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Alessi J, Dzemidzic M, Benson K, Chittum G, Kosobud A, Harezlak J, Plawecki MH, O'Connor SJ, Kareken DA. High-intensity sweet taste as a predictor of subjective alcohol responses to the ascending limb of an intravenous alcohol prime: an fMRI study. Neuropsychopharmacology 2024; 49:396-404. [PMID: 37550441 PMCID: PMC10724194 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-023-01684-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/09/2023]
Abstract
High-intensity sweet-liking has been linked to alcohol use disorder (AUD) risk. However, the neural underpinning of this association is poorly understood. To find a biomarker predictive of AUD, 140 participants (social and heavy drinkers, ages 21-26) underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) during a monetary incentive delay (MID) task and stimulation with high (SucroseHigh)- and low-concentration sucrose, as well as viscosity-matched water. On another day after imaging, and just before free-access intravenous alcohol self-administration, participants experienced a 30 mg% alcohol prime (10 min ascent) using the Computerized Alcohol Infusion System. Principal component analysis (PCA) of subjective responses (SR) to the prime's ascending limb generated enjoyable (SRenjoy) and sedative (SRsed) intoxication components. Another PCA created one component reflective of self-administered alcohol exposure (AE) over 90 min. Component loadings were entered as regressors in a voxel-wise general linear fMRI model, with reward type as a fixed factor. By design, peak prime breath alcohol concentration was similar across participants (29 ± 3.4 mg%). SRenjoy on the prime's ascending limb correlated positively with [SucroseHigh > Water] in the supplementary motor area and right dorsal anterior insula, implicating the salience network. Neither SR component correlated with the brain's response to MID. AE was unrelated to brain reward activation. While these findings do not support a relationship between alcohol self-administration and (1) subjective liking of or (2) regional brain response to an intensely sweet taste, they show that alcohol's enjoyable intoxicating effects on the rising limb correspond with anterior insular and supplementary motor area responses to high-concentration sucrose taste. No such associations were observed with MID despite robust activation in those regions. Insula and supplementary motor area responses to intense sensations relate to a known risk factor for AUD in a way that is not apparent with a secondary (monetary) reward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Alessi
- Medical Neuroscience Graduate Program, Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Mario Dzemidzic
- Indiana Alcohol Research Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Department of Neurology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Department of Radiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Katherine Benson
- Department of Neurology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Clinical Psychology Graduate Program, Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of North Carolina- Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - George Chittum
- Department of Neurology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Ann Kosobud
- Indiana Alcohol Research Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Department of Neurology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Jaroslaw Harezlak
- Indiana Alcohol Research Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Indiana University School of Public Health, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Martin H Plawecki
- Indiana Alcohol Research Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Department of Neurology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Sean J O'Connor
- Indiana Alcohol Research Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Department of Neurology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - David A Kareken
- Indiana Alcohol Research Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
- Department of Neurology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
- Department of Radiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
- Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
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2
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Renner E, Xie Y, Subiaul F, Hamilton AFDC. Are there dedicated neural mechanisms for imitation? A study of grist and mills. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0291771. [PMID: 37751437 PMCID: PMC10522020 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0291771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Are there brain regions that are specialized for the execution of imitative actions? We compared two hypotheses of imitation: the mirror neuron system (MNS) hypothesis predicts frontal and parietal engagement which is specific to imitation, while the Grist-Mills hypothesis predicts no difference in brain activation between imitative and matched non-imitative actions. Our delayed imitation fMRI paradigm included two tasks, one where correct performance was defined by a spatial rule and another where it was defined by an item-based rule. For each task, participants could learn a sequence from a video of a human hand performing the task, from a matched "Ghost" condition, or from text instructions. When participants executed actions after seeing the Hand demonstration (compared to Ghost and Text demonstrations), no activation differences occurred in frontal or parietal regions; rather, activation was localized primarily to occipital cortex. This adds to a growing body of evidence which indicates that imitation-specific responses during action execution do not occur in canonical mirror regions, contradicting the mirror neuron system hypothesis. However, activation differences did occur between action execution in the Hand and Ghost conditions outside MNS regions, which runs counter to the Grist-Mills hypothesis. We conclude that researchers should look beyond these hypotheses as well as classical MNS regions to describe the ways in which imitative actions are implemented by the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Renner
- Center for the Advanced Study of Human Paleobiology, Department of Anthropology, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States of America
- Department of Psychology, Northumbria University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Yishan Xie
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Francys Subiaul
- Center for the Advanced Study of Human Paleobiology, Department of Anthropology, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States of America
- Department of Speech, Language, and Hearing Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Antonia F. de C. Hamilton
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Psychology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
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3
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Santoyo-Zedillo M, Andriot I, Lucchi G, Pacheco-Lopez G, Escalona-Buendía H, Thomas-Danguin T, Sinding C. Dedicated odor-taste stimulation design for fMRI flavor studies. J Neurosci Methods 2023; 393:109881. [PMID: 37172913 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2023.109881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Flavor is a mental representation that results from the brain's integration of at least odor and taste, and fMRI can highlight brain-related areas. However, delivering stimuli during fMRI can be challenging especially when administrating liquid stimuli in supine position. It remains unclear how and when odorants are released in the nose and how to improve odorant release. NEW METHOD We used a proton transfer reaction mass spectrometer (PTR-MS) to monitor the in vivo release of odorants via the retronasal pathway during retronasal odor-taste stimulation in a supine position. We tested techniques to improve odorant release, including avoiding or delaying swallowing and velum open training (VOT). RESULTS Odorant release was observed during retronasal stimulation, before swallowing, and in a supine position. VOT did not improve odorant release. Odorant release during stimulation had a latency more optimal for fitting with BOLD timing than after swallowing. COMPARISON WITH EXISTING METHOD(S) Previous in vivo measurements of odorant release under fMRI-like conditions showed that odorant release occurred only after swallowing. On the contrary, a second study found that aroma release could occur before swallowing, but participants were sitting. CONCLUSION Our method shows optimal odorant release during the stimulation phase, meeting the criteria for high-quality brain imaging of flavor processing without swallowing-related motion artifacts. These findings provide an important advancement in understanding the mechanisms underlying flavor processing in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianela Santoyo-Zedillo
- Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, INRAE, CNRS, Institut Agro, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, F-21000 Dijon, France; Doctorado en Ciencias Biológicas y de la Salud - Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana (UAM); Health Sciences Department Metropolitan Autonomous University (UAM), Campus Lerma, Mexico
| | - Isabelle Andriot
- Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, INRAE, CNRS, Institut Agro, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, F-21000 Dijon, France; ChemoSens, CNRS, INRAE, PROBE research infrastructure, ChemoSens facility, F-21000 Dijon, France
| | - Géraldine Lucchi
- Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, INRAE, CNRS, Institut Agro, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, F-21000 Dijon, France; ChemoSens, CNRS, INRAE, PROBE research infrastructure, ChemoSens facility, F-21000 Dijon, France
| | - Gustavo Pacheco-Lopez
- Health Sciences Department Metropolitan Autonomous University (UAM), Campus Lerma, Mexico
| | - Héctor Escalona-Buendía
- Biotechnology Department Metropolitan Autonomous University (UAM), Campus Iztapalapa, Mexico
| | - Thierry Thomas-Danguin
- Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, INRAE, CNRS, Institut Agro, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, F-21000 Dijon, France
| | - Charlotte Sinding
- Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, INRAE, CNRS, Institut Agro, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, F-21000 Dijon, France.
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Eldeghaidy S, Yang Q, Abualait T, Williamson AM, Hort J, Francis ST. Thermal taster status: Temperature modulation of cortical response to sweetness perception. Physiol Behav 2021; 230:113266. [PMID: 33246000 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2020.113266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/21/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Temperature is known to impact taste perception, but its reported effect on sweet taste perception in humans is inconsistent. Here, we assess whether thermal taste phenotype alters the temperature modulation of the brains' response to sweet samples and sweet taste perception. Participants (n = 24 balanced for thermal tasters (TT) and thermal non-tasters (TnT), 25 ± 7 years (mean ± SD), 10 males) underwent a thermal taste phenotyping session to study responses to cooling and warming of the tongue using a thermode. In a separate session, functional Magnetic Resonance Images (fMRI) were collected during sweet samples (87 mM sucrose) delivery at two temperatures ('cold' (5 ± 2 °C) and 'ambient' (20 ± 2 °C)) and the perceived sweetness intensity rated.In the phenotyping session, TTs had heightened perceptual temperature sensitivity to cooling and warming of the tongue using a thermode compared to TnTs. Although there was no significant effect during the fMRI session, the fMRI response to the 'cold sweet' sample across all participants was significantly increased in anterior insula/frontal operculum and mid-insula compared to the 'ambient sweet' sample, likely to reflect the perceptual difference to temperature rather than taste perception. TTs showed significantly increased fMRI activation patterns compared with TnTs and an interaction effect between thermal taster status and sample temperature, with TTs showing selectively greater cortical responses to 'cold sweet' samples compared to TnTs in somatosensory regions (SI and SII).The increase in cortical activation in somatosensory cortices to the 'cold sweet' stimulus correlated with perceptual ratings of temperature sensitivity to the thermode. The results highlight the importance of investigating the effects of thermal taster phenotype across a range of temperatures representing the reality of consumer consumption to beverages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sally Eldeghaidy
- Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom; Division of Food, Nutrition & Dietetics, and Future Food Beacon, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Loughborough LE12 5RD, United Kingdom
| | - Qian Yang
- Sensory Science Centre, School of Biosciences, Sutton Bonington Campus, University of Nottingham, Loughborough LE12 5RD, United Kingdom
| | - Turki Abualait
- Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom; College of Applied Medical Sciences, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Joanne Hort
- Sensory Science Centre, School of Biosciences, Sutton Bonington Campus, University of Nottingham, Loughborough LE12 5RD, United Kingdom; Feast & Riddet Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North 4410, New Zealand
| | - Susan T Francis
- Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom.
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5
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Canna A, Prinster A, Cantone E, Ponticorvo S, Russo AG, Di Salle F, Esposito F. Intensity-related distribution of sweet and bitter taste fMRI responses in the insular cortex. Hum Brain Mapp 2019; 40:3631-3646. [PMID: 31066980 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.24621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Revised: 03/30/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The human gustatory cortex analyzes the chemosensory properties of tastants, particularly the quality, intensity, and affective valence, to determine whether a perceived substance should be ingested or rejected. Among previous studies, the spatial distribution of taste intensity-related activations within the human insula has been scarcely addressed. To spatially characterize a specialized or distributed nature of the cortical responses to taste intensities, a functional magnetic resonance imaging study was performed at 3 T in 44 healthy subjects where sweet and bitter tastants were administered at five increasing concentrations and cortex-based factorial and parametric analyses were performed. Two clusters in the right middle-posterior and left middle insula were found specialized for taste intensity processing, exhibiting a highly nonlinear profile across concentrations. Multiple clusters were found activated by sweet and bitter taste stimuli at most concentrations, in the anterior, middle-posterior, and inferior portion of the bilateral insula. Across these clusters, respectively, for the right and left insula, a superior-to-inferior and an anterior-to-posterior spatial gradient for high-to-low concentrations were observed for the most responsive intensity of both tastes. These findings may gather new insights regarding how the gustatory cortex is spatially organized during the perceptual processing of taste intensity for two basic tastants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonietta Canna
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, Scuola Medica Salernitana, University of Salerno, Salerno, Italy
| | - Anna Prinster
- Biostructure and Bioimaging Institute, National Research Council, Naples, Italy
| | - Elena Cantone
- Section of ENT, Department of Neuroscience, Federico II University, Naples, Italy
| | - Sara Ponticorvo
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, Scuola Medica Salernitana, University of Salerno, Salerno, Italy
| | - Andrea Gerardo Russo
- Department of Political, Social and Communication Sciences, University of Salerno, Salerno, Italy
| | - Francesco Di Salle
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, Scuola Medica Salernitana, University of Salerno, Salerno, Italy.,Department of Diagnostic Imaging, University Hospital San Giovanni di Dio e Ruggi D'Aragona, Salerno, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Esposito
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, Scuola Medica Salernitana, University of Salerno, Salerno, Italy.,Department of Diagnostic Imaging, University Hospital San Giovanni di Dio e Ruggi D'Aragona, Salerno, Italy
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6
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Canna A, Prinster A, Fratello M, Puglia L, Magliulo M, Cantone E, Pirozzi MA, Di Salle F, Esposito F. A low-cost open-architecture taste delivery system for gustatory fMRI and BCI experiments. J Neurosci Methods 2019; 311:1-12. [PMID: 30308211 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2018.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2018] [Revised: 09/29/2018] [Accepted: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tasting is a complex process involving chemosensory perception and cognitive evaluation. Different experimental designs and solution delivery approaches may in part explain the variability reported in literature. These technical aspects certainly limit the development of taste-related brain computer interface devices. NEW METHOD We propose a novel modular, scalable and low-cost device for rapid injection of small volumes of taste solutions during fMRI experiments that gathers the possibility to flexibly increase the number of channels, allowing complex multi-dimensional taste experiments. We provide the full description of the hardware and software architecture and illustrate the application of the working prototype in single-subject event-related fMRI experiments by showing the BOLD responses to basic taste qualities and to five intensities of tastes during the course of perception. RESULTS The device is shown to be effective in activating multiple clusters within the gustatory pathway and a precise time-resolved event-related analysis is shown to be possible by the impulsive nature of the induced perception. COMPARISON WITH EXISTING METHOD(S) This gustometer represents the first implementation of a low-cost, easily replicable and portable device that is suitable for all kinds of fMRI taste experiments. Its scalability will boost the experimental design of more complex multi-dimensional fMRI studies of the human taste pathway. CONCLUSIONS The gustometer represents a valid open-architecture alternative to other available devices and its spread and development may contribute to an increased standardization of experimental designs in human fMRI studies of taste perception and pave the way to the development of novel taste-related BCIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonietta Canna
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, "Scuola Medica Salernitana", University of Salerno, Baronissi, Salerno, Italy.
| | - Anna Prinster
- Biostructure and Bioimaging Institute, National Research Council, Naples, Italy
| | | | - Luca Puglia
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, "Scuola Medica Salernitana", University of Salerno, Baronissi, Salerno, Italy
| | - Mario Magliulo
- Biostructure and Bioimaging Institute, National Research Council, Naples, Italy
| | - Elena Cantone
- Section of ENT, Department of Neuroscience, "Federico II" University, Naples, Italy
| | | | - Francesco Di Salle
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, "Scuola Medica Salernitana", University of Salerno, Baronissi, Salerno, Italy; Department of Diagnostic Imaging, University Hospital "San Giovanni di Dio e Ruggi D'Aragona", Salerno, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Esposito
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, "Scuola Medica Salernitana", University of Salerno, Baronissi, Salerno, Italy; Department of Diagnostic Imaging, University Hospital "San Giovanni di Dio e Ruggi D'Aragona", Salerno, Italy
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7
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Neurophysiological Adaptation and Neuromodulatory Treatment Approaches in Patients Suffering from Post-stroke Dysphagia. CURRENT PHYSICAL MEDICINE AND REHABILITATION REPORTS 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s40141-018-0201-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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8
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Renner E, White JP, Hamilton AFDC, Subiaul F. Neural responses when learning spatial and object sequencing tasks via imitation. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0201619. [PMID: 30075020 PMCID: PMC6075756 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0201619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Humans often learn new things via imitation. Here we draw on studies of imitation in children to characterise the brain system(s) involved in the imitation of different sequence types using functional magnetic resonance imaging. On each trial, healthy adult participants learned one of two rule types governing the sequencing of three pictures: a motor-spatial rule (in the spatial task) or an object-based rule (in the cognitive task). Sequences were learned via one of three demonstration types: a video of a hand selecting items in the sequence using a joystick (Hand condition), a computer display highlighting each item in order (Ghost condition), or a text-based demonstration of the sequence (Text condition). Participants then used a joystick to execute the learned sequence. Patterns of activation during demonstration observation suggest specialisation for object-based imitation in inferior frontal gyrus, specialisation for spatial sequences in anterior intraparietal sulcus (IPS), and a general preference for imitation in middle IPS. Adult behavioural performance contrasted with that of children in previous studies—indicating that they experienced more difficulty with the cognitive task—while neuroimaging results support the engagement of different neural regions when solving these tasks. Further study is needed on whether children’s differential performance is related to delayed IPS maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Renner
- Center for the Advanced Study of Human Paleobiology, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States of America.,Psychology, University of Stirling, Stirling, United Kingdom
| | - Jessica P White
- Department of Psychology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Antonia F de C Hamilton
- Department of Psychology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom.,Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Francys Subiaul
- Center for the Advanced Study of Human Paleobiology, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States of America.,Department of Speech, Language, and Hearing Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States of America.,Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, United States of America
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9
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Desombres AC, Duclos C, Ghannouchi I, Marie JP, Verin E. Effect of liquid properties on swallowing and ventilation coordination in rats. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2017; 29. [PMID: 28656710 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.13130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2017] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND One aspect of rehabilitation in swallowing disorders is to change liquid properties. The objective of our study was to test how liquid properties could improve oropharyngeal dysphagia and swallowing and ventilation coordination in an animal model. METHODS Forty-two healthy male rats were distributed in six groups, including a control group. Rats were deprived of water for 24 h and then each group was administered liquid with different properties: tap water, sugar water, sparkling water, salt water, cold water, and acidic water. Rats were studied without and with oropharyngeal dysphagia achieved by unilateral section of the hypoglossal nerve. Swallowing and ventilation were analyzed by barometric plethysmograph. KEY RESULTS In healthy rats, swallowing occurred during expiratory time for all liquid properties. Most deglutitions were during expiratory time for all liquid properties (88±12%) and were not modified. There was an increase in VT/TI during swallowing with sparkling water and cold water (P<.05). In the operated groups, rats had significantly fewer swallows with tap water (P<.05) and significantly more swallows with sparkling water (P<.001), sugar water (P<.001) and cold water (P<.001) during expiratory time. The mean inspiratory volume (VT/TI) increased with sparkling water (P<.05). CONCLUSION AND INFERENCES Sparkling water seemed to improve swallowing and ventilation coordination in an animal model, to be confirmed in a study including patients with oropharyngeal dysphagia.
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Affiliation(s)
- A C Desombres
- EA 3830, Research Group on Ventilatory Handicap, IRIB, Normandie Université, Rouen, France
| | - C Duclos
- EA 3830, Research Group on Ventilatory Handicap, IRIB, Normandie Université, Rouen, France
| | - I Ghannouchi
- EA 3830, Research Group on Ventilatory Handicap, IRIB, Normandie Université, Rouen, France
| | - J P Marie
- EA 3830, Research Group on Ventilatory Handicap, IRIB, Normandie Université, Rouen, France.,Department of Cervical and Facial Surgery, Rouen University Hospital, Rouen, France
| | - E Verin
- EA 3830, Research Group on Ventilatory Handicap, IRIB, Normandie Université, Rouen, France.,CRMPR, Center of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Ugecam Group, Les Herbiers, Bois Guillaume, France.,Division of Reeducation, Rehabilitation and Reinsertion (3R), Rouen University Hospital, Rouen, France
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10
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Tapp WN, Davis TH, Paniukov D, Brooks JC, Brashears MM, Miller MF. Beef assessments using functional magnetic resonance imaging and sensory evaluation. Meat Sci 2017; 126:11-17. [PMID: 27984700 DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2016.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2016] [Revised: 12/02/2016] [Accepted: 12/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) has been used to unveil how some foods and basic rewards are processed in the human brain. This study evaluated how resting state functional connectivity in regions of the human brain changed after differing qualities of beef steaks were consumed. Functional images of participants (n=8) were collected after eating high or low quality beef steaks on separate days, after consumption a sensory ballot was administered to evaluate consumers' perceptions of tenderness, juiciness, flavor, and overall liking. Imaging data showed that high quality steak samples resulted in greater functional connectivity to the striatum, medial orbitofrontal cortex, and insular cortex at various stages after consumption (P≤0.05). Furthermore, high quality steaks elicited higher sensory ballot scores for each palatability trait (P≤0.01). Together, these results suggest that resting state fMRI may be a useful tool for evaluating the neural process that follows positive sensory experiences such as the enjoyment of high quality beef steaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- W N Tapp
- Texas Tech University, Animal & Food Sciences Department, Box 42141, Lubbock 79409, TX, USA.
| | - T H Davis
- Texas Tech University, Psychological Sciences Department, 1800 18th Street, Lubbock 79409, TX, USA
| | - D Paniukov
- Texas Tech University, Psychological Sciences Department, 1800 18th Street, Lubbock 79409, TX, USA
| | - J C Brooks
- Texas Tech University, Animal & Food Sciences Department, Box 42141, Lubbock 79409, TX, USA
| | - M M Brashears
- Texas Tech University, Animal & Food Sciences Department, Box 42141, Lubbock 79409, TX, USA
| | - M F Miller
- Texas Tech University, Animal & Food Sciences Department, Box 42141, Lubbock 79409, TX, USA
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11
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Davies JE, Gander PE, Hall DA. Does Chronic Tinnitus Alter the Emotional Response Function of the Amygdala?: A Sound-Evoked fMRI Study. Front Aging Neurosci 2017; 9:31. [PMID: 28270764 PMCID: PMC5318420 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2017.00031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2016] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Tinnitus is often associated with strong negative thoughts and emotions which can contribute to a distressing and chronic long-term condition. The amygdala, the "feeling and reacting" part of the brain, may play a key role in this process. Although implicated in several theoretical models of tinnitus, quantification of activity in the human amygdala has only been made possible more recently through neuroimaging methods such as functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) but benefits from modified scanning parameters using a double-echo acquisition for improved BOLD sensitivity. This study thus examined the role of the amygdala in emotional sound processing in people with tinnitus using a novel double-echo imaging sequence for optimal detectability of subcortical activity. Our hypotheses were: (1) emotionally evocative sound clips rated as pleasant or unpleasant would elicit stronger amygdalar activation than sound clips rated as neutral, (2) people with tinnitus have greater amygdalar activation in response to emotionally evocative sounds (relative to neutral sounds) compared to controls. Methods: Twelve participants all with chronic, constant tinnitus took part. We also recruited 11 age and hearing-matched controls. Participants listened to a range of emotionally evocative sound clips; rated as pleasant, unpleasant or neutral. A region-of-interest analysis was chosen to test our a priori hypotheses. Results: Both groups displayed a robust and similar overall response to sounds vs. silence in the following ascending auditory pathways; inferior colliculus, medial geniculate body and the primary auditory cortex. In support of our first hypothesis, the amygdala's response to pleasant and unpleasant sound clips was significantly greater than neutral sounds. Opposing our second hypothesis, we found that the amygdala's overall response to pleasant and unpleasant sounds (compared to neutral sounds) was actually lower in the tinnitus group as compared to the controls. Conclusions: The "muted" amygdala activation observed in the tinnitus group could reflect an internal modification of emotional response perhaps as a result of successful habituation to emotionally negative sound. This interpretation would predict a heightened amygdala emotional response in individuals with a more clinically bothersome tinnitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeff E Davies
- Division of Audiology, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, School of Allied Health Sciences, De Montfort UniversityLeicester, UK; National Institute for Health Research, Nottingham Hearing Biomedical Research UnitNottingham, UK; Otology and Hearing Group, Division of Clinical Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of NottinghamNottingham, UK
| | - Phillip E Gander
- National Institute for Health Research, Nottingham Hearing Biomedical Research UnitNottingham, UK; Otology and Hearing Group, Division of Clinical Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of NottinghamNottingham, UK
| | - Deborah A Hall
- National Institute for Health Research, Nottingham Hearing Biomedical Research UnitNottingham, UK; Otology and Hearing Group, Division of Clinical Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of NottinghamNottingham, UK
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12
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Dalenberg JR, Weitkamp L, Renken RJ, Nanetti L, ter Horst GJ. Flavor pleasantness processing in the ventral emotion network. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0170310. [PMID: 28207751 PMCID: PMC5312947 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0170310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Accepted: 01/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The ventral emotion network–encompassing the amygdala, insula, ventral striatum, and ventral regions of the prefrontal cortex–has been associated with the identification of emotional significance of perceived external stimuli and the production of affective states. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies investigating chemosensory stimuli have associated parts of this network with pleasantness coding. In the current study, we independently analyzed two datasets in which we measured brain responses to flavor stimuli in young adult men. In the first dataset, participants evaluated eight regular off the shelf drinking products while participants evaluated six less familiar oral nutritional supplements (ONS) in the second dataset. Participants provided pleasantness ratings 20 seconds after tasting. Using independent component analysis (ICA) and mixed effect models, we identified one brain network in the regular products dataset that was associated with flavor pleasantness. This network was very similar to the ventral emotion network. Although we identified an identical network in the ONS dataset using ICA, we found no linear relation between activation of any network and pleasantness scores within this dataset. Our results indicate that flavor pleasantness is processed in a network encompassing amygdala, ventral prefrontal, insular, striatal and parahippocampal regions for familiar drinking products. For more unfamiliar ONS products the association is not obvious, which could be related to the unfamiliarity of these products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelle R. Dalenberg
- Top Institute Food and Nutrition, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Neuroimaging Center Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
| | - Liselore Weitkamp
- Top Institute Food and Nutrition, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Neuroimaging Center Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Remco J. Renken
- Top Institute Food and Nutrition, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Neuroimaging Center Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Luca Nanetti
- Neuroimaging Center Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Gert J. ter Horst
- Top Institute Food and Nutrition, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Neuroimaging Center Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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13
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Lowen SB, Farmer SL, Lukas SE. Improved low-cost, MR-compatible olfactometer to deliver tobacco smoke odor. Behav Res Methods 2017; 49:74-82. [PMID: 26896241 PMCID: PMC4991953 DOI: 10.3758/s13428-016-0709-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
We describe a low-cost, MRI-compatible olfactometer that delivers fresh cigarette smoke odor, a challenging odorant to present, as well as other odorants. This new olfactometer retains all of the advantages of an earlier design that was capable of only delivering volatile odors (Lowen & Lukas, Behavior Research Methods, 38, 307-313, 2006). The new system incorporates a novel switching mechanism that allows it to deliver fresh smoke generated from a burning cigarette during a stimulus presentation paradigm that might be employed in a cue-reactivity experiment. An evaluation study established that the olfactometer reliably delivered smoke to the participants and that tobacco smoke was discriminated from other odorants; there were no adverse reactions to the device.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven B Lowen
- McLean Imaging Center, McLean Hospital/Harvard Medical School, 115 Mill Street, Belmont, MA, 02478, USA.
| | - Stacey L Farmer
- McLean Imaging Center, McLean Hospital/Harvard Medical School, 115 Mill Street, Belmont, MA, 02478, USA
| | - Scott E Lukas
- McLean Imaging Center, McLean Hospital/Harvard Medical School, 115 Mill Street, Belmont, MA, 02478, USA
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14
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Montmorency Tart cherries (Prunus cerasus L.) modulate vascular function acutely, in the absence of improvement in cognitive performance. Br J Nutr 2016; 116:1935-1944. [PMID: 27989253 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114516004177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Cerebral blood volume and metabolism of oxygen decline as part of human ageing, and this has been previously shown to be related to cognitive decline. There is some evidence to suggest that polyphenol-rich foods can play an important role in delaying the onset or halting the progression of age-related health disorders such as CVD and Alzheimer's disease and to improve cognitive function. In the present study, an acute, placebo-controlled, double-blinded, cross-over, randomised Latin-square design study with a washout period of at least 14 d was conducted on twenty-seven, middle-aged (defined as 45-60 years) volunteers. Participants received either a 60 ml dose of Montmorency tart cherry concentrate (MC), which contained 68·0 (sd 0·26) mg cyanidin-3-glucoside/l, 160·75 (sd 0·55) mean gallic acid equivalent/l and 0·59 (sd 0·02) mean Trolox equivalent/l, respectively, or a placebo. Cerebrovascular responses, cognitive performance and blood pressure were assessed at baseline and 1, 2, 3 and 5 h following consumption. There were significant differences in concentrations of total Hb and oxygenated Hb during the task period 1 h after MC consumption (P≤0·05). Furthermore, MC consumption significantly lowered systolic blood pressure (P≤0·05) over a period of 3 h, with peak reductions of 6±2 mmHg at 1 h after MC consumption relative to the placebo. Cognitive function and mood were not affected. These results show that a single dose of MC concentrate can modulate certain variables of vascular function; however, this does not translate to improvements in cognition or mood.
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15
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Eldeghaidy S, Marciani L, Hort J, Hollowood T, Singh G, Bush D, Foster T, Taylor AJ, Busch J, Spiller RC, Gowland PA, Francis ST. Prior Consumption of a Fat Meal in Healthy Adults Modulates the Brain's Response to Fat. J Nutr 2016; 146:2187-2198. [PMID: 27655761 PMCID: PMC5086787 DOI: 10.3945/jn.116.234104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2016] [Accepted: 08/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The consumption of fat is regulated by reward and homeostatic pathways, but no studies to our knowledge have examined the role of high-fat meal (HFM) intake on subsequent brain activation to oral stimuli. OBJECTIVE We evaluated how prior consumption of an HFM or water load (WL) modulates reward, homeostatic, and taste brain responses to the subsequent delivery of oral fat. METHODS A randomized 2-way crossover design spaced 1 wk apart was used to compare the prior consumption of a 250-mL HFM (520 kcal) [rapeseed oil (440 kcal), emulsifier, sucrose, flavor cocktail] or noncaloric WL on brain activation to the delivery of repeated trials of a flavored no-fat control stimulus (CS) or flavored fat stimulus (FS) in 17 healthy adults (11 men) aged 25 ± 2 y and with a body mass index (in kg/m2) of 22.4 ± 0.8. We tested differences in brain activation to the CS and FS and baseline cerebral blood flow (CBF) after the HFM and WL. We also tested correlations between an individual's plasma cholecystokinin (CCK) concentration after the HFM and blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) activation of brain regions. RESULTS Compared to the WL, consuming the HFM led to decreased anterior insula taste activation in response to both the CS (36.3%; P < 0.05) and FS (26.5%; P < 0.05). The HFM caused reduced amygdala activation (25.1%; P < 0.01) in response to the FS compared to the CS (fat-related satiety). Baseline CBF significantly reduced in taste (insula: 5.7%; P < 0.01), homeostatic (hypothalamus: 9.2%, P < 0.01; thalamus: 5.1%, P < 0.05), and reward areas (striatum: 9.2%; P < 0.01) after the HFM. An individual's plasma CCK concentration correlated negatively with brain activation in taste and oral somatosensory (ρ = -0.39; P < 0.05) and reward areas (ρ = -0.36; P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Our results in healthy adults show that an HFM suppresses BOLD activation in taste and reward areas compared to a WL. This understanding will help inform the reformulation of reduced-fat foods that mimic the brain's response to high-fat counterparts and guide future interventions to reduce obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sally Eldeghaidy
- Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre, School of Physics and Astronomy,,Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
| | - Luca Marciani
- Nottingham Digestive Diseases Centre and National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Unit, Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Joanne Hort
- Flavour Research Group,,Division of Food Sciences
| | | | | | - Debbie Bush
- Division of Surgery, Queen's Medical Centre University Hospital, Nottingham, United Kingdom; and
| | | | | | | | - Robin C Spiller
- Nottingham Digestive Diseases Centre and National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Unit, Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Penny A Gowland
- Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre, School of Physics and Astronomy
| | - Susan T Francis
- Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre, School of Physics and Astronomy,
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16
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Heinze JM, Preissl H, Fritsche A, Frank S. Controversies in fat perception. Physiol Behav 2015; 152:479-93. [PMID: 26340857 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2015.08.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2015] [Revised: 08/25/2015] [Accepted: 08/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Nutritional fat is one of the most controversial topics in nutritional research, particularly against the background of obesity. Studies investigating fat taste perception have revealed several associations with sensory, genetic, and personal factors (e.g. BMI). However, neuronal activation patterns, which are known to be highly sensitive to different tastes as well as to BMI differences, have not yet been included in the scheme of fat taste perception. We will therefore provide a comprehensive survey of the sensory, genetic, and personal factors associated with fat taste perception and highlight the benefits of applying neuroimaging research. We will also give a critical overview of studies investigating sensory fat perception and the challenges resulting from multifaceted methodological approaches. In conclusion, we will discuss a multifactorial approach to fat perception to gain a better understanding of the underlying mechanisms that cause varying fat sensitivity which could be responsible for overeating. Such knowledge might be beneficial in new treatment strategies for obesity and overweight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaana M Heinze
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Neurobiology/fMEG Center, University of Tübingen, Otfried Müller Str. 47, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; Department of Internal Medicine IV, University Hospital Tübingen, Otfried Müller Str. 10, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Center Munich at the University of Tübingen, Otfried Müller Str. 47, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research, Otfried Müller Str. 47, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Hubert Preissl
- Department of Internal Medicine IV, University Hospital Tübingen, Otfried Müller Str. 10, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Center Munich at the University of Tübingen, Otfried Müller Str. 47, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research, Otfried Müller Str. 47, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Andreas Fritsche
- Department of Internal Medicine IV, University Hospital Tübingen, Otfried Müller Str. 10, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Center Munich at the University of Tübingen, Otfried Müller Str. 47, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research, Otfried Müller Str. 47, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Sabine Frank
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Neurobiology/fMEG Center, University of Tübingen, Otfried Müller Str. 47, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
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17
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Oberlin BG, Dzemidzic M, Tran SM, Soeurt CM, O’Connor SJ, Yoder KK, Kareken DA. Beer self-administration provokes lateralized nucleus accumbens dopamine release in male heavy drinkers. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2015; 232:861-70. [PMID: 25163422 PMCID: PMC4326548 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-014-3720-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2014] [Accepted: 08/11/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Although striatal dopamine (DA) is important in alcohol abuse, the nature of DA release during actual alcohol drinking is unclear, since drinking includes self-administration of both conditioned flavor stimuli (CS) of the alcoholic beverage and subsequent intoxication, the unconditioned stimulus (US). OBJECTIVES Here, we used a novel self-administration analog to distinguish nucleus accumbens (NAcc) DA responses specific to the CS and US. METHODS Right-handed male heavy drinkers (n = 26) received three positron emission tomography (PET) scans with the D2/D3 radioligand [(11)C]raclopride (RAC) and performed a pseudo self-administration task that separately administered a flavor CS of either a habitually consumed beer or the appetitive control Gatorade®, concomitant with the US of ethanol intoxication (0.06 g/dL intravenous (IV) administration) or IV saline. Scan conditions were Gatorade flavor + saline (Gat&Sal), Gatorade flavor + ethanol (Gat&Eth), and beer flavor + ethanol (Beer&Eth). RESULTS Ethanol (US) reduced RAC binding (inferring DA release) in the left (L) NAcc [Gat&Sal > Gat&Eth]. Beer flavor (CS) increased DA in the right (R) NAcc [Gat&Eth > Beer&Eth]. The combination of beer flavor and ethanol (CS + US), [Gat&Sal > Beer&Eth], induced DA release in bilateral NAcc. Self-reported intoxication during scanning correlated with L NAcc DA release. Relative to saline, infusion of ethanol increased alcoholic drink wanting. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest lateralized DA function in the NAcc, with L NAcc DA release most reflecting intoxication, R NAcc DA release most reflecting the flavor CS, and the conjoint CS + US producing a bilateral NAcc response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon Gregg Oberlin
- Department of Neurology, Indiana University School of Medicine (IUSOM), Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Mario Dzemidzic
- Department of Neurology, Indiana University School of Medicine (IUSOM), Indianapolis, Indiana,Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Center for Neuroimaging, IUSOM
| | - Stella Maria Tran
- Department of Neurology, Indiana University School of Medicine (IUSOM), Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Christina Marie Soeurt
- Department of Neurology, Indiana University School of Medicine (IUSOM), Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Sean Joseph O’Connor
- Department of Psychiatry, IUSOM,Roudebush Veterans Administration Medical Center, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Karmen Kay Yoder
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Center for Neuroimaging, IUSOM,Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, IUSOM,Department of Psychology, Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis
| | - David Alexander Kareken
- Department of Neurology, Indiana University School of Medicine (IUSOM), Indianapolis, Indiana,Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Center for Neuroimaging, IUSOM,Department of Psychiatry, IUSOM,Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, IUSOM
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18
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Wang Y, Hamilton AFDC. Anterior medial prefrontal cortex implements social priming of mimicry. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2014; 10:486-93. [PMID: 25009194 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nsu076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2013] [Accepted: 05/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The neural and cognitive mechanisms by which primed constructs can impact on social behavior are poorly understood. In the present study, we used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to explore how scrambled sentence priming can impact on mimicry behavior. Sentences involving pro/antisocial events from a first/third-person point of view were presented in short blocks, followed by a reaction-time assessment of mimicry. Behavioral results showed that both prosociality and viewpoint impact on mimicry, and fMRI analysis showed this effect is implemented by anterior medial prefrontal cortex (amPFC). We suggest that social primes may subtly modulate processing in amPFC in a manner linked to the later behavior, and that this same region also implements the top-down control of mimicry responses. This priming may be linked to processing of self-schemas in amPFC. Our findings demonstrate how social priming can be studied with fMRI, and have important implications for our understanding of the underlying mechanisms of prime-to-behavior effects as well as for current theories in social psychology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin Wang
- School of Psychology, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
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19
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Frank S, Linder K, Fritsche L, Hege MA, Kullmann S, Krzeminski A, Fritsche A, Schieberle P, Somoza V, Hinrichs J, Veit R, Preissl H. Olive oil aroma extract modulates cerebral blood flow in gustatory brain areas in humans. Am J Clin Nutr 2013; 98:1360-6. [PMID: 24025630 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.113.062679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Low- and high-fat meals affect homeostatic and gustatory brain areas differentially. In a previous study, we showed that a high-fat meal decreased cerebral blood flow (CBF) in homeostatic brain areas (hypothalamus), whereas a low-fat meal increased CBF in gustatory regions (anterior insula). OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to investigate the long-lasting effect of fat-free flavor-active compounds of olive oil on the brain and whether those aroma components can trigger fat-associated brain responses in homeostatic and gustatory regions. DESIGN Eleven healthy male subjects participated in a functional magnetic resonance imaging study. On 2 measurement days, subjects consumed single-blinded a plain low-fat yogurt or low-fat yogurt mixed with a fat-free aroma extract of olive oil. Resting CBF was measured before and 30 and 120 min after yogurt intake. Hunger was rated before each measurement. Blood samples were collected at 6 time points. RESULTS The extract-containing yogurt elicited higher CBF in the frontal operculum 30 and 120 min after a meal. Furthermore, the activity change in the anterior insula after 30 min correlated positively with the glucose change in the extract condition only. No effects were observed in the hypothalamus. CONCLUSIONS The anterior insula and the frontal operculum are regarded as the primary taste cortex. Modulation of the frontal operculum by the yogurt containing the olive oil extract suggests that it might be possible to simulate fat-triggered sensations in the brain on the gustatory level, possibly by ingredients the body implicitly associates with fat. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01716286.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Frank
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany (HP, MAH, RV, SF, and SK); the fMEG Center, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany (HP, MAH, RV, SF, and SK); the Department of Internal Medicine IV, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany (AF, KL, and LF); the Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Center Munich at the University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany (AF, HP, and SK); the German Center for Diabetes Research, Neuherberg, Germany (AF, HP, and SK); the Institute of Food Science and Biotechnology, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany (AK and JH); the German Research Center for Food Chemistry, Freising, Germany (PS); and the Department of Nutritional and Physiological Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria (VS)
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20
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Grabenhorst F, Rolls ET. The representation of oral fat texture in the human somatosensory cortex. Hum Brain Mapp 2013; 35:2521-30. [PMID: 24038614 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.22346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2012] [Revised: 04/24/2013] [Accepted: 05/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
How fat is sensed in the mouth and represented in the brain is important in relation to the pleasantness of food, appetite control, and the design of foods that reproduce the mouthfeel of fat yet have low energy content. We show that the human somatosensory cortex (SSC) is involved in oral fat processing via functional coupling to the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC), where the pleasantness of fat texture is represented. Using functional MRI, we found that activity in SSC was more strongly correlated with the OFC during the consumption of a high fat food with a pleasant (vanilla) flavor compared to a low fat food with the same flavor. This effect was not found in control analyses using high fat foods with a less pleasant flavor or pleasant-flavored low fat foods. SSC activity correlated with subjective ratings of fattiness, but not of texture pleasantness or flavor pleasantness, indicating a representation that is not involved in hedonic processing per se. Across subjects, the magnitude of OFC-SSC coupling explained inter-individual variation in texture pleasantness evaluations. These findings extend known SSC functions to a specific role in the processing of pleasant-flavored oral fat, and identify a neural mechanism potentially important in appetite, overeating, and obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Grabenhorst
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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21
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Di Salle F, Cantone E, Savarese MF, Aragri A, Prinster A, Nicolai E, Sarnelli G, Iengo M, Buyckx M, Cuomo R. Effect of carbonation on brain processing of sweet stimuli in humans. Gastroenterology 2013; 145:537-9.e3. [PMID: 23714381 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2013.05.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2012] [Revised: 05/16/2013] [Accepted: 05/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Little is known about how CO2 affects neural processing of taste. We used functional magnetic resonance imaging to investigate the effects of carbonation on brain processing of sweet stimuli, which has relevance to studies of food selection and satiety. The presence of carbonation produced an overall decrease in the neural processing of sweetness-related signals, especially from sucrose. CO2 reduced the neural processing of sucrose more than that of artificial sweeteners. These findings might be relevant to dietary interventions that include noncaloric beverages, whereas the combination of CO2 and sucrose might increase consumption of sucrose.
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22
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Oberlin BG, Dzemidzic M, Tran SM, Soeurt CM, Albrecht DS, Yoder KK, Kareken DA. Beer flavor provokes striatal dopamine release in male drinkers: mediation by family history of alcoholism. Neuropsychopharmacology 2013; 38:1617-24. [PMID: 23588036 PMCID: PMC3717546 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2013.91] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2013] [Revised: 04/08/2013] [Accepted: 04/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Striatal dopamine (DA) is increased by virtually all drugs of abuse, including alcohol. However, drug-associated cues are also known to provoke striatal DA transmission- a phenomenon linked to the motivated behaviors associated with addiction. To our knowledge, no one has tested if alcohol's classically conditioned flavor cues, in the absence of a significant pharmacologic effect, are capable of eliciting striatal DA release in humans. Employing positron emission tomography (PET), we hypothesized that beer's flavor alone can reduce the binding potential (BP) of [(11)C]raclopride (RAC; a reflection of striatal DA release) in the ventral striatum, relative to an appetitive flavor control. Forty-nine men, ranging from social to heavy drinking, mean age 25, with a varied family history of alcoholism underwent two [(11)C]RAC PET scans: one while tasting beer, and one while tasting Gatorade. Relative to the control flavor of Gatorade, beer flavor significantly increased self-reported desire to drink, and reduced [(11)C]RAC BP, indicating that the alcohol-associated flavor cues induced DA release. BP reductions were strongest in subjects with first-degree alcoholic relatives. These results demonstrate that alcohol-conditioned flavor cues can provoke ventral striatal DA release, absent significant pharmacologic effects, and that the response is strongest in subjects with a greater genetic risk for alcoholism. Striatal DA responses to salient alcohol cues may thus be an inherited risk factor for alcoholism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon G Oberlin
- Department of Neurology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Mario Dzemidzic
- Department of Neurology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA,Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Center for Neuroimaging, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Stella M Tran
- Department of Neurology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Christina M Soeurt
- Department of Neurology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Daniel S Albrecht
- Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Karmen K Yoder
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Center for Neuroimaging, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA,Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - David A Kareken
- Department of Neurology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA,Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Center for Neuroimaging, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA,Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA,Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA,Department of Neurology, Indiana University School of Medicine, 355 W 16th Street, Suite 4700, Indianapolis, IN 46202, Indiana, Tel: +1 317 963 7204, Fax: +1 317 963 7211, E-mail:
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23
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Kareken DA, Dzemidzic M, Oberlin BG, Eiler WJA. A preliminary study of the human brain response to oral sucrose and its association with recent drinking. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2013; 37:2058-65. [PMID: 23841808 DOI: 10.1111/acer.12194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2013] [Accepted: 04/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A preference for sweet tastes has been repeatedly shown to be associated with alcohol preference in both animals and humans. In this study, we tested the extent to which recent drinking is related to blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) activation from an intensely sweet solution in orbitofrontal areas known to respond to primary rewards. METHODS Sixteen right-handed, non-treatment-seeking, healthy volunteers (mean age: 26 years; 75% male) were recruited from the community. All underwent a taste test using a range of sucrose concentrations, as well as functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) during pseudorandom, event-driven stimulation with water and a 0.83 M concentration of sucrose in water. RESULTS [Sucrose > water] provoked a significant BOLD activation in primary gustatory cortex and amygdala, as well as in the right ventral striatum and in bilateral orbitofrontal cortex. Drinks/drinking day correlated significantly with the activation as extracted from the left orbital area (r = 0.52, p = 0.04 after correcting for a bilateral comparison). Using stepwise multiple regression, the addition of rated sucrose liking accounted for significantly more variance in drinks/drinking day than did left orbital activation alone (multiple R = 0.79, p = 0.002). CONCLUSIONS Both the orbitofrontal response to an intensely sweet taste and rated liking of that taste accounted for significant variance in drinking behavior. The brain response to sweet tastes may be an important phenotype of alcoholism risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Kareken
- Department of Neurology , Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana; Department of Psychiatry , Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana; Department of Radiology , Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
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Chinese massage combined with herbal ointment for athletes with nonspecific low back pain: a randomized controlled trial. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2012; 2012:695726. [PMID: 23258996 PMCID: PMC3522503 DOI: 10.1155/2012/695726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2012] [Accepted: 10/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Non-specific low back pain (NLBP) is an increasing health problem for athletes. This randomized controlled trial was designed to investigate the effects of Chinese massage combined with herbal ointment for NLBP. 110 athletes with NLBP were randomly assigned to experimental group with Chinese massage combined with herbal ointment or control group with simple massage therapy. The primary outcome was pain by Chinese Short Form McGill Pain Questionnaire (C-SFMPQ). The secondary outcome was local muscle stiffness by Myotonometer. After 4 weeks, the experimental group experienced significant improvements in C-SFMPQ and in local muscle stiffness compared with control group (between-group difference in mean change from baseline, -1.24 points, P = 0.005 in sensory scores; -3.14 points, P < 0.001 in affective scores; -4.39 points, P < 0.001 in total scores; -0.64 points, P = 0.002 in VAS; -1.04 points, P = 0.005 in local muscle stiffness during relaxation state). The difference remained at one month followup, but it was only significant in affective scores (-2.83 points, P < 0.001) at three months followup. No adverse events were observed. These findings suggest that Chinese massage combined with herbal ointment may be a beneficial complementary and alternative therapy for athletes with NLBP.
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Small DM. Flavor is in the brain. Physiol Behav 2012; 107:540-52. [PMID: 22542991 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2012.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2012] [Revised: 04/10/2012] [Accepted: 04/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Eldeghaidy S, Hollowood T, Marciani L, Head K, Busch J, Taylor AJ, Foster TJ, Spiller RC, Gowland PA, Francis S, Hort J. Does Fat Alter the Cortical Response to Flavor? CHEMOSENS PERCEPT 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s12078-012-9130-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Abstract
Objective Stress is associated with increased intake of palatable foods and with weight gain, particularly in overweight women. Stress, food, and body mass index (BMI) have been separately shown to impact amygdala activity. However, it is not known whether stress influences amygdala responses to palatable foods, and whether this response is associated with chronic stress or BMI. Design Fourteen overweight and obese women participated in a functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) scan as they consumed a palatable milkshake during script-driven autobiographical guided imagery of stressful and neutral-relaxing scenarios. Results We report that a network including insula, somatomotor mouth area, ventral striatum, and thalamus responds to milkshake receipt, but none of these areas are impacted by stress. In contrast, while the left amygdala responds to milkshake irrespective of condition, the right amygdala responds to milkshake only under stressful conditions. Moreover, this right amygdala response is positively associated with basal cortisol levels, an objective measure of chronic stress. We also found a positive relationship between BMI and stress related increased response to milkshake in the orbitofrontal cortex. Conclusions These results demonstrate that acute stress potentiates response to food in the right amygdala and orbitofrontal cortex as a function of chronic stress and body weight, respectively. This suggests that the influence of acute stress in potentiating amygdala and OFC responses to food is dependent upon individual factors like BMI and chronic stress. We conclude that BMI and chronic stress play a significant role in brain response to food and in stress-related eating.
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Veldhuizen MG, Gitelman DR, Small DM. An fMRI Study of the Interactions Between the Attention and the Gustatory Networks. CHEMOSENS PERCEPT 2012; 5:117-127. [PMID: 25419265 DOI: 10.1007/s12078-012-9122-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
In a prior study, we showed that trying to detect a taste in a tasteless solution results in enhanced activity in the gustatory and attention networks. The aim of the current study was to use connectivity analyses to test if and how these networks interact during directed attention to taste. We predicted that the attention network modulates taste cortex, reflecting top-down enhancement of incoming sensory signals that are relevant to goal-directed behavior. fMRI was used to measure brain responses in 14 subjects as they performed two different tasks: (1) trying to detect a taste in a solution or (2) passively perceiving the same solution. We used psychophysiological interaction analysis to identify regions demonstrating increased connectivity during a taste attention task compared to passive tasting. We observed greater connectivity between the anterior cingulate cortex and the frontal eye fields, posterior parietal cortex, and parietal operculum and between the anterior cingulate cortex and the right anterior insula and frontal operculum. These results suggested that selective attention to taste is mediated by a hierarchical circuit in which signals are first sent from the frontal eye fields, posterior parietal cortex, and parietal operculum to the anterior cingulate cortex, which in turn modulates responses in the anterior insula and frontal operculum. We then tested this prediction using dynamic causal modeling. This analysis confirmed a model of indirect modulation of the gustatory cortex, with the strongest influence coming from the frontal eye fields via the anterior cingulate cortex. In summary, the results indicate that the attention network modulates the gustatory cortex during attention to taste and that the anterior cingulate cortex acts as an intermediary processing hub between the attention network and the gustatory cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria G Veldhuizen
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | | | - Dana M Small
- Interdepartmental Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
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García-González DL, Vivancos J, Aparicio R. Mapping brain activity induced by olfaction of virgin olive oil aroma. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2011; 59:10200-10210. [PMID: 21838262 DOI: 10.1021/jf202106b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The difficulty of explaining sensory descriptors of virgin olive oil aroma by the analysis of volatile compounds is partially due to the subjective opinions of panelists and the lack of information of the neural mechanisms that ultimately produce a sensory perception. In this study the technique of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) has been applied to study brain activity during the smelling of virgin olive oil of different qualities. The volatile compounds of the samples were analyzed by solid-phase microextraction gas chromatography to explain the differences in the aromas presented to the subjects during the fMRI experiments. Comparing the pleasant and unpleasant aromas, the most evident differences in brain activity were found at the anterior cingulate gyrus (Brodmann area 32) and at the temporal lobe (Brodmann area 38). The activations were also observed when subjects smelled dilutions of heptanal and hexanoic acid, both compounds being responsible for off-flavors. Other areas were inherent to the olfaction task (e.g., Brodmann area 10) and to the intensity of the aroma (Brodmann area 6).
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Eldeghaidy S, Marciani L, Pfeiffer JC, Hort J, Head K, Taylor AJ, Spiller RC, Gowland PA, Francis S. Use of an Immediate Swallow Protocol to Assess Taste and Aroma Integration in fMRI Studies. CHEMOSENS PERCEPT 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s12078-011-9094-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Smith JK, Humes DJ, Head KE, Bush D, White TP, Stevenson CM, Brookes MJ, Marciani L, Spiller RC, Gowland PA, Francis ST. fMRI and MEG analysis of visceral pain in healthy volunteers. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2011; 23:648-e260. [PMID: 21507149 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2982.2011.01712.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although many studies of painful rectal stimulation have found activation in the insula, cingulate, somatosensory, prefrontal cortices and thalamus, there is considerable variability when comparing functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) results. Multiple factors may be responsible, including the model used in fMRI data analysis. Here, we assess the temporal response of activity to rectal barostat distension using novel fMRI and magnetoencephalography (MEG) analysis. METHODS Liminal and painful rectal barostat balloon inflation thresholds were assessed in 14 female healthy volunteers. Subliminal, liminal and painful 40s periods of distension were applied in a pseudo-randomized paradigm during fMRI and MEG neuroimaging. Functional MRI data analysis was performed comparing standard box-car models of the full 40s of stimulus (Block) with models of the inflation (Ramp-On) and deflation (Ramp-Off) of the barostat. Similar models were used in MEG analysis of oscillatory activity. KEY RESULTS Modeling the data using a standard Block analysis failed to detect areas of interest found to be active using Ramp-On and Ramp-Off models. Ramp-On generated activity in anterior insula and cingulate regions and other pain-matrix associated areas. Ramp-Off demonstrated activity of a network of posterior insula, SII and posterior cingulate. Active areas were consistent with those identified from MEG data. CONCLUSIONS & INFERENCES In studies of visceral pain, fMRI model design strongly influences the detected activity and must be accounted for to effectively explore the fMRI data in healthy subjects and within patient groups. In particular a strong cortical response is detected to inflation and deflation of the barostat, rather than to its absolute volume.
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Affiliation(s)
- J K Smith
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Sir Peter Mansfield Magnetic Resonance Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
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Cortical hemodynamic responses to intravenous thiamine propyldisulphide administration detected by multichannel near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) system. Brain Topogr 2011; 24:114-26. [PMID: 21445664 DOI: 10.1007/s10548-011-0179-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2011] [Accepted: 03/18/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Intravenous injection of thiamine propyldisulphide (TPD), which induces sensation of a garlic-like odor, has been used as a representative subjective olfactory test in Japan. However, cortical loci activated by TPD still remain unclear. We recorded cerebral hemodynamic responses (changes in Oxy-Hb concentrations) induced by TPD administration using whole-head multi-channel near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) system based on 3D-MRIs. TPD as an odorant and saline as a control were injected from the cephalic vein in the left forearm in ten male normosmic (five young and five elderly) subjects and five dysosmic elderly patients. The all normosmic, but not dysosmic, subjects felt the garlic-like odor in the all TPD trials. There was no significant difference in hemodynamic responses between the young and elderly normosmic subjects. However, TPD injection induced significantly larger hemodynamic responses in the bilateral operculums, bilateral dorsolateral prefrontal cortices (PFC) and anteromedial PFC in the normosmic subjects, compared with saline injection. Onset latencies of these hemodynamic responses were significantly correlated with onset latencies of subjective odor sensation in the normosmic subjects. Comparison of hemodynamic responses between the normosmic and dysosmic subjects indicated a significant difference in the bilateral operculums. The results demonstrated that Oxy-Hb increases in the bilateral operculums reflected olfactory sensation induced by TPD injection. Consideration of a route for intravenous TPD to reach the olfactory mucosa suggests that these hemodynamic responses might be attributed to food-related retronasal olfactory responses to TPD.
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Eldeghaidy S, Marciani L, McGlone F, Hollowood T, Hort J, Head K, Taylor AJ, Busch J, Spiller RC, Gowland PA, Francis ST. The cortical response to the oral perception of fat emulsions and the effect of taster status. J Neurophysiol 2011; 105:2572-81. [PMID: 21389303 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00927.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The rewarding attributes of foods containing fat are associated with the increase in fat consumption, but little is known of how the complex physical and chemical properties of orally ingested fats are represented and decoded in the brain nor how this impacts feeding behavior within the population. Here, functional MRI (fMRI) is used to assess the brain response to isoviscous, isosweet fat emulsions of increasing fat concentration and to investigate the correlation of behavioral and neuroimaging responses with taster status (TS). Cortical areas activated in response to fat, and those areas positively correlated with fat concentration, were identified. Significant responses that positively correlated with increasing fat concentration were found in the anterior insula, frontal operculum and secondary somatosensory cortex (SII), anterior cingulate cortex, and amygdala. Assessing the effect of TS revealed a strong correlation with self-reported preference of the samples and with cortical response in somatosensory areas [primary somatosensory cortex (SI), SII, and midinsula] and the primary taste area (anterior insula) and a trend in reward areas (amygdala and orbitofrontal cortex). This finding of a strong correlation with TS in somatosensory areas supports the theory of increased mechanosensory trigeminal innervation in high 6-n-propyl-2-thiouracil (PROP) tasters and has been linked to a higher risk of obesity. The interindividual differences in blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) amplitude with TS indicates that segmenting populations by TS will reduce the heterogeneity of BOLD responses, improving signal detection power.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sally Eldeghaidy
- Sir Peter Mansfield Magnetic Resonance Centre, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
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fMRI of the brainstem using dual-echo EPI. Neuroimage 2011; 55:1593-9. [PMID: 21256220 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.01.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2010] [Revised: 01/12/2011] [Accepted: 01/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The brainstem is the part of the human brain that plays a pivotal role in the maintenance of many critical body functions. Due to the elevated level of cardiogenic noise, few fMRI studies have investigated the brainstem so far. Cardiac-gated echo-planar imaging with acquisition of two echoes per excitation (dual-echo EPI) is one method that significantly reduces cardiogenic noise and, thus, allows for fMRI measurements of the brainstem. As information on optimal preprocessing approaches for brainstem-fMRI data is still scarce, the goal of this study was to compare different combinations of normalization and smoothing procedures as implemented in standard fMRI software packages and to identify the combinations yielding optimal results for dual-echo EPI. 21 healthy subjects were measured while executing a simple motor paradigm to activate the facial and trigeminal motor nucleus in the brainstem. After motion correction and calculation of T(2)*-maps the data were preprocessed with 24 combinations of standard normalization (SPM classic, SPM unified, FSL, ABC) and smoothing procedures (pre-/post-smoothing with 3mm-, 4.5mm- and 6mm-kernel) before undergoing first- and second-level statistical analysis. Activation results were compared for first-level and second-level statistics using two anatomically defined regions of interest. Five methods were found to be sensitive for activation of both nuclei. These included FSL normalization with 3mm and 4.5mm pre-smoothing as well as 3mm post-smoothing, SPM unified normalization with 3mm pre-smoothing and ABC normalization with 4.5mm pre-smoothing. All these methods can be recommended for normalization and smoothing when analyzing fMRI data of the brainstem acquired by cardiac-gated dual-echo EPI.
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Ramsey R, Hamilton AFDC. How does your own knowledge influence the perception of another person's action in the human brain? Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2010; 7:242-51. [PMID: 21183458 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nsq102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
When you see someone reach into a cookie jar, their goal remains obvious even if you know that the last cookie has already been eaten. Thus, it is possible to infer the goal of an action even if you know that the goal cannot be achieved. Previous research has identified distinct brain networks for processing information about object locations, actions and mental-state inferences. However, the relationship between brain networks for action understanding in social contexts remains unclear. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging, this study assesses the role of these networks in understanding another person searching for hidden objects. Participants watched movie clips depicting a toy animal hiding and an actor, who was ignorant of the hiding place, searching in the filled or empty location. When the toy animal hid in the same location repeatedly, the blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) response was suppressed in occipital, posterior temporal and posterior parietal brain regions, consistent with processing object properties and spatial attention. When the actor searched in the same location repeatedly, the BOLD signal was suppressed in the inferior frontal gyrus, consistent with the observation of hand actions. In contrast, searches towards the filled location compared to the empty location were associated with a greater response in the medial prefrontal cortex and right temporal pole, which are both associated with mental state inference. These findings show that when observing another person search for a hidden object, brain networks for processing information about object properties, actions and mental state inferences work together in a complementary fashion. This supports the hypothesis that brain regions within and beyond the putative human mirror neuron system are involved in action comprehension within social contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Ramsey
- School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, UK.
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Hort J, Redureau S, Hollowood T, Marciani L, Eldeghaidy S, Head K, Busch J, Spiller RC, Francis S, Gowland PA, Taylor AJ. The Effect of Body Position on Flavor Release and Perception: Implications for fMRI Studies. CHEMOSENS PERCEPT 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/s12078-008-9034-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Immunostaining of rat brain, spinal cord, sensory neurons and skeletal muscle for calcium channel alpha2-delta (α2-δ) type 1 protein. Neuroscience 2008; 155:510-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2008.05.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2008] [Revised: 05/05/2008] [Accepted: 05/06/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Kami YN, Goto TK, Tokumori K, Yoshiura T, Kobayashi K, Nakamura Y, Honda H, Ninomiya Y, Yoshiura K. The development of a novel automated taste stimulus delivery system for fMRI studies on the human cortical segregation of taste. J Neurosci Methods 2008; 172:48-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2008.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2008] [Revised: 04/01/2008] [Accepted: 04/06/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Atanasova B, Graux J, El Hage W, Hommet C, Camus V, Belzung C. Olfaction: a potential cognitive marker of psychiatric disorders. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2008; 32:1315-25. [PMID: 18555528 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2008.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2007] [Revised: 04/28/2008] [Accepted: 05/02/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Cognitive deficits are well documented in psychiatric disorders, particularly in schizophrenia and depression. Cognitive activity roots in perceptions. However, research on sensorial alterations in psychiatric conditions has mainly focused on visual or auditory processes and less on olfaction. Here, we examine data on olfactory deficits in psychiatric patients using a systematic review of recent publications. Schizophrenic patients are mainly characterized by no reliable change in odour sensitivity and by a deficit in odour identification, recognition and discrimination. Depressed patients principally exhibit a deficit in the hedonic aspects of this perception, even if, in some case, alterations in sensitivity or identification are also found. Changes in odour perception are also found in dementia and in some neurodegenerative disease, but in this case alterations concern all aspects of the sensorial experience (detection threshold, identification and recognition). Taken together, these data indicate that olfactory abnormalities might be a marker of psychiatric conditions, with a specific pattern for each disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boriana Atanasova
- INSERM U-930 FRE CNRS 2448, Université François Rabelais Tours, Parc Grandmont, 37200 Tours, France
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DE CELIS ALONSO BENITO, MARCIANI LUCA, HEAD KAY, CLARK PAUL, SPILLER ROBINC, RAYMENT PIP, ABLETT STEVE, FRANCIS SUE, GOWLAND PENNYA. FUNCTIONAL MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING ASSESSMENT OF THE CORTICAL REPRESENTATION OF ORAL VISCOSITY. J Texture Stud 2007. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-4603.2007.00122.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Abstract
Simulations are used to optimize multi-echo fMRI data acquisition for detection of BOLD signal changes in this study. Optimal sequence design (echo times and sampling period (receiver bandwidth)) and the variation in sensitivity between tissues with different baseline T*(2) are investigated, taking into account the effects of physiological noise and non-exponential signal decay. In the case of a single echo, for normally distributed, uncorrelated noise, the results indicate that the sampling period should be made as long as possible (so as to produce an acceptable level of image distortion), up to a maximum sampling period of 3T*(2), (i.e. optimum TE = 1.5T*(2)). Combining the signal from multiple echoes using weighted summation improves the contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR), at a reduced optimum echo interval. If the BOLD effect causes a constant change in relaxation rate, DeltaR*(2), independent of the tissue R*(2), then a multi-echo acquisition causes considerable variation in sensitivity to BOLD signal changes with tissue T*(2), so that if the sequence is optimized for a target tissue T*(2) it will be more sensitive to BOLD signal changes in tissues with shorter T*(2) values. Fitting for DeltaR*(2) reduces the CNR, and when using this approach, the shortest echo time interval should be used, down to a limit of about 0.3T*(2), and as many echoes as possible within the constraints of TR or hardware limitations should be collected. It is also shown that the optimal sequence will remain optimum or close to optimum irrespective of whether there are physiological noise contributions.
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Affiliation(s)
- P A Gowland
- Sir Peter Mansfield Magnetic Resonance Centre, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, UK.
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Okamoto M, Dan I. Functional near-infrared spectroscopy for human brain mapping of taste-related cognitive functions. J Biosci Bioeng 2007; 103:207-15. [PMID: 17434422 DOI: 10.1263/jbb.103.207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2006] [Accepted: 12/02/2006] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Humans use various higher cognitive processes for taste, including memorization, recollection, and imagination, in our dietary lives, as well as in more specialized situations, such as sensory evaluation used in the food industry. So far, the cognitive aspects of taste processing have been studied mainly with psychological approaches, and their neural bases are not yet well understood. Conventional neuroimaging techniques are being used to converge psychological findings with human brain functions. However, these techniques require subjects to be in a supine position and strictly restrict head movements, narrowing the range of experimental paradigms that can be performed. This is especially true for taste studies; it is difficult to taste samples and perform cognitive tasks on them under conventional neuroimaging conditions. Therefore, we have attempted to use functional near infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS), an emerging noninvasive neuroimaging technique, to study human cortical taste cognitive processing. fNIRS, utilizing light to measure cortical hemoglobin concentration changes associated with neural activities, is more tolerant of subject body movement, thus allowing a wider range of experimental tasks for taste. However, it has some shortcomings that needed to be addressed. In this review, we will show how these technical obstacles have been overcome, how fNIRS contributes to the mapping of taste-related brain functions, and further promote the understanding of human taste processing. We propose fNIRS as a potential mediator between psychology and neuroscience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masako Okamoto
- Laboratory of Sensory and Cognitive Food Sciences, National Food Research Institute, 2-1-12 Kannondai, Tsukuba 305-8642, Japan
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