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Schmoigl-Tonis M, Schranz C, Müller-Putz GR. Methods for motion artifact reduction in online brain-computer interface experiments: a systematic review. Front Hum Neurosci 2023; 17:1251690. [PMID: 37920561 PMCID: PMC10619676 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2023.1251690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) have emerged as a promising technology for enhancing communication between the human brain and external devices. Electroencephalography (EEG) is particularly promising in this regard because it has high temporal resolution and can be easily worn on the head in everyday life. However, motion artifacts caused by muscle activity, fasciculation, cable swings, or magnetic induction pose significant challenges in real-world BCI applications. In this paper, we present a systematic review of methods for motion artifact reduction in online BCI experiments. Using the PRISMA filter method, we conducted a comprehensive literature search on PubMed, focusing on open access publications from 1966 to 2022. We evaluated 2,333 publications based on predefined filtering rules to identify existing methods and pipelines for motion artifact reduction in EEG data. We present a lookup table of all papers that passed the defined filters, all used methods, and pipelines and compare their overall performance and suitability for online BCI experiments. We summarize suitable methods, algorithms, and concepts for motion artifact reduction in online BCI applications, highlight potential research gaps, and discuss existing community consensus. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the current state of the field and guide researchers in selecting appropriate methods for motion artifact reduction in online BCI experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathias Schmoigl-Tonis
- Laboratory of Collaborative Robotics, Department of Human Motion Analytics, Salzburg Research GmbH, Salzburg, Austria
- Institute of Neural Engineering, Laboratory of Brain-Computer Interfaces, Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria
| | - Christoph Schranz
- Laboratory of Collaborative Robotics, Department of Human Motion Analytics, Salzburg Research GmbH, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Gernot R. Müller-Putz
- Institute of Neural Engineering, Laboratory of Brain-Computer Interfaces, Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria
- BioTechMed Graz, Graz, Austria
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Wang Z, Zhang F, Yue L, Hu L, Li X, Xu B, Liang Z. Cortical Complexity and Connectivity during Isoflurane-induced General Anesthesia: A Rat Study. J Neural Eng 2022; 19. [PMID: 35472693 DOI: 10.1088/1741-2552/ac6a7b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The investigation of neurophysiologic mechanisms of anesthetic drug-induced loss of consciousness (LOC) by using the entropy, complexity, and information integration theories at the mesoscopic level has been a hot topic in recent years. However, systematic research is still lacking. APPROACH We analyzed electrocorticography (ECoG) data recorded from nine rats during isoflurane-induced unconsciousness. To characterize the complexity and connectivity changes, we investigated ECoG power, symbolic dynamic-based entropy (i.e., permutation entropy (PE)), complexity (i.e., permutation Lempel-Ziv complexity (PLZC)), information integration (i.e., permutation cross mutual information (PCMI)), and PCMI-based cortical brain networks in the frontal, parietal, and occipital cortical regions. MAIN RESULTS Firstly, LOC was accompanied by a raised power in the ECoG beta (12-30 Hz) but a decreased power in the high gamma (55-95 Hz) frequency band in all three brain regions. Secondly, PE and PLZC showed similar change trends in the lower frequency band (0.1-45 Hz), declining after LOC (p<0.05) and increasing after recovery of consciousness (p<0.001). Thirdly, intra-frontal and inter-frontal-parietal PCMI declined after LOC, in both lower (0.1-45Hz) and higher frequency bands (55-95Hz) (p<0.001). Finally, the local network parameters of the nodal clustering coefficient and nodal efficiency in the frontal region decreased after LOC, in both the lower and higher frequency bands (p<0.05). Moreover, global network parameters of the normalized average clustering coefficient and small world index increased slightly after LOC in the lower frequency band. However, this increase was not statistically significant. SIGNIFICANCE The PE, PLZC, PCMI and PCMI-based brain networks are effective metrics for qualifying the effects of isoflurane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhijie Wang
- Yanshan University, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, China., Qinhuangdao, 066004, CHINA
| | - Fengrui Zhang
- Department of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China., Beijing, 100049, CHINA
| | - Lupeng Yue
- Department of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China., Beijing, 100049, CHINA
| | - Li Hu
- Department of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China, Beijing, 100049, CHINA
| | - Xiaoli Li
- Department of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China., Beijing, Beijing, 100875, CHINA
| | - Bo Xu
- PLA General Hospital of Southern Theatre Command, Guangzhou 510010, China., Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510010, CHINA
| | - Zhenhu Liang
- Institute of Electrical Engineering, Yanshan University, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, China., Qinhuangdao, 066004, CHINA
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Tran Y, Austin P, Lo C, Craig A, Middleton JW, Wrigley PJ, Siddall P. An Exploratory EEG Analysis on the Effects of Virtual Reality in People with Neuropathic Pain Following Spinal Cord Injury. SENSORS 2022; 22:s22072629. [PMID: 35408245 PMCID: PMC9002545 DOI: 10.3390/s22072629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Revised: 03/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Neuropathic pain in people with spinal cord injury is thought to be due to altered central neuronal activity. A novel therapeutic intervention using virtual reality (VR) head-mounted devices was investigated in this study for pain relief. Given the potential links to neuronal activity, the aim of the current study was to determine whether use of VR was associated with corresponding changes in electroencephalography (EEG) patterns linked to the presence of neuropathic pain. Using a within-subject, randomised cross-over pilot trial, we compared EEG activity for three conditions: no task eyes open state, 2D screen task and 3D VR task. We found an increase in delta activity in frontal regions for 3D VR with a decrease in theta activity. There was also a consistent decrease in relative alpha band (8–12 Hz) and an increase in low gamma (30–45 Hz) power during 2D screen and 3D VR corresponding, with reduced self-reported pain. Using the nonlinear and non-oscillatory method of extracting fractal dimensions, we found increases in brain complexity during 2D screen and 3D VR. We successfully classified the 3D VR condition from 2D screen and eyes opened no task conditions with an overall accuracy of 80.3%. The findings in this study have implications for using VR applications as a therapeutic intervention for neuropathic pain in people with spinal cord injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne Tran
- Department of Linguistics, Macquarie University Hearing, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
- Correspondence:
| | - Philip Austin
- Department of Pain Management, HammondCare, Greenwich Hospital Greenwich, Sydney, NSW 2065, Australia; (P.A.); (P.S.)
| | - Charles Lo
- Management Disciplinary Group, Wentworth Institute of Higher Education, Surrey Hills, NSW 2010, Australia;
| | - Ashley Craig
- Sydney Medical School-Northern, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; (A.C.); (J.W.M.); (P.J.W.)
- John Walsh Centre for Rehabilitation Research, Kolling Institute, Northern Sydney Local Health District, St Leonards, NSW 2065, Australia
| | - James W. Middleton
- Sydney Medical School-Northern, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; (A.C.); (J.W.M.); (P.J.W.)
- John Walsh Centre for Rehabilitation Research, Kolling Institute, Northern Sydney Local Health District, St Leonards, NSW 2065, Australia
| | - Paul J. Wrigley
- Sydney Medical School-Northern, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; (A.C.); (J.W.M.); (P.J.W.)
- Pain Management Research Institute, Kolling Institute, Northern Sydney Local Health District, St Leonards, NSW 2065, Australia
| | - Philip Siddall
- Department of Pain Management, HammondCare, Greenwich Hospital Greenwich, Sydney, NSW 2065, Australia; (P.A.); (P.S.)
- Sydney Medical School-Northern, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; (A.C.); (J.W.M.); (P.J.W.)
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El-Hagrassy M, Duarte D, Lu J, Uygur-Kucukseymen E, Münger M, Thibaut A, Lv P, Morales-Quezada L, Fregni F. EEG modulation by different transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) montages: a randomized double-blind sham-control mechanistic pilot trial in healthy participants. Expert Rev Med Devices 2020; 18:107-120. [PMID: 33305643 DOI: 10.1080/17434440.2021.1860018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Background: Based on our Phantom study on transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), we hypothesized that EEG band power and field confinement would be greater following left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC - F3) tDCS using circular vs. rectangular electrodes.Methods: Double-blind-randomized trial comparing tDCS with anode over left DLPFC (groups: rectangular electrodes, circular electrodes, sham) and 2 active subgroup references (right shoulder vs. right DLPFC).Results: Twenty-four randomized participants were assessed. We indeed found higher average EEG power spectral density (PSD) across bands for circular vs. rectangular electrodes, largely confined to F3 and there was a significant increase at AF3 for low alpha (p = 0.037). Significant differences included: increased PSD in low beta (p = 0.024) and theta bands (p = 0.021) at F3, and in theta (p = 0.036) at FC5 for the right DLPFC vs. shoulder with no coherence changes. We found PSD differences between active vs. sham tDCS at Fz for alpha (p = 0.043), delta (p = 0.036), high delta (p = 0.030); and at FC1 for alpha (p = 0.031), with coherence differences for F3-Fz in beta (p = 0.044), theta (p = 0.044), delta (p = 0.037) and high delta (p = 0.009).Conclusion: This pilot study despite low statistical power given its small sample size shows that active left DLPFC tDCS modulates EEG frontocentrally and suggests that electrode shapes/reference locations affect its neurophysiological effects, such as increased low alpha power at AF3 using circular vs. rectangular electrodes. Further research with more participants is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirret El-Hagrassy
- Neuromodulation Center, Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.,UMass Memorial Medical Center, Neurology Department, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States
| | - Dante Duarte
- Neuromodulation Center, Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jerry Lu
- Charter School of Wilmington, Wilmington, DE, USA
| | - Elif Uygur-Kucukseymen
- Neuromodulation Center, Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Marionna Münger
- Neuromodulation Center, Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.,Division of Neuropsychology, Institute of Psychology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Aurore Thibaut
- Neuromodulation Center, Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.,University and University Hospital of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | | | - Leon Morales-Quezada
- Neuromodulation Center, Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Felipe Fregni
- Neuromodulation Center, Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
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Thankachan S, Katsuki F, McKenna JT, Yang C, Shukla C, Deisseroth K, Uygun DS, Strecker RE, Brown RE, McNally JM, Basheer R. Thalamic Reticular Nucleus Parvalbumin Neurons Regulate Sleep Spindles and Electrophysiological Aspects of Schizophrenia in Mice. Sci Rep 2019; 9:3607. [PMID: 30837664 PMCID: PMC6401113 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-40398-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The thalamic reticular nucleus (TRN) is implicated in schizophrenia pathology. However, it remains unclear whether alterations of TRN activity can account for abnormal electroencephalographic activity observed in patients, namely reduced spindles (10-15 Hz) during sleep and increased delta (0.5-4 Hz) and gamma-band activity (30-80 Hz) during wakefulness. Here, we utilized optogenetic and reverse-microdialysis approaches to modulate activity of the major subpopulation of TRN GABAergic neurons, which express the calcium-binding protein parvalbumin (PV), and are implicated in schizophrenia dysfunction. An automated algorithm with enhanced efficiency and reproducibility compared to manual detection was used for sleep spindle assessment. A novel, low power, waxing-and-waning optogenetic stimulation paradigm preferentially induced spindles that were indistinguishable from spontaneously occurring sleep spindles without altering the behavioral state, when compared to a single pulse laser stimulation used by us and others. Direct optogenetic inhibition of TRN-PV neurons was ineffective in blocking spindles but increased both wakefulness and cortical delta/gamma activity, as well as impaired the 40 Hz auditory steady-state response. For the first time we demonstrate that spindle density is markedly reduced by (i) optogenetic stimulation of a major GABA/PV inhibitory input to TRN arising from basal forebrain parvalbumin neurons (BF-PV) and; (ii) localized pharmacological inhibition of low-threshold calcium channels, implicated as a genetic risk factor for schizophrenia. Together with clinical findings, our results support impaired TRN-PV neuron activity as a potential cause of schizophrenia-linked abnormalities in cortical delta, gamma, and spindle activity. Modulation of the BF-PV input to TRN may improve these neural abnormalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Thankachan
- VA Boston Healthcare System and Harvard Medical School, Dept. of Psychiatry, West Roxbury, MA, USA
| | - Fumi Katsuki
- VA Boston Healthcare System and Harvard Medical School, Dept. of Psychiatry, West Roxbury, MA, USA
| | - James T McKenna
- VA Boston Healthcare System and Harvard Medical School, Dept. of Psychiatry, West Roxbury, MA, USA
| | - Chun Yang
- VA Boston Healthcare System and Harvard Medical School, Dept. of Psychiatry, West Roxbury, MA, USA
| | - Charu Shukla
- VA Boston Healthcare System and Harvard Medical School, Dept. of Psychiatry, West Roxbury, MA, USA
| | - Karl Deisseroth
- Stanford University, Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences/Bioengineering, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - David S Uygun
- VA Boston Healthcare System and Harvard Medical School, Dept. of Psychiatry, West Roxbury, MA, USA
| | - Robert E Strecker
- VA Boston Healthcare System and Harvard Medical School, Dept. of Psychiatry, West Roxbury, MA, USA
| | - Ritchie E Brown
- VA Boston Healthcare System and Harvard Medical School, Dept. of Psychiatry, West Roxbury, MA, USA
| | - James M McNally
- VA Boston Healthcare System and Harvard Medical School, Dept. of Psychiatry, West Roxbury, MA, USA.
| | - Radhika Basheer
- VA Boston Healthcare System and Harvard Medical School, Dept. of Psychiatry, West Roxbury, MA, USA.
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