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Bidooki S, Spitzer L, Petitpas A, Sánchez-Marco J, Martínez-Beamonte R, Lasheras R, Pellerin V, Rodríguez-Yoldi MJ, Navarro MA, Osada J, Fernandes SCM. Chitosan Nanoparticles, a Novel Drug Delivery System to Transfer Squalene for Hepatocyte Stress Protection. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:51379-51393. [PMID: 39758614 PMCID: PMC11696419 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.4c08258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2024] [Revised: 10/29/2024] [Accepted: 11/06/2024] [Indexed: 01/07/2025]
Abstract
The Mediterranean diet is a well-known dietary pattern that has gained considerable popularity worldwide for its ability to prevent the progression of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. This is largely attributed to the use of virgin olive oil as the primary source of fat, which contains a substantial amount of squalene, a natural antioxidant. In order to enhance the delivery of squalene and amplify its effects due to its highly hydrophobic nature, herein, squalene has been incorporated into chitosan nanoparticles. The characterization of the resulting nanoparticles was conducted via scanning electron microscopy, dynamic light scattering, ζ potential, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and cell viability assays were conducted in oxidative and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in AML12 and a TXNDC5-deficient AML12 cell line, which was generated by CRISPR/Cas9 technology. The results demonstrated that squalene was successfully encapsulated in chitosan nanoparticles and exhibited rapid and efficient cellular uptake at a 150 μM squalene concentration within 48 h. In conclusion, the encapsulation of squalene in chitosan nanoparticles, compared to the poly(d,l-lactide-co-glycolic acid) and ethanol drug carriers, significantly enhanced its cellular uptake. This allows the administration of higher doses, which improve hepatocyte viability and reduce ROS levels, effectively compensating for the adverse effects of TXNDC5 deficiency under the context of hepatocyte stress protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyed
Hesamoddin Bidooki
- Departamento
de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Celular, Facultad
de Veterinaria, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón, Universidad de Zaragoza, C/Miguel Servet, 177, E-50013 Zaragoza, Spain
- Institute
of Analytical Sciences and Physico-Chemistry for Environment and Materials
(IPREM), E2S UPPA, CNRS, Université
de Pau et des Pays de l’Adour, University Avenue, 64 012 Pau, France
- MANTA—Marine
Materials Research Group, Universite de
Pau et des Pays de l’Adour, University Avenue, 64 053 Pau, France
| | - Lea Spitzer
- Institute
of Analytical Sciences and Physico-Chemistry for Environment and Materials
(IPREM), E2S UPPA, CNRS, Université
de Pau et des Pays de l’Adour, University Avenue, 64 012 Pau, France
- MANTA—Marine
Materials Research Group, Universite de
Pau et des Pays de l’Adour, University Avenue, 64 053 Pau, France
| | - Arnaud Petitpas
- Institute
of Analytical Sciences and Physico-Chemistry for Environment and Materials
(IPREM), E2S UPPA, CNRS, Université
de Pau et des Pays de l’Adour, University Avenue, 64 012 Pau, France
- MANTA—Marine
Materials Research Group, Universite de
Pau et des Pays de l’Adour, University Avenue, 64 053 Pau, France
| | - Javier Sánchez-Marco
- Departamento
de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Celular, Facultad
de Veterinaria, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón, Universidad de Zaragoza, C/Miguel Servet, 177, E-50013 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Roberto Martínez-Beamonte
- Departamento
de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Celular, Facultad
de Veterinaria, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón, Universidad de Zaragoza, C/Miguel Servet, 177, E-50013 Zaragoza, Spain
- Instituto
Agroalimentario de Aragón, CITA-Universidad
de Zaragoza, C/Miguel
Servet, 177, E-50013 Zaragoza, Spain
- Centro de
Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología
de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Av. Monforte de Lemos, 3-5, E-28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Roberto Lasheras
- Laboratorio
Agroambiental, Servicio de Seguridad Agroalimentaria de la Dirección
General de Alimentación y Fomento Agroalimentario, Gobierno de Aragón, Av. de Montañana, 1070B, E-50192 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Virginie Pellerin
- Institute
of Analytical Sciences and Physico-Chemistry for Environment and Materials
(IPREM), E2S UPPA, CNRS, Université
de Pau et des Pays de l’Adour, University Avenue, 64 012 Pau, France
| | - María J. Rodríguez-Yoldi
- Instituto
Agroalimentario de Aragón, CITA-Universidad
de Zaragoza, C/Miguel
Servet, 177, E-50013 Zaragoza, Spain
- Centro de
Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología
de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Av. Monforte de Lemos, 3-5, E-28029 Madrid, Spain
- Departamento
de Farmacología, Fisiología, Medicina Legal y Forense,
Facultad de Veterinaria, Instituto de Investigación
Sanitaria de Aragón-Universidad de Zaragoza, C/Miguel Servet, 177, E-50013 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - María Angeles Navarro
- Departamento
de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Celular, Facultad
de Veterinaria, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón, Universidad de Zaragoza, C/Miguel Servet, 177, E-50013 Zaragoza, Spain
- Instituto
Agroalimentario de Aragón, CITA-Universidad
de Zaragoza, C/Miguel
Servet, 177, E-50013 Zaragoza, Spain
- Centro de
Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología
de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Av. Monforte de Lemos, 3-5, E-28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Jesús Osada
- Departamento
de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Celular, Facultad
de Veterinaria, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón, Universidad de Zaragoza, C/Miguel Servet, 177, E-50013 Zaragoza, Spain
- Instituto
Agroalimentario de Aragón, CITA-Universidad
de Zaragoza, C/Miguel
Servet, 177, E-50013 Zaragoza, Spain
- Centro de
Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología
de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Av. Monforte de Lemos, 3-5, E-28029 Madrid, Spain
- Departamento
de Farmacología, Fisiología, Medicina Legal y Forense,
Facultad de Veterinaria, Instituto de Investigación
Sanitaria de Aragón-Universidad de Zaragoza, C/Miguel Servet, 177, E-50013 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Susana C. M. Fernandes
- Institute
of Analytical Sciences and Physico-Chemistry for Environment and Materials
(IPREM), E2S UPPA, CNRS, Université
de Pau et des Pays de l’Adour, University Avenue, 64 012 Pau, France
- MANTA—Marine
Materials Research Group, Universite de
Pau et des Pays de l’Adour, University Avenue, 64 053 Pau, France
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Bidooki SH, Quero J, Sánchez-Marco J, Herrero-Continente T, Marmol I, Lasheras R, Sebastian V, Arruebo M, Osada J, Rodriguez-Yoldi MJ. Squalene in Nanoparticles Improves Antiproliferative Effect on Human Colon Carcinoma Cells Through Apoptosis by Disturbances in Redox Balance. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:13048. [PMID: 39684759 DOI: 10.3390/ijms252313048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2024] [Revised: 11/25/2024] [Accepted: 12/02/2024] [Indexed: 12/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Squalene, a triterpene found in extra virgin olive oil, has therapeutic properties in diseases related to oxidative stress, such as cancer. However, its hydrophobic nature and susceptibility to oxidation limit its bioavailability outside of olive oil. To expand its applications, alternative delivery methods are necessary. The objective of the present study was to examine the impact of squalene encapsulated in PLGA (poly(lactic-co-glycolic) acid) nanoparticles (PLGA + Sq) on the proliferation of human colon carcinoma Caco-2 cells, as well as its underlying mechanism of action. The findings demonstrated that PLGA + Sq exert no influence on differentiated cells; however, it is capable of reducing the proliferation of undifferentiated Caco-2 cells through apoptosis and cell cycle arrest in the G1 phase. This effect was initiated by the release of cytochrome c into the cytoplasm and the subsequent activation of caspase-3. Furthermore, squalene exhibited pro-oxidant activity, as evidenced by an increase in intracellular ROS (reactive oxygen species) levels. The results of the squalene effect on genes associated with cell death, inflammation, and the cell cycle indicate that its antiproliferative effect may be post-transcriptional. In conclusion, PLGA + Sq demonstrate an antiproliferative effect on Caco-2 cells through apoptosis by altering redox balance, suggesting squalene's potential as a functional food ingredient for colorectal cancer prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Hesamoddin Bidooki
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Celular, Facultad de Veterinaria, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón, Universidad de Zaragoza, E-50013 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Javier Quero
- Departamento de Farmacología, Fisiología, Medicina Legal y Forense, Facultad de Veterinaria, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón, Universidad de Zaragoza, E-50013 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Javier Sánchez-Marco
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Celular, Facultad de Veterinaria, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón, Universidad de Zaragoza, E-50013 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Tania Herrero-Continente
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Celular, Facultad de Veterinaria, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón, Universidad de Zaragoza, E-50013 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Inés Marmol
- Departamento de Farmacología, Fisiología, Medicina Legal y Forense, Facultad de Veterinaria, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón, Universidad de Zaragoza, E-50013 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Roberto Lasheras
- Laboratorio Agroambiental, Servicio de Seguridad Agroalimentaria de la Dirección General de Alimentación y Fomento Agroalimentario, Gobierno de Aragón, E-50071 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Victor Sebastian
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química y Tecnologías del Medio Ambiente, Universidad de Zaragoza, E-50018 Zaragoza, Spain
- Instituto de Nanociencia y Materiales de Aragón (INMA), CSIC, Universidad de Zaragoza, E-50009 Zaragoza, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, E-28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuel Arruebo
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química y Tecnologías del Medio Ambiente, Universidad de Zaragoza, E-50018 Zaragoza, Spain
- Instituto de Nanociencia y Materiales de Aragón (INMA), CSIC, Universidad de Zaragoza, E-50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Jesús Osada
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Celular, Facultad de Veterinaria, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón, Universidad de Zaragoza, E-50013 Zaragoza, Spain
- Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón, CITA, Universidad de Zaragoza, E-50013 Zaragoza, Spain
- CIBER de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, E-28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - María Jesús Rodriguez-Yoldi
- Departamento de Farmacología, Fisiología, Medicina Legal y Forense, Facultad de Veterinaria, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón, Universidad de Zaragoza, E-50013 Zaragoza, Spain
- Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón, CITA, Universidad de Zaragoza, E-50013 Zaragoza, Spain
- CIBER de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, E-28029 Madrid, Spain
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Bidooki SH, Barranquero C, Sánchez-Marco J, Martínez-Beamonte R, Rodríguez-Yoldi MJ, Navarro MA, Fernandes SCM, Osada J. TXNDC5 Plays a Crucial Role in Regulating Endoplasmic Reticulum Activity through Different ER Stress Signaling Pathways in Hepatic Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:7128. [PMID: 39000233 PMCID: PMC11241358 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25137128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2024] [Revised: 06/27/2024] [Accepted: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024] Open
Abstract
The pathogenesis of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is influenced by a number of variables, including endoplasmic reticulum stress (ER). Thioredoxin domain-containing 5 (TXNDC5) is a member of the protein disulfide isomerase family and acts as an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) chaperone. Nevertheless, the function of TXNDC5 in hepatocytes under ER stress remains largely uncharacterized. In order to identify the role of TXNDC5 in hepatic wild-type (WT) and TXNDC5-deficient (KO) AML12 cell lines, tunicamycin, palmitic acid, and thapsigargin were employed as stressors. Cell viability, mRNA, protein levels, and mRNA splicing were then assayed. The protein expression results of prominent ER stress markers indicated that the ERN1 and EIF2AK3 proteins were downregulated, while the HSPA5 protein was upregulated. Furthermore, the ATF6 protein demonstrated no significant alterations in the absence of TXNDC5 at the protein level. The knockout of TXNDC5 has been demonstrated to increase cellular ROS production and its activity is required to maintain normal mitochondrial function during tunicamycin-induced ER stress. Tunicamycin has been observed to disrupt the protein levels of HSPA5, ERN1, and EIF2AK3 in TXNDC5-deficient cells. However, palmitic acid has been observed to disrupt the protein levels of ATF6, HSPA5, and EIF2AK3. In conclusion, TXNDC5 can selectively activate distinct ER stress pathways via HSPA5, contingent on the origin of ER stress. Conversely, the absence of TXNDC5 can disrupt the EIF2AK3 cascade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Hesamoddin Bidooki
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Celular, Facultad de Veterinaria, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón, Universidad de Zaragoza, E-50013 Zaragoza, Spain; (S.H.B.); (J.S.-M.); (R.M.-B.); (M.A.N.)
- Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón, CITA, Universidad de Zaragoza, E-50013 Zaragoza, Spain; (C.B.); (M.J.R.-Y.)
- Institute of Analytical Sciences and Physico-Chemistry for Environment and Materials (IPREM), Universite de Pau et des Pays de l’Adour, E2S UPPA, CNRS, 64 000 Pau, France;
- MANTA—Marine Materials Research Group, Universite de Pau et des Pays de l’Adour, E2S UPPA, 64 600 Anglet, France
| | - Cristina Barranquero
- Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón, CITA, Universidad de Zaragoza, E-50013 Zaragoza, Spain; (C.B.); (M.J.R.-Y.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, E-28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Sánchez-Marco
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Celular, Facultad de Veterinaria, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón, Universidad de Zaragoza, E-50013 Zaragoza, Spain; (S.H.B.); (J.S.-M.); (R.M.-B.); (M.A.N.)
| | - Roberto Martínez-Beamonte
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Celular, Facultad de Veterinaria, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón, Universidad de Zaragoza, E-50013 Zaragoza, Spain; (S.H.B.); (J.S.-M.); (R.M.-B.); (M.A.N.)
- Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón, CITA, Universidad de Zaragoza, E-50013 Zaragoza, Spain; (C.B.); (M.J.R.-Y.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, E-28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - María J. Rodríguez-Yoldi
- Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón, CITA, Universidad de Zaragoza, E-50013 Zaragoza, Spain; (C.B.); (M.J.R.-Y.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, E-28029 Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Farmacología, Fisiología, Medicina Legal y Forense, Facultad de Veterinaria, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón, Universidad de Zaragoza, E-50013 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - María A. Navarro
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Celular, Facultad de Veterinaria, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón, Universidad de Zaragoza, E-50013 Zaragoza, Spain; (S.H.B.); (J.S.-M.); (R.M.-B.); (M.A.N.)
- Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón, CITA, Universidad de Zaragoza, E-50013 Zaragoza, Spain; (C.B.); (M.J.R.-Y.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, E-28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Susana C. M. Fernandes
- Institute of Analytical Sciences and Physico-Chemistry for Environment and Materials (IPREM), Universite de Pau et des Pays de l’Adour, E2S UPPA, CNRS, 64 000 Pau, France;
- MANTA—Marine Materials Research Group, Universite de Pau et des Pays de l’Adour, E2S UPPA, 64 600 Anglet, France
| | - Jesús Osada
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Celular, Facultad de Veterinaria, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón, Universidad de Zaragoza, E-50013 Zaragoza, Spain; (S.H.B.); (J.S.-M.); (R.M.-B.); (M.A.N.)
- Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón, CITA, Universidad de Zaragoza, E-50013 Zaragoza, Spain; (C.B.); (M.J.R.-Y.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, E-28029 Madrid, Spain
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Bidooki SH, Navarro MA, Fernandes SCM, Osada J. Thioredoxin Domain Containing 5 (TXNDC5): Friend or Foe? Curr Issues Mol Biol 2024; 46:3134-3163. [PMID: 38666927 PMCID: PMC11049379 DOI: 10.3390/cimb46040197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/30/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
This review focuses on the thioredoxin domain containing 5 (TXNDC5), also known as endoplasmic reticulum protein 46 (ERp46), a member of the protein disulfide isomerase (PDI) family with a dual role in multiple diseases. TXNDC5 is highly expressed in endothelial cells, fibroblasts, pancreatic β-cells, liver cells, and hypoxic tissues, such as cancer endothelial cells and atherosclerotic plaques. TXNDC5 plays a crucial role in regulating cell proliferation, apoptosis, migration, and antioxidative stress. Its potential significance in cancer warrants further investigation, given the altered and highly adaptable metabolism of tumor cells. It has been reported that both high and low levels of TXNDC5 expression are associated with multiple diseases, such as arthritis, cancer, diabetes, brain diseases, and infections, as well as worse prognoses. TXNDC5 has been attributed to both oncogenic and tumor-suppressive features. It has been concluded that in cancer, TXNDC5 acts as a foe and responds to metabolic and cellular stress signals to promote the survival of tumor cells against apoptosis. Conversely, in normal cells, TXNDC5 acts as a friend to safeguard cells against oxidative and endoplasmic reticulum stress. Therefore, TXNDC5 could serve as a viable biomarker or even a potential pharmacological target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Hesamoddin Bidooki
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Celular, Facultad de Veterinaria, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón, Universidad de Zaragoza, E-50013 Zaragoza, Spain; (S.H.B.); (M.A.N.)
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institute of Analytical Sciences and Physico-Chemistry for Environment and Materials (IPREM), Universite de Pau et des Pays de l’Adour, E2S UPPA, 64 000 Pau, France;
- MANTA—Marine Materials Research Group, Universite de Pau et des Pays de l’Adour, E2S UPPA, 64 600 Anglet, France
| | - María A. Navarro
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Celular, Facultad de Veterinaria, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón, Universidad de Zaragoza, E-50013 Zaragoza, Spain; (S.H.B.); (M.A.N.)
- Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón, CITA-Universidad de Zaragoza, E-50013 Zaragoza, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, E-28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Susana C. M. Fernandes
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institute of Analytical Sciences and Physico-Chemistry for Environment and Materials (IPREM), Universite de Pau et des Pays de l’Adour, E2S UPPA, 64 000 Pau, France;
- MANTA—Marine Materials Research Group, Universite de Pau et des Pays de l’Adour, E2S UPPA, 64 600 Anglet, France
| | - Jesus Osada
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Celular, Facultad de Veterinaria, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón, Universidad de Zaragoza, E-50013 Zaragoza, Spain; (S.H.B.); (M.A.N.)
- Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón, CITA-Universidad de Zaragoza, E-50013 Zaragoza, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, E-28029 Madrid, Spain
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