T1/spin-alignment echo (SAE) experiment, the inverse Laplace transformation of the spectral component over two time dimensions revealed the asymmetric course of the spin-lattice relaxation following from the coupling of all longitudinal orders. These observations were supported by Multi-quantum-filter experiments and by simulations of the 2D-T1/SAE experiment with a lithium spin system. Since the asymmetric relaxation effects are directly dependent on the velocities and degrees of freedom of ion motion they could be used especially in fast Li-ion conductors as a separation tool for environments with different mobility processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Paulus
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Institute for Energy and Climate Research (IEK-9), D-52425 Jülich, Germany; RWTH Aachen University, Institute for Technical and Macromolucular Chemistry (ITMC), D-52074 Aachen, Germany; Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Helmholtz Institute Münster (HI-MS) - Ionics in Energy Storage (IEK-12), 48149 Münster, Germany.
| | - A Paulus
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Institute for Energy and Climate Research (IEK-9), D-52425 Jülich, Germany; RWTH Aachen University, Institute for Physical Chemistry (IPC), D-52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - P P M Schleker
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Institute for Energy and Climate Research (IEK-9), D-52425 Jülich, Germany; Max-Planck-Institute for Chemical Energy Conversions, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - P Jakes
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Institute for Energy and Climate Research (IEK-9), D-52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - R-A Eichel
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Institute for Energy and Climate Research (IEK-9), D-52425 Jülich, Germany; RWTH Aachen University, Institute for Physical Chemistry (IPC), D-52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - P Heitjans
- Leibnitz University Hannover, Institute for Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - J Granwehr
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Institute for Energy and Climate Research (IEK-9), D-52425 Jülich, Germany; RWTH Aachen University, Institute for Technical and Macromolucular Chemistry (ITMC), D-52074 Aachen, Germany
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