Noggin inhibition of mouse dentinogenesis

Animal models and related techniques for dentin study

The intricate and protracted process of dentin formation has been extensively explored, thanks to the significant advancements facilitated by the use of animal models and related techniques. Despite variations in their effectiveness, taking into account factors such as sensitivity, visibility, and reliability, these models or techniques are indispensable tools for investigating the complexities of dentin formation. This article focuses on the latest advances in animal models and related technologies, shedding light on the key molecular mechanisms that are essential in dentin formation. A deeper understanding of this phenomenon enables the careful selection of appropriate animal models, considering their suitability in unraveling the underlying molecular intricacies. These insights are crucial for the advancement of clinical drugs targeting dentin-related ailments and the development of comprehensive treatment strategies throughout the duration of the disease.

Stage-specific requirement for METTL3-dependent m6A modification during dental pulp stem cell differentiation

BACKGROUND

N⁶-methyladenosine (m⁶A) is the most prevalent epigenetic modification in eukaryotic messenger RNAs and plays a critical role in cell fate transition. However, it remains to be elucidated how m⁶A marks functionally impact the transcriptional cascades that orchestrate stem cell differentiation. The present study focuses on the biological function and mechanism of m⁶A methylation in dental pulp stem cell (DPSC) differentiation.

METHODS

m⁶A RNA immunoprecipitation sequencing was utilized to assess the m⁶A-mRNA landscape during DPSC differentiation. Ectopic transplantation of DPSCs in immunodeficient mice was conducted to verify the in vitro findings. RNA sequencing and m⁶A RNA immunoprecipitation sequencing were combined to identify the candidate targets. RNA immunoprecipitation and RNA/protein stability of Noggin (NOG) were evaluated. The alteration in poly(A) tail was measured by 3'-RACE and poly(A) tail length assays.

RESULTS

We characterized a dynamic m⁶A-mRNA landscape during DPSC mineralization with increasing enrichment in the 3' untranslated region (UTR). Methyltransferase-like 3 (METTL3) was identified as the key m⁶A player, and METTL3 knockdown disrupted functional DPSC differentiation. Moreover, METTL3 overexpression enhanced DPSC mineralization. Increasing m⁶A deposition in the 3' UTR restricted NOG expression, which is required for DPSC mineralization. This stage-specific m⁶A methylation and destabilization of NOG was suppressed by METTL3 knockdown only in differentiated DPSCs. Furthermore, METTL3 promotes the degradation of m⁶A-tagged NOG by shortening the poly(A) tail length in the differentiated stage.

CONCLUSIONS

Our results address an essential role of dynamic m⁶A signaling in the temporal control of DPSC differentiation and provide new insight into epitranscriptomic mechanisms in stem cell-based therapy.

BMP Signaling Pathway in Dentin Development and Diseases

BMP signaling plays an important role in dentin development. BMPs and antagonists regulate odontoblast differentiation and downstream gene expression via canonical Smad and non-canonical Smad signaling pathways. The interaction of BMPs with their receptors leads to the formation of complexes and the transduction of signals to the canonical Smad signaling pathway (for example, BMP ligands, receptors, and Smads) and the non-canonical Smad signaling pathway (for example, MAPKs, p38, Erk, JNK, and PI3K/Akt) to regulate dental mesenchymal stem cell/progenitor proliferation and differentiation during dentin development and homeostasis. Both the canonical Smad and non-canonical Smad signaling pathways converge at transcription factors, such as Dlx3, Osx, Runx2, and others, to promote the differentiation of dental pulp mesenchymal cells into odontoblasts and downregulated gene expressions, such as those of DSPP and DMP1. Dysregulated BMP signaling causes a number of tooth disorders in humans. Mutation or knockout of BMP signaling-associated genes in mice results in dentin defects which enable a better understanding of the BMP signaling networks underlying odontoblast differentiation and dentin formation. This review summarizes the recent advances in our understanding of BMP signaling in odontoblast differentiation and dentin formation. It includes discussion of the expression of BMPs, their receptors, and the implicated downstream genes during dentinogenesis. In addition, the structures of BMPs, BMP receptors, antagonists, and dysregulation of BMP signaling pathways associated with dentin defects are described.