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Castronuovo L, Guarnieri L, Tiscornia MV, Allemandi L. Food marketing and gender among children and adolescents: a scoping review. Nutr J 2021; 20:52. [PMID: 34099000 PMCID: PMC8186097 DOI: 10.1186/s12937-021-00706-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pervasive marketing of unhealthy foods is a contributing factor to the growth of the global epidemic of childhood and adolescent overweight and obesity. Sex and gender differences come into play in the design of and responses to these marketing strategies, contributing to the perpetuation of stereotyped behavior and generating disparities in food choices and health. The purpose of this paper is to review the current literature regarding gender differences in food marketing design and perception among children and adolescents to facilitate evidence-based policy dialogues to address gender-based health disparities in NCD prevention. METHODS Scoping review of articles published in scientific journals in English and Spanish, from 2003 to 2018, that addressed the influence of food marketing among children and adolescents including a gender perspective. The methodological quality of each article was assessed following criteria specific to each study design. RESULTS From a total of 37 articles (39 studies) included in the review, 17 were experimental and 22 had descriptive, cross-sectional designs. Twenty-one studies were found to have low methodological quality, while 10 and 8 were of medium and high quality, respectively. A total of 23 studies among children and adolescents found gender-based differences. Differences were found in the following dimensions: food marketing on intake; responses to specific marketing; perceptions and attitudes towards food marketing and marketing regulation initiatives; exposure to food advertising and gendered marketing content. The evidence was not conclusive in any of the dimensions. CONCLUSIONS The evidence suggests that food marketing has a similar impact on the consumption of unhealthy foods on boys and girls, but boys were found to be exposed to food advertising more intensively and their preferences to be more affected by this exposure, coinciding with a male-dominant advertising content. Limitations of these studies include taking gender as an unproblematic construct equivalent to biological sex and the lack of studies focused on developing countries. As gender is a cross-sectional dimension that interacts with other factors driving health disparities, an integrated gender perspective is needed to develop effective, evidence-based policies to control food marketing and tackle the childhood overweight and obesity pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana Castronuovo
- Fundación Interamericana del Corazón Argentina, Arévalo 2364 1° A, 1425 Caba, Argentina
| | - Leila Guarnieri
- Fundación Interamericana del Corazón Argentina, Arévalo 2364 1° A, 1425 Caba, Argentina
| | | | - Lorena Allemandi
- PanAmerican Health Organization (consultant), Calle 43 n 1095, 6360 General Pico, La Pampa Argentina
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Backholer K, Gupta A, Zorbas C, Bennett R, Huse O, Chung A, Isaacs A, Golds G, Kelly B, Peeters A. Differential exposure to, and potential impact of, unhealthy advertising to children by socio-economic and ethnic groups: A systematic review of the evidence. Obes Rev 2021; 22:e13144. [PMID: 33073488 DOI: 10.1111/obr.13144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 08/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Children's exposure to advertising of unhealthy food and nonalcoholic beverages that are high in saturated fats, salt and/or sugar is extensive and increases children's preferences for, and intake of, targeted products. This systematic review examines the differential potential exposure and impact of unhealthy food advertising to children according to socio-economic position (SEP) and/or ethnicity. Nine databases (health, business, marketing) and grey literature were searched in November 2019 using terms relating to 'food or drink', 'advertising' and 'socioeconomic position or ethnicity'. Studies published since 2007 were included. Article screening and data extraction were conducted by two independent reviewers. Quality of studies was assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa quality scale. Of the 25 articles included, 14 focused on exposure to unhealthy food advertising via television, nine via outdoor mediums and two via multiple mediums. Most studies (n = 19) revealed a higher potential exposure or a greater potential impact of unhealthy food advertising among ethnic minority or lower SEP children. Few studies reported no difference (n = 3) or mixed findings (n = 3). Children from minority and socio-economically disadvantaged backgrounds are disproportionately exposed to unhealthy food advertising. Regulations to restrict unhealthy food advertising to children should be implemented to improve children's diets and reduce inequities in dietary intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn Backholer
- Deakin University, Geelong, Australia, Global Obesity Centre (GLOBE), Institute for Health Transformation, School of Health and Social Development
| | - Adyya Gupta
- Deakin University, Geelong, Australia, Global Obesity Centre (GLOBE), Institute for Health Transformation, School of Health and Social Development
| | - Christina Zorbas
- Deakin University, Geelong, Australia, Global Obesity Centre (GLOBE), Institute for Health Transformation, School of Health and Social Development
| | - Rebecca Bennett
- Deakin University, Geelong, Australia, Global Obesity Centre (GLOBE), Institute for Health Transformation, School of Health and Social Development
| | - Oliver Huse
- Deakin University, Geelong, Australia, Global Obesity Centre (GLOBE), Institute for Health Transformation, School of Health and Social Development
| | - Alexandra Chung
- Deakin University, Geelong, Australia, Global Obesity Centre (GLOBE), Institute for Health Transformation, School of Health and Social Development.,School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Anna Isaacs
- Centre for Food Policy, University of London, London, UK
| | - Gabby Golds
- Deakin University, Geelong, Australia, Global Obesity Centre (GLOBE), Institute for Health Transformation, School of Health and Social Development
| | - Bridget Kelly
- School of Health and Society, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
| | - Anna Peeters
- Deakin University, Geelong, Australia, Global Obesity Centre (GLOBE), Institute for Health Transformation, School of Health and Social Development
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Truman E, Elliott C. Identifying food marketing to teenagers: a scoping review. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act 2019; 16:67. [PMID: 31426809 PMCID: PMC6700978 DOI: 10.1186/s12966-019-0833-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Teenagers are aggressively targeted by food marketing messages (primarily for unhealthy foods) and susceptible to this messaging due to developmental vulnerabilities and peer-group influence. Yet limited research exists on the exposure and power of food marketing specifically to teenage populations. Research studies often collapse “teenagers” under the umbrella of children or do not recognize the uniqueness of teen-targeted appeals. Child- and teen-targeted marketing strategies are not the same, and this study aims to advance understanding of teen-targeted food marketing by identifying the teen-specific promotion platforms, techniques and indicators detailed in existing literature. Methods A systematic scoping review collected all available literature on food marketing/advertising with the term “teenager” or “adolescent” from nine databases, as well as Google Scholar for grey literature, and a hand search of relevant institutional websites. Included were all peer-reviewed journal articles, book chapters, and grey literature in which food marketing to youth was the central topic of the article, of any study type (i.e., original research, reviews, commentaries and reports), and including any part of the 12–17 age range. Results The 122 articles reviewed define the scope of existing literature on food marketing to young people age 17 and under, identifying leading trends in countries studied (United States, 52%), populations identified (children and teens studied concurrently, 36%), outcomes measured (advertising exposure, 54%), study type (cross-sectional, 58%) and methods used (content analysis, 46%). The promotion platforms and techniques used by food marketers to appeal to young people (as reported in the literature) are also identified and classified. Few studies (7%) use indicators to identify teen-targeted food marketing. Conclusions Unique treatments of teen populations are limited in food marketing literature, as is the application of clear indicators to identify and differentiate teen-targeted food marketing from child- or adult-targeted content. Given the need to better measure the presence and power of teen food marketing, this is a significant oversight in existing literature. The indicators identified will help researchers to develop more accurate strategies for researching and monitoring teen-targeted food promotion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Truman
- Department of Communication, Media and Film, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 1N4, Canada.
| | - Charlene Elliott
- Department of Communication, Media and Film, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 1N4, Canada
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Akçil Ok M, Ercan A, Kaya FS. A content analysis of food advertising on Turkish television. Health Promot Int 2015; 31:801-808. [PMID: 26135584 DOI: 10.1093/heapro/dav065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to conduct a comprehensive content analysis of Television (TV) food advertising and compare various food advertisements on free-to-air Turkish national TV channels by broadcast time (duration) and frequency over the period of a week (19-25 April 2012). TV food advertisements were the unit of content analysis in this study. Each advertisement identified as promoting a food product was analysed for content; non-food advertisements were not analysed, although they were counted as a proportion of the advertisements aired. We recorded all programmes for 4 h each per day (7 p.m.-11 p.m.), totalling 84 h. Five types of food-related advertisements were identified (basic foods, junk foods, meat products, beverages and fast food), and six types of non-food advertisements. The Student t-test and ANOVA were used to compare the mean broadcast time of all prime time advertising for the two groups. The mean broadcast times for prime time, non-food advertisements showed a statistically significant difference (p < 0.05). This difference is related to the prime time period 7 p.m.-8 p.m. being considered dinner time for most Turkish families. Additionally, the number and broadcast times of beverage advertisements increased during this time period, while the broadcast time per beverage advertisement decreased (ratio = 20.8 s per ads). As a result, TV food advertising increased not only during dinner time but also in overall broadcast time (per advertisement). These findings may be useful for explaining how advertising can negatively influence food choices, thereby increasing public awareness of the need for health messages targeting obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehtap Akçil Ok
- Statistics and Computer Science, Basşkent University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Aydan Ercan
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Basşkent University, Ankara, Turkey
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Demissie Z, Lowry R, Eaton DK, Park S, Kann L. Electronic media and beverage intake among United States high school students--2010. JOURNAL OF NUTRITION EDUCATION AND BEHAVIOR 2013; 45:756-760. [PMID: 23791899 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneb.2013.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2012] [Revised: 03/19/2013] [Accepted: 03/24/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe electronic media exposure and its associations with beverage intake among United States high school students. METHODS School-based survey data from a nationally representative sample of 9th- through 12th-grade students from the National Youth Physical Activity and Nutrition Study were analyzed using chi-square and multivariate logistic analyses. RESULTS On an average school day, 23.5% of students used a computer or played video/computer games ≥ 3 h/d, 28.3% watched television (TV) ≥ 3 h/d, 79.9% had ≥ 3 TVs in the home, 70.2% had a TV in their bedroom, and 41.0% most of the time or always had a TV on while eating dinner at home. Students with high media exposure were more likely to drink sugar-sweetened beverages ≥ 3 times per day and less likely to drink water ≥ 3 times per day and drink ≥ 2 glasses of milk per day. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Efforts to reduce sugar-sweetened beverage intake among adolescents may include limiting exposure to electronic media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zewditu Demissie
- Epidemic Intelligence Service, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA; Division of Adolescent and School Health, National Center for HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA.
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McClure AC, Tanski SE, Gilbert-Diamond D, Adachi-Mejia AM, Li Z, Li Z, Sargent JD. Receptivity to television fast-food restaurant marketing and obesity among U.S. youth. Am J Prev Med 2013; 45:560-8. [PMID: 24139768 PMCID: PMC3934414 DOI: 10.1016/j.amepre.2013.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2013] [Revised: 04/25/2013] [Accepted: 06/25/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Advertisement of fast food on TV may contribute to youth obesity. PURPOSE The goal of the study was to use cued recall to determine whether TV fast-food advertising is associated with youth obesity. METHODS A national sample of 2541 U.S. youth, aged 15-23 years, were surveyed in 2010-2011; data were analyzed in 2012. Respondents viewed a random subset of 20 advertisement frames (with brand names removed) selected from national TV fast-food restaurant advertisements (n=535) aired in the previous year. Respondents were asked if they had seen the advertisement, if they liked it, and if they could name the brand. A TV fast-food advertising receptivity score (a measure of exposure and response) was assigned; a 1-point increase was equivalent to affirmative responses to all three queries for two separate advertisements. Adjusted odds of obesity (based on self-reported height and weight), given higher TV fast-food advertising receptivity, are reported. RESULTS The prevalence of overweight and obesity, weighted to the U.S. population, was 20% and 16%, respectively. Obesity, sugar-sweetened beverage consumption, fast-food restaurant visit frequency, weekday TV time, and TV alcohol advertising receptivity were associated with higher TV fast-food advertising receptivity (median=3.3 [interquartile range: 2.2-4.2]). Only household income, TV time, and TV fast-food advertising receptivity retained multivariate associations with obesity. For every 1-point increase in TV fast-food advertising receptivity score, the odds of obesity increased by 19% (OR=1.19, 95% CI=1.01, 1.40). There was no association between receptivity to televised alcohol advertisements or fast-food restaurant visit frequency and obesity. CONCLUSIONS Using a cued-recall assessment, TV fast-food advertising receptivity was found to be associated with youth obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Auden C McClure
- Department of Pediatrics, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, New Hampshire; Department of Community and Family Medicine, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, New Hampshire; Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire.
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