A comprehensive assessment of the nasal profile among Iraqi adults with different skeletal classes: A retrospective study

Relationship between the nasal profile and craniofacial structures: does part of the nasal profile reflect some craniofacial structures?

This study aims to evaluate the relationship between the nasal profile and other craniofacial structures. Lateral cephalometric images of 124 adults were collected for this purpose. Statistical analyses such as regression analysis and canonical correlation analysis (CCA) were conducted on nasal and craniofacial anatomical parameters and their relationships. The regression analysis revealed that nasal length was related to maxillary height; nasal depth was related to the position of the maxilla and anterior cranial base length; and nasal base angle was related to upper dentoalveolar height. CCA revealed that nasal parameters (nasal length, depth, and hump) correlated more strongly with craniofacial parameters (maxillary height, anterior-posterior position of the maxilla, and maxillary length). Individuals with maxillary development curved anteriorly upwards had a straighter and smaller nasal profile, while those with maxillary development curved posteriorly downwards had a more arched and large nasal profile. The shape of the nasal dorsum was affected by the maxillomandibular rotation, while the increase in nasal base inclination was accompanied by an upward rotation of the maxillary plane, an increase in the upper dentoalveolar height, and an increase in the lower facial height. While it was observed that each nasal parameter was correlated with the underlying craniofacial structures to some extent, it was also observed that it would be more useful to evaluate the cumulative effects posed by craniofacial parameters. Various combinations of skeletal and dental structures are related to the nasal profile in varying forms and knowing these relationships will help reshape the face and provide aesthetic harmony.

Nasal Morphology and Its Correlation to Craniofacial Morphology in Lateral Cephalometric Analysis

Nose shape, size, and inclination influence facial appearance, but few studies concern the relationship between the nasal profile and craniofacial structures. The objective of this study was to analyze association of nasal cephalometric variables with skeletal structures, age, and sex. Cephalometric and nasal analysis was performed in 386 Polish orthodontic patients (aged 9-25 years). Student t-test and Mann-Whitney test were used to compare quantitative variables and Pearson's or Spearman's correlation coefficients-to find correlations. Soft tissue facial convexity angle correlates to Holdaway ratio, ANB (A-Nasion-B), and Wits appraisal. Nasal dorsum axis, nose length, nose depth (1) and nose depth (2), nose hump, lower dorsum convexity, and columella convexity increase with age. Nasal base angle, nasolabial angle, nasomental angle, soft tissue facial convexity and nasal bone angle decrease with age. Nasal base angle and nasomental angle are smaller in females. Thus, a relationship exists between nasal morphology and sagittal jaw configuration. Nasal parameters significantly change with age. Sexual dimorphism characterizes nasal bone angle and nasomental angle.

Methods of Analysis of the Nasal Profile: A Systematic Review with Meta-analysis

The nose is the most prominent structure of the face, influencing facial appearance and profile. Orthodontists have an awareness of facial structures, including nasal morphology, when diagnosing and treatment planning. Maxillofacial surgeons influence facial profile by bimaxillary surgery, improving facial aesthetics and harmony. The aim of this review was to summarize the available methods of analysing nasal morphology and profile, and to assess their complexity. A literature search was conducted in PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Embase using the following search terms: "nasal profile analysis", "nasolabial angle", and "nasal profile cephalometric" in order to select studies providing knowledge on correlations between occlusion and nasal development, differences between skeletal classes, ethnic variability, and differences between the sexes. Studies concerning genetic disorders were excluded. Finally, 17 full-text papers were analysed, which pertained to nasolabial angle, or facial profile including the nose. Data concerning methods, ethnic group, reference landmarks used, and measurements made were extracted and placed in tables. Numerous methods of nasal profile analysis can be found in the literature. These methods describe various numbers of parameters, which have influence on facial aesthetic. Nasal parameters are correlated to skeletal class and nasolabial angle, positions of upper incisors, and maxillary inclination.