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Lindberg ED, Wu T, Cotner KL, Glazer A, Jamali AA, Sohn LL, Alliston T, O'Connell GD. Priming chondrocytes during expansion alters cell behavior and improves matrix production in 3D culture. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2024; 32:548-560. [PMID: 38160742 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2023.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Cartilage tissue engineering strategies that use autologous chondrocytes require in vitro expansion of cells to obtain enough cells to produce functional engineered tissue. However, chondrocytes dedifferentiate during expansion culture, limiting their ability to produce chondrogenic tissue and their utility for cell-based cartilage repair strategies. The current study identified conditions that favor cartilage production and the mechanobiological mechanisms responsible for these benefits. DESIGN Chondrocytes were isolated from juvenile bovine knee joints and cultured with (primed) or without (unprimed) a growth factor cocktail. Gene expression, cell morphology, cell adhesion, cytoskeletal protein distribution, and cell mechanics were assessed. Following passage 5, cells were embedded into agarose hydrogels to evaluate functional properties of engineered cartilage. RESULTS Priming cells during expansion culture altered cell phenotype and chondrogenic tissue production. Unbiased ribonucleic acid-sequencing analysis suggested, and experimental studies confirmed, that growth factor priming delays dedifferentiation associated changes in cell adhesion and cytoskeletal organization. Priming also overrode mechanobiological pathways to prevent chondrocytes from remodeling their cytoskeleton to accommodate the stiff, monolayer microenvironment. Passage 1 primed cells deformed less and had lower yes associated protein 1 activity than unprimed cells. Differences in cell adhesion, morphology, and cell mechanics between primed and unprimed cells were mitigated by passage 5. CONCLUSIONS Priming suppresses mechanobiologic cytoskeletal remodeling to prevent chondrocyte dedifferentiation, resulting in more cartilage-like tissue-engineered constructs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily D Lindberg
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Tiffany Wu
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Kristen L Cotner
- UC Berkeley-UCSF Graduate Program in Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Amanda Glazer
- Department of Statistics, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | | | - Lydia L Sohn
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA; UC Berkeley-UCSF Graduate Program in Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Tamara Alliston
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Grace D O'Connell
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA; Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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2
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Stoddart MJ, Della Bella E, Armiento AR. Cartilage Tissue Engineering: An Introduction. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2598:1-7. [PMID: 36355280 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2839-3_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Once damaged, cartilage has limited healing capability. This has led to a huge body of research that aims to repair or regenerate this important tissue. Despite the progress made, significant hurdles still need to be overcome. This chapter highlights some of the progress made, while elaborating on areas that need further research. The concept of translation and the route to clinical translation must be kept in mind if some of the promising preclinical research is to make it to routine clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Angela R Armiento
- AO Research Institute Davos, Davos Platz, Switzerland
- UCB Pharma, Slough, UK
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3
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Al-Maslamani NA, Oldershaw R, Tew S, Curran J, D’Hooghe P, Yamamoto K, Horn HF. Chondrocyte De-Differentiation: Biophysical Cues to Nuclear Alterations. Cells 2022; 11:cells11244011. [PMID: 36552775 PMCID: PMC9777101 DOI: 10.3390/cells11244011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Autologous chondrocyte implantation (ACI) is a cell therapy to repair cartilage defects. In ACI a biopsy is taken from a non-load bearing area of the knee and expanded in-vitro. The expansion process provides the benefit of generating a large number of cells required for implantation; however, during the expansion these cells de-differentiate and lose their chondrocyte phenotype. In this review we focus on examining the de-differentiation phenotype from a mechanobiology and biophysical perspective, highlighting some of the nuclear mechanics and chromatin changes in chondrocytes seen during the expansion process and how this relates to the gene expression profile. We propose that manipulating chondrocyte nuclear architecture and chromatin organization will highlight mechanisms that will help to preserve the chondrocyte phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noor A. Al-Maslamani
- Department of Musculoskeletal and Ageing Science, Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L7 8TX, UK
- Correspondence:
| | - Rachel Oldershaw
- Department of Musculoskeletal and Ageing Science, Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L7 8TX, UK
| | - Simon Tew
- Department of Musculoskeletal and Ageing Science, Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L7 8TX, UK
| | - Jude Curran
- Department of Mechanical, Materials and Aerospace Engineering, School of Engineering, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GH, UK
| | - Pieter D’Hooghe
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Aspetar Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Doha P.O. Box 29222, Qatar
| | - Kazuhiro Yamamoto
- Department of Musculoskeletal and Ageing Science, Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L7 8TX, UK
| | - Henning F. Horn
- College of Health and Life Sciences, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha P.O. Box 34110, Qatar
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4
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How do cells stiffen? Biochem J 2022; 479:1825-1842. [PMID: 36094371 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20210806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Revised: 08/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Cell stiffness is an important characteristic of cells and their response to external stimuli. In this review, we survey methods used to measure cell stiffness, summarize stimuli that alter cell stiffness, and discuss signaling pathways and mechanisms that control cell stiffness. Several pathological states are characterized by changes in cell stiffness, suggesting this property can serve as a potential diagnostic marker or therapeutic target. Therefore, we consider the effect of cell stiffness on signaling and growth processes required for homeostasis and dysfunction in healthy and pathological states. Specifically, the composition and structure of the cell membrane and cytoskeleton are major determinants of cell stiffness, and studies have identified signaling pathways that affect cytoskeletal dynamics both directly and by altered gene expression. We present the results of studies interrogating the effects of biophysical and biochemical stimuli on the cytoskeleton and other cellular components and how these factors determine the stiffness of both individual cells and multicellular structures. Overall, these studies represent an intersection of the fields of polymer physics, protein biochemistry, and mechanics, and identify specific mechanisms involved in mediating cell stiffness that can serve as therapeutic targets.
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5
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Nakata N, Ishibashi Y, Miyata S. Efficient Cell Impedance Measurement by Dielectrophoretic Cell Accumulation and Evaluation of Chondrogenic Phenotypes. MICROMACHINES 2022; 13:mi13060837. [PMID: 35744451 PMCID: PMC9230527 DOI: 10.3390/mi13060837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Revised: 05/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The quantitative and functional analyses of cells are important for cell-based therapies. In this study, to establish the quantitative cell analysis method, we propose an impedance measurement method supported by dielectrophoretic cell accumulation. An impedance measurement and dielectrophoresis device was constructed using opposing comb-shaped electrodes. Using dielectrophoresis, cells were accumulated to form chain-like aggregates on the electrodes to improve the measurement sensitivity of the electrical impedance device. To validate the proposed method, the electrical impedance and capacitance of primary and de-differentiated chondrocytes were measured. As a result, the impedance of the chondrocytes decreased with an increase in the passage number, whereas the capacitance increased. Therefore, the impedance measurement method proposed in this study has the potential to identify chondrocyte phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natsumi Nakata
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Yokohama 223-8522, Japan;
| | - Yuko Ishibashi
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Yokohama 223-8522, Japan;
| | - Shogo Miyata
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Yokohama 223-8522, Japan;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-45-566-1827
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6
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A high-resolution route map reveals distinct stages of chondrocyte dedifferentiation for cartilage regeneration. Bone Res 2022; 10:38. [PMID: 35477573 PMCID: PMC9046296 DOI: 10.1038/s41413-022-00209-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Articular cartilage damage is a universal health problem. Despite recent progress, chondrocyte dedifferentiation has severely compromised the clinical outcomes of cell-based cartilage regeneration. Loss-of-function changes are frequently observed in chondrocyte expansion and other pathological conditions, but the characteristics and intermediate molecular mechanisms remain unclear. In this study, we demonstrate a time-lapse atlas of chondrocyte dedifferentiation to provide molecular details and informative biomarkers associated with clinical chondrocyte evaluation. We performed various assays, such as single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq), live-cell metabolic assays, and assays for transposase-accessible chromatin with high-throughput sequencing (ATAC-seq), to develop a biphasic dedifferentiation model consisting of early and late dedifferentiation stages. Early-stage chondrocytes exhibited a glycolytic phenotype with increased expression of genes involved in metabolism and antioxidation, whereas late-stage chondrocytes exhibited ultrastructural changes involving mitochondrial damage and stress-associated chromatin remodeling. Using the chemical inhibitor BTB06584, we revealed that early and late dedifferentiated chondrocytes possessed distinct recovery potentials from functional phenotype loss. Notably, this two-stage transition was also validated in human chondrocytes. An image-based approach was established for clinical use to efficiently predict chondrocyte plasticity using stage-specific biomarkers. Overall, this study lays a foundation to improve the quality of chondrocytes in clinical use and provides deep insights into chondrocyte dedifferentiation.
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Xu J, Ji J, Jiao J, Zheng L, Hong Q, Tang H, Zhang S, Qu X, Yue B. 3D Printing for Bone-Cartilage Interface Regeneration. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:828921. [PMID: 35237582 PMCID: PMC8882993 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.828921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to the vasculature defects and/or the avascular nature of cartilage, as well as the complex gradients for bone-cartilage interface regeneration and the layered zonal architecture, self-repair of cartilage and subchondral bone is challenging. Currently, the primary osteochondral defect treatment strategies, including artificial joint replacement and autologous and allogeneic bone graft, are limited by their ability to simply repair, rather than induce regeneration of tissues. Meanwhile, over the past two decades, three-dimension (3D) printing technology has achieved admirable advancements in bone and cartilage reconstruction, providing a new strategy for restoring joint function. The advantages of 3D printing hybrid materials include rapid and accurate molding, as well as personalized therapy. However, certain challenges also exist. For instance, 3D printing technology for osteochondral reconstruction must simulate the histological structure of cartilage and subchondral bone, thus, it is necessary to determine the optimal bioink concentrations to maintain mechanical strength and cell viability, while also identifying biomaterials with dual bioactivities capable of simultaneously regenerating cartilage. The study showed that the regeneration of bone-cartilage interface is crucial for the repair of osteochondral defect. In this review, we focus on the significant progress and application of 3D printing technology for bone-cartilage interface regeneration, while also expounding the potential prospects for 3D printing technology and highlighting some of the most significant challenges currently facing this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jialian Xu
- Department of Bone and Joint Surgery, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jindou Ji
- The First Clinical Medical College, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Juyang Jiao
- Department of Bone and Joint Surgery, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Liangjun Zheng
- Department of Bone and Joint Surgery, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qimin Hong
- Department of Bone and Joint Surgery, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Haozheng Tang
- Department of Bone and Joint Surgery, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shutao Zhang
- Department of Bone and Joint Surgery, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xinhua Qu
- Department of Bone and Joint Surgery, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Xinhua Qu, ; Bing Yue,
| | - Bing Yue
- Department of Bone and Joint Surgery, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Xinhua Qu, ; Bing Yue,
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8
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Ghosh S, Scott AK, Seelbinder B, Barthold JE, Martin BMS, Kaonis S, Schneider SE, Henderson JT, Neu CP. Dedifferentiation alters chondrocyte nuclear mechanics during in vitro culture and expansion. Biophys J 2022; 121:131-141. [PMID: 34800469 PMCID: PMC8758405 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2021.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The biophysical features of a cell can provide global insights into diverse molecular changes, especially in processes like the dedifferentiation of chondrocytes. Key biophysical markers of chondrocyte dedifferentiation include flattened cellular morphology and increased stress-fiber formation. During cartilage regeneration procedures, dedifferentiation of chondrocytes during in vitro expansion presents a critical limitation to the successful repair of cartilage tissue. Our study investigates how biophysical changes of chondrocytes during dedifferentiation influence the nuclear mechanics and gene expression of structural proteins located at the nuclear envelope. Through an experimental model of cell stretching and a detailed spatial intranuclear strain quantification, we identified that strain is amplified and the distribution of strain within the chromatin is altered under tensile loading in the dedifferentiated state. Further, using a confocal microscopy image-based finite element model and simulation of cell stretching, we found that the cell shape is the primary determinant of the strain amplification inside the chondrocyte nucleus in the dedifferentiated state. Additionally, we found that nuclear envelope proteins have lower gene expression in the dedifferentiated state. This study highlights the role of cell shape in nuclear mechanics and lays the groundwork to design biophysical strategies for the maintenance and enhancement of the chondrocyte phenotype during cell expansion with a goal of successful cartilage tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soham Ghosh
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO,School of Biomedical Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO,Translational Medicine Institute, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO,Corresponding author
| | - Adrienne K. Scott
- Paul M. Rady Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO
| | - Benjamin Seelbinder
- Paul M. Rady Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO
| | - Jeanne E. Barthold
- Paul M. Rady Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO
| | - Brittany M. St. Martin
- Paul M. Rady Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO
| | - Samantha Kaonis
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO,Translational Medicine Institute, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO
| | - Stephanie E. Schneider
- Paul M. Rady Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO
| | | | - Corey P. Neu
- Paul M. Rady Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO,Biomedical Engineering Program, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO,BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO
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9
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Xu G, Geng X, Yang F, Zhang H. FBLN1 promotes chondrocyte proliferation by increasing phosphorylation of Smad2. J Orthop Sci 2022; 27:242-248. [PMID: 33610427 DOI: 10.1016/j.jos.2020.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Revised: 10/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The role of fibulin-1 or FBLN1 in chondrocyte proliferation has not been reported so far. In this study, we aimed to verify whether FBLN1 promotes chondrocyte proliferation in elderly patients with knee osteoarthritis by phosphorylating Smad2. METHODS Chondrocytes were isolated from cartilage samples collected from elderly patients with osteoarthritis (n = 6) and young patients (n = 6). The isolated chondrocytes were divided into the following three groups: control (medium only); cells transfected with adenovirus expressing green fluorescent protein (Ad-GFP); and those transfected with adenovirus expressing green fluorescent protein and FBLN1 (Ad-GFP-FBLN1). Furthermore, chondrocytes were divided into the following three groups in the mechanistic analysis: group 1, medium only; group 2, Ad-FBLN1; and group 3, Ad-FBLN1+pSmad2 inhibitor. The cells were analyzed for the relevant indicators after culturing for 48 h. RESULTS There were more EdU-positive cells in the Ad-GFP-FBLN1 group than in the other two groups (both P < 0.05). Compared with the other two groups, the level of pSmad2 and Col2 in the Ad-GFP-FBLN1 group was significantly increased (P < 0.05). The gene expression level of each indicator was consistent with the protein expression level. There was no significant difference in the indicators between groups 1 and 3. The percentage of EdU-positive cells in group 2 was higher than that in the other two groups (P < 0.05). The expression of pSmad2 and Col2 in group 2 was higher than that in the other two groups (both P < 0.05). CONCLUSION FBLN1 can promote chondrocyte proliferation in the knee cartilage in elderly patients by phosphorylating Smad2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Xu
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanxi Provincial Cancer Hospital, No. 3, Zhigong New Street, Xinghualing District, Taiyuan, 030001, China
| | - Xiang Geng
- Shanxi Health Vocational College, No. 100, Wenjin Road, Jinzhong, 030619, China
| | - Fan Yang
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanxi Provincial Cancer Hospital, No. 3, Zhigong New Street, Xinghualing District, Taiyuan, 030001, China
| | - Haijiao Zhang
- Hospital Infection-Control Dept, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, No. 382, Wuyi Road, Taiyuan, 030001, China.
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10
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Dieterle MP, Husari A, Rolauffs B, Steinberg T, Tomakidi P. Integrins, cadherins and channels in cartilage mechanotransduction: perspectives for future regeneration strategies. Expert Rev Mol Med 2021; 23:e14. [PMID: 34702419 PMCID: PMC8724267 DOI: 10.1017/erm.2021.16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Articular cartilage consists of hyaline cartilage, is a major constituent of the human musculoskeletal system and has critical functions in frictionless joint movement and articular homoeostasis. Osteoarthritis (OA) is an inflammatory disease of articular cartilage, which promotes joint degeneration. Although it affects millions of people, there are no satisfying therapies that address this disease at the molecular level. Therefore, tissue regeneration approaches aim at modifying chondrocyte biology to mitigate the consequences of OA. This requires appropriate biochemical and biophysical stimulation of cells. Regarding the latter, mechanotransduction of chondrocytes and their precursor cells has become increasingly important over the last few decades. Mechanotransduction is the transformation of external biophysical stimuli into intracellular biochemical signals, involving sensor molecules at the cell surface and intracellular signalling molecules, so-called mechano-sensors and -transducers. These signalling events determine cell behaviour. Mechanotransducing ion channels and gap junctions additionally govern chondrocyte physiology. It is of great scientific and medical interest to induce a specific cell behaviour by controlling these mechanotransduction pathways and to translate this knowledge into regenerative clinical therapies. This review therefore focuses on the mechanotransduction properties of integrins, cadherins and ion channels in cartilaginous tissues to provide perspectives for cartilage regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Philipp Dieterle
- Division of Oral Biotechnology, Center for Dental Medicine, Medical Center – University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Hugstetter Str. 55, 79106Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ayman Husari
- Division of Oral Biotechnology, Center for Dental Medicine, Medical Center – University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Hugstetter Str. 55, 79106Freiburg, Germany
- Department of Orthodontics, Center for Dental Medicine, Medical Center – University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Hugstetter Str. 55, 79106Freiburg, Germany
| | - Bernd Rolauffs
- Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, G.E.R.N. Research Center for Tissue Replacement, Regeneration & Neogenesis, Medical Center – Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, 79085Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Thorsten Steinberg
- Division of Oral Biotechnology, Center for Dental Medicine, Medical Center – University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Hugstetter Str. 55, 79106Freiburg, Germany
| | - Pascal Tomakidi
- Division of Oral Biotechnology, Center for Dental Medicine, Medical Center – University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Hugstetter Str. 55, 79106Freiburg, Germany
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11
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Chen L, Xu J, Lv S, Zhao Y, Sun D, Zheng Y, Li X, Zhang L, Chi G, Li Y. Overexpression of long non-coding RNA AP001505.9 inhibits human hyaline chondrocyte dedifferentiation. Aging (Albany NY) 2021; 13:11433-11454. [PMID: 33839696 PMCID: PMC8109079 DOI: 10.18632/aging.202833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Autologous chondrocyte implantation (ACI) is an effective method for treating chronic articular cartilage injury and degeneration; however, it requires large numbers of hyaline chondrocytes, and human hyaline chondrocytes often undergo dedifferentiation in vitro. Moreover, although long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) regulate gene expression in many pathological and physiological processes, their role in human hyaline chondrocyte dedifferentiation remains unclear. Here, we examined lncRNA and mRNA expression profiles in human hyaline chondrocyte dedifferentiation using microarray analysis. Among the many lncRNAs and mRNAs that showed differential expression, lncRNA AP001505.9 (ENST00000569966) was significantly downregulated in chondrocytes after dedifferentiation. We next performed gene ontology, pathway, and CNC (coding-non-coding gene co-expression) analyses to investigate potential regulatory mechanisms for AP001505.9. Pellet cultures were then used to redifferentiate dedifferentiated chondrocytes, and AP001505.9 expression was upregulated after redifferentiation. Finally, both in vitro and in vivo experiments demonstrated that AP001505.9 overexpression inhibited dedifferentiation of chondrocytes. This study characterizes lncRNA expression profiles in human hyaline chondrocyte dedifferentiation, thereby identifying new potential mechanisms of chondrocyte dedifferentiation worthy of further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Chen
- The Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China.,Department of Gastrointestinal and Colorectal Surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Jinying Xu
- The Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Shuang Lv
- The Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Yan Zhao
- The Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China.,Department of Operating Room, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Dongjie Sun
- The Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Yangyang Zheng
- The Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Xianglan Li
- The Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China.,Department of Dermatology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Lihong Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Guangfan Chi
- The Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Yulin Li
- The Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
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12
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Lin LJ, Ge YM, Tian Y, Liu N, Luo XH, Xue YT, Xue YZB, Wen CY, Tang B. Multi-scale mechanical investigation of articular cartilage suffered progressive pseudorheumatoid dysplasia. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon) 2020; 79:104947. [PMID: 31959394 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2019.12.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2019] [Revised: 11/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Progressive pseudorheumatoid dysplasia is a rare skeletal dysplasia mainly caused by abnormal autosomal recessive inheritance. Although the main function of cartilage is mechanical support and the characteristics of this disease is the degradation of AC, previous studies on it had been mainly focused on clinical and genetic aspects and the mechanical behavior of the cartilage affected by PPRD is still ambiguous. In this study, we investigate the mechanics and structure of the cartilage suffered disease at multi-scale, from individual chondrocytes to the bulk-scale tissue. METHODS Depth-sensing indenter were employed to investigate the mechanics of cartilage; we performed atomic force microscope nanoindentation to investigate the cell mechanics and scanning electron microscopy were used to explore the structure feature and chemical composition. FINDINGS The elastic modulus of chondrocytes harvested from cartilage suffered from progressive pseudorheumatoid dysplasia is significantly higher than from normal cartilage, same trend were also found in tissue level. Moreover, denser collagen meshwork and matrix calcification were also observed. INTERPRETATION The elastic modulus of cartilage should closely related to its denser structure and the calcification, and may potentially be an indicator for clinical diagnosis. The stiffening of chondrocytes during PPRD progression should play a rather important role in its pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- L J Lin
- Department of Orthopedics, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Y M Ge
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Y Tian
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - N Liu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - X H Luo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Y T Xue
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Y Z B Xue
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - C Y Wen
- Interdisciplinary Division of Biomedical Engineering, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, HKUSAR, China
| | - B Tang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China; Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China.
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Jung W, Li J, Chaudhuri O, Kim T. Nonlinear Elastic and Inelastic Properties of Cells. J Biomech Eng 2020; 142:100806. [PMID: 32253428 PMCID: PMC7477719 DOI: 10.1115/1.4046863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2019] [Revised: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Mechanical forces play an important role in various physiological processes, such as morphogenesis, cytokinesis, and migration. Thus, in order to illuminate mechanisms underlying these physiological processes, it is crucial to understand how cells deform and respond to external mechanical stimuli. During recent decades, the mechanical properties of cells have been studied extensively using diverse measurement techniques. A number of experimental studies have shown that cells are far from linear elastic materials. Cells exhibit a wide variety of nonlinear elastic and inelastic properties. Such complicated properties of cells are known to emerge from unique mechanical characteristics of cellular components. In this review, we introduce major cellular components that largely govern cell mechanical properties and provide brief explanations of several experimental techniques used for rheological measurements of cell mechanics. Then, we discuss the representative nonlinear elastic and inelastic properties of cells. Finally, continuum and discrete computational models of cell mechanics, which model both nonlinear elastic and inelastic properties of cells, will be described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wonyeong Jung
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, 206 S. Martin Jischke Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907
| | - Jing Li
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, 206 S. Martin Jischke Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907
| | - Ovijit Chaudhuri
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, 440 Escondido Mall, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Taeyoon Kim
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, 206 S. Martin Jischke Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907
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14
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Yao Y, Wang C. Dedifferentiation: inspiration for devising engineering strategies for regenerative medicine. NPJ Regen Med 2020; 5:14. [PMID: 32821434 PMCID: PMC7395755 DOI: 10.1038/s41536-020-00099-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell dedifferentiation is the process by which cells grow reversely from a partially or terminally differentiated stage to a less differentiated stage within their own lineage. This extraordinary phenomenon, observed in many physiological processes, inspires the possibility of developing new therapeutic approaches to regenerate damaged tissue and organs. Meanwhile, studies also indicate that dedifferentiation can cause pathological changes. In this review, we compile the literature describing recent advances in research on dedifferentiation, with an emphasis on tissue-specific findings, cellular mechanisms, and potential therapeutic applications from an engineering perspective. A critical understanding of such knowledge may provide fresh insights for designing new therapeutic strategies for regenerative medicine based on the principle of cell dedifferentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongchang Yao
- Department of Joint Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, 510120 Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Key Laboratory of Orthopaedic Technology and Implant Materials, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chunming Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau SAR, China
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15
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Liu N, Fu D, Yang J, Liu P, Song X, Wang X, Li R, Fu Z, Chen J, Gong X, Chen C, Yang L. Asiatic acid attenuates hypertrophic and fibrotic differentiation of articular chondrocytes via AMPK/PI3K/AKT signaling pathway. Arthritis Res Ther 2020; 22:112. [PMID: 32398124 PMCID: PMC7218496 DOI: 10.1186/s13075-020-02193-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Osteoarthritis (OA), the most common joint disorder, is characterized by a progressive degradation of articular cartilage. Increasing evidence suggests that OA is closely associated with cartilage pathologies including chondrocyte hypertrophy and fibrosis. Methods In this study, we showed that asiatic acid (AA) treatment reduced chondrocyte hypertrophy and fibrosis. First, the cytotoxicity of AA (0, 5, 10, and 20 μM) to chondrocytes was evaluated, and 5 μM was selected for subsequent experiments. Then, we detected the gene and protein level of chondrocyte hypertrophic markers including type X collagen (COL-X), matrix metalloproteinase-13 (MMP-13), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and runt-related transcription factor 2 (Runx2); chondrocyte fibrosis markers including type I collagen (COL-Ι) and alpha-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA); and chondrogenic markers including SRY-related HMG box 9 (SOX9), type II collagen (COL-II), and aggrecan (ACAN). Further, we tested the mechanism of AA on inhibiting chondrocyte hypertrophy and fibrosis. Finally, we verified the results in an anterior cruciate ligament transection (ACLT) rat OA model. Results We found that AA treatment inhibited the hypertrophic and fibrotic phenotype of chondrocytes, without affecting the chondrogenic phenotype. Moreover, we found that AA treatment activated AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and inhibited phosphoinositide-3 kinase/protein kinase B (PI3K/AKT) signaling pathway in vitro. The results in an ACLT rat OA model also indicated that AA significantly attenuated chondrocyte hypertrophy and fibrosis. Conclusion AA treatment could reduce hypertrophic and fibrotic differentiation and maintain the chondrogenic phenotype of articular chondrocytes by targeting the AMPK/PI3K/AKT signaling pathway. Our study suggested that AA might be a prospective drug component that targets hypertrophic and fibrotic chondrocytes for OA treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Liu
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development, Ministry of Education, Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China.,Center for Joint Surgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Dejie Fu
- Center for Joint Surgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Junjun Yang
- Center for Joint Surgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Pingju Liu
- Zunyi Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Zunyi, China
| | - Xiongbo Song
- Center for Joint Surgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Center for Joint Surgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Rui Li
- Center for Joint Surgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Zhenlan Fu
- Center for Joint Surgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Jiajia Chen
- Biomedical Analysis Center, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaoyuan Gong
- Center for Joint Surgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Cheng Chen
- College of Medical Informatics, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.
| | - Liu Yang
- Center for Joint Surgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China.
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16
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Zhang S, Hu B, Liu W, Wang P, Lv X, Chen S, Liu H, Shao Z. Articular cartilage regeneration: The role of endogenous mesenchymal stem/progenitor cell recruitment and migration. Semin Arthritis Rheum 2019; 50:198-208. [PMID: 31767195 DOI: 10.1016/j.semarthrit.2019.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Revised: 10/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Trauma- or osteoarthritis-related cartilage damage resulted in functional decline of joints and heavy burden of public health. Recently, the reparative role of mesenchymal stem/progenitor cells (MSCs) in articular cartilage (AC) reconstruction is drawing more and more attention. OBJECTIVE To provide a review on (1) the locations and categories of joint-resident MSCs, (2) the regulation of chondrogenic capacities of MSCs, (3) the migratory approaches of MSCs to diseased AC and regulatory mechanisms. METHODS PubMed and Web of Science were searched for English-language articles related to MSC recruitment and migration for AC repair until June 2019. The presence of various MSCs in or around joints, the potential approaches to diseased AC` and the regenerative capacities of MSCs were reviewed. RESULTS Various intra- and peri-articular MSCs, with inherent migratory potentials, are present in multiple stem cell niches in or around joints. The recruitment and migration of joint-resident MSCs play crucial roles in endogenous AC repair. Multiple recruiting signals, such as chemokines, growth factors, etc., emerge during the development of AC diseases and participate in the regulation of MSC mobilization. Motivated MSCs could migrate into cartilage lesions and then exert multiple reparative potentials, including extracellular matrix (ECM) reconstruction and microenvironment modulation. CONCLUSION In general, AC repair based on endogenous MSC recruitment and migration is a feasible strategy, and a promising research field. Furthermore, endogenous AC repair mediated by native MSCs would provide new opportunities to efficient preventative or therapeutic options for AC diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, Hubei Province, China.
| | - Binwu Hu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, Hubei Province, China.
| | - Weijian Liu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, Hubei Province, China.
| | - Peng Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, Hubei Province, China.
| | - Xiao Lv
- Department of Orthopaedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, Hubei Province, China.
| | - Songfeng Chen
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, Henan Province, China.
| | - Hongjian Liu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, Henan Province, China.
| | - Zengwu Shao
- Department of Orthopaedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, Hubei Province, China.
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17
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Inhibition of CD44 intracellular domain production suppresses bovine articular chondrocyte de-differentiation induced by excessive mechanical stress loading. Sci Rep 2019; 9:14901. [PMID: 31624271 PMCID: PMC6797729 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-50166-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
CD44 fragmentation is enhanced in chondrocytes of osteoarthritis (OA) patients. We hypothesized that mechanical stress-induced enhancement of CD44-intracellular domain (CD44-ICD) production plays an important role in the de-differentiation of chondrocytes and OA. This study aimed to assess the relationship between CD44-ICD and chondrocyte gene expression. Monolayer cultured primary bovine articular chondrocytes (BACs) were subjected to cyclic tensile strain (CTS) loading. ADAM10 inhibitor (GI254023X) and γ-secretase inhibitor (DAPT) were used to inhibit CD44 cleavage. In overexpression experiments, BACs were electroporated with a plasmid encoding CD44-ICD. CTS loading increased the expression of ADAM10 and subsequent CD44 cleavage, while decreasing the expression of SOX9, aggrecan, and type 2 collagen (COL2). Overexpression of CD44-ICD also resulted in decreased expression of these chondrocyte genes. Both GI254023X and DAPT reduced the production of CD44-ICD upon CTS loading, and significantly rescued the reduction of SOX9 expression by CTS loading. Chemical inhibition of CD44-ICD production also rescued aggrecan and COL2 expression following CTS loading. Our findings suggest that CD44-ICD is closely associated with the de-differentiation of chondrocytes. Excessive mechanical stress loading promoted the de-differentiation of BACs by enhancing CD44 cleavage and CD44-ICD production. Suppression of CD44 cleavage has potential as a novel treatment strategy for OA.
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18
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Charlier E, Deroyer C, Ciregia F, Malaise O, Neuville S, Plener Z, Malaise M, de Seny D. Chondrocyte dedifferentiation and osteoarthritis (OA). Biochem Pharmacol 2019; 165:49-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2019.02.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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19
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Khan ZS, Santos JM, Vaz NG, Hussain F. Enhanced blebbing as a marker for metastatic prostate cancer. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2019; 13:034110. [PMID: 31431812 PMCID: PMC6697032 DOI: 10.1063/1.5085346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 04/22/2019] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Highly metastatic prostate cancer cells flowing through a microfluidic channel form plasma membrane blebs: they form 27% more than normal cells and have a lower stiffness (about 50%). Hypo-osmotic stress assays (with ∼ 50 % osmolarity) show 22% more blebbing of highly metastatic than moderately metastatic and 30% more than normal cells. Plasma membrane blebbing is known to provide important metastatic capabilities to cancer cells by aiding cell detachment from the primary tumor site and increasing cell deformability to promote cell migration through the extracellular matrix. Increased blebbing was attributed by others to decreased phosphorylated ezrin, radixin, and moesin (ERM) (p-ERM) protein expression-p-ERMs bind the plasma membrane to the actin cortex and reduced p-ERM expression can weaken membrane-cortex attachment. Myosin II also influences blebbing as myosin's natural contraction generates tension in the actin cortex. This increases cellular hydrostatic pressure, causes cortex rupture, cytoplasm flow out of the cortex, and hence blebbing. Highly metastatic cells are surprisingly found to express similar ezrin and myosin II levels but higher moesin levels in comparison with lowly metastatic or normal cells-suggesting that their levels, contrary to the literature [G. Charras and E. Paluch, Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol. 9(9), 730-736 (2008); J.-Y. Tinevez, U. Schulze, G. Salbreux, J. Roensch, J.-F. Joanny, and E. Paluch, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 106(44), 18581-18586 (2009); M. Bergert, S. D. Chandradoss, R. A. Desai, and E. Paluch, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 109(36), 14434-14439 (2012); E. K. Paluch and E. Raz: Curr. Opin. Cell Biol. 25(5), 582-590 (2013)], are not important in metastatic prostate cell blebbing. Our results show that reduced F-actin is primarily responsible for increased blebbing in these metastatic cells. Blebbing can thus serve as a simple prognostic marker for the highly incident and lethal metastatic prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeina S Khan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409, USA
| | - Julianna M Santos
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409, USA
| | - Neil G Vaz
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409, USA
| | - Fazle Hussain
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409, USA
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20
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Comparison of cell mechanical measurements provided by Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) and Micropipette Aspiration (MPA). J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2019; 95:103-115. [PMID: 30986755 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2019.03.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Revised: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
A comparative analysis of T-lymphocyte mechanical data obtained from Micropipette Aspiration (MPA) and Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) is presented. Results obtained by fitting the experimental data to simple Hertz and Theret models led to non-Gaussian distributions and significantly different values of the elastic moduli obtained by both techniques. The use of more refined models, taking into account the finite size of cells (simplified double contact and Zhou models) reduces the differences in the values calculated for the elastic moduli. Several possible sources for the discrepancy between the techniques are considered. The analysis suggests that the local nature of AFM measurements compared with the more general character of MPA measurements probably contributed to the differences observed.
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21
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Zhang Y, Yu J, Ren K, Zuo J, Ding J, Chen X. Thermosensitive Hydrogels as Scaffolds for Cartilage Tissue Engineering. Biomacromolecules 2019; 20:1478-1492. [PMID: 30843390 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.9b00043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yanbo Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, 126 Xiantai Street, Changchun 130033, P. R. China
| | - Jiakuo Yu
- Knee Surgery Department of the Institute of Sports Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, 49 Huayuanbei Road, Beijing 100191, P. R. China
| | - Kaixuan Ren
- Mork Family Department of Chemical Engineering & Materials Science, University of Southern California, 925 West 34th Street, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States of America
| | - Jianlin Zuo
- Department of Orthopedics, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, 126 Xiantai Street, Changchun 130033, P. R. China
| | - Jianxun Ding
- Key Laboratory
of Polymer Ecomaterials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 5625 Renmin Street, Changchun 130022, P. R. China
- Jilin Biomedical Polymers Engineering Laboratory, 5625 Renmin Street, Changchun 130022, P. R. China
| | - Xuesi Chen
- Key Laboratory
of Polymer Ecomaterials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 5625 Renmin Street, Changchun 130022, P. R. China
- Jilin Biomedical Polymers Engineering Laboratory, 5625 Renmin Street, Changchun 130022, P. R. China
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22
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Li G, Song X, Li R, Sun L, Gong X, Chen C, Yang L. Zyxin-involved actin regulation is essential in the maintenance of vinculin focal adhesion and chondrocyte differentiation status. Cell Prolif 2018; 52:e12532. [PMID: 30328655 PMCID: PMC6430480 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.12532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Revised: 08/27/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives To investigate the role of zyxin‐involved actin regulation in expression level of vinculin focal adhesion and collagen production of chondrocyte and its possible underlying mechanism. Materials and methods Chondrocytes obtained from rabbit articular cartilage were used in this study. The expression of zyxin, actin and vinculin, as well as the extracellular matrix (ECM) protein collagen type I, II and X (COL I, II and X) of chondrocytes were compared between zyxin‐knockdown group and negative control group, and between transforming growth factor‐β1 (TGF‐β1) treatment group and non‐treatment group, respectively. Results Knockdown of zyxin increased the ratio of globular actin (G‐actin) to filamentous actin (F‐actin) of chondrocyte, which further inhibited expression of vinculin and chondrogenic marker COL II as well as hypertrophy marker COL X. On the other hand, chondrocytes treated with TGF‐β1 showed an enhanced expression of F‐actin, and a lower expression of zyxin compared to non‐treatment group. In response to TGF‐β1‐induced actin polymerization, expression of vinculin and COL I was increased, while expression of COL II and aggrecan was decreased. Conclusions These results demonstrate supporting evidence that in chondrocytes the level of zyxin is closely associated with the state of actin polymerization. In particular, the change of zyxin and F‐actin parallels with the change of COL II and vinculin, respectively, indicating a major role of zyxin‐actin interaction in the synthesis of collagen ECM and the remodelling of cytoskeleton‐ECM adhesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaoming Li
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development, Ministry of Education, Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China.,Center for Joint Surgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Xiongbo Song
- Center for Joint Surgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Rui Li
- Center for Joint Surgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Li Sun
- Department of Orthopedics, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guiyang, China
| | - Xiaoyuan Gong
- Center for Joint Surgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Cheng Chen
- Center for Joint Surgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Liu Yang
- Center for Joint Surgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
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23
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Hiemer B, Krogull M, Bender T, Ziebart J, Krueger S, Bader R, Jonitz-Heincke A. Effect of electric stimulation on human chondrocytes and mesenchymal stem cells under normoxia and hypoxia. Mol Med Rep 2018; 18:2133-2141. [PMID: 29916541 PMCID: PMC6072227 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2018.9174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2017] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
During joint movement and mechanical loading, electric potentials occur within cartilage tissue guiding cell development and regeneration. Exposure of cartilage exogenous electric stimulation (ES) may imitate these endogenous electric fields and promote healing processes. Therefore, the present study investigated the influence of electric fields on human chondrocytes, mesenchymal stem cells and the co-culture of the two. Human chondrocytes isolated from articular cartilage obtained post-mortally and human mesenchymal stem cells derived from bone marrow (BM-MSCs) were seeded onto a collagen-based scaffold separately or as co-culture. Following incubation with the growth factors over 3 days, ES was performed using titanium electrodes applying an alternating electric field (700 mV, 1 kHz). Cells were exposed to an electric field over 7 days under either hypoxic or normoxic culture conditions. Following this, metabolic activity was investigated and synthesis rates of extracellular matrix proteins were analyzed. ES did not influence metabolic activity of chondrocytes or BM-MSCs. Gene expression analyses demonstrated that ES increased the expression of collagen type II mRNA and aggrecan mRNA in human chondrocytes under hypoxic culture conditions. Likewise, collagen type II synthesis was significantly increased following exposure to electric fields under hypoxia. BM-MSCs and the co-culture of chondrocytes and BM-MSCs revealed a similar though weaker response regarding the expression of cartilage matrix proteins. The electrode setup may be a valuable tool to investigate the influence of ES on human chondrocytes and BM-MSCs contributing to fundamental knowledge including future applications of ES in cartilage repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bettina Hiemer
- Department of Orthopaedics, Biomechanics and Implant Technology Research Laboratory, Rostock University Medical Centre, D‑18057 Rostock, Germany
| | - Martin Krogull
- Department of Orthopaedics, Biomechanics and Implant Technology Research Laboratory, Rostock University Medical Centre, D‑18057 Rostock, Germany
| | - Thomas Bender
- Department of Orthopaedics, Biomechanics and Implant Technology Research Laboratory, Rostock University Medical Centre, D‑18057 Rostock, Germany
| | - Josefin Ziebart
- Department of Orthopaedics, Biomechanics and Implant Technology Research Laboratory, Rostock University Medical Centre, D‑18057 Rostock, Germany
| | - Simone Krueger
- Department of Orthopaedics, Biomechanics and Implant Technology Research Laboratory, Rostock University Medical Centre, D‑18057 Rostock, Germany
| | - Rainer Bader
- Department of Orthopaedics, Biomechanics and Implant Technology Research Laboratory, Rostock University Medical Centre, D‑18057 Rostock, Germany
| | - Anika Jonitz-Heincke
- Department of Orthopaedics, Biomechanics and Implant Technology Research Laboratory, Rostock University Medical Centre, D‑18057 Rostock, Germany
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24
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de Lucas B, Pérez LM, Gálvez BG. Importance and regulation of adult stem cell migration. J Cell Mol Med 2017; 22:746-754. [PMID: 29214727 PMCID: PMC5783855 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.13422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2017] [Accepted: 09/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell migration is an essential process throughout the life of vertebrates, beginning during embryonic development and continuing throughout adulthood. Stem cells have an inherent ability to migrate, that is as important as their capacity for self‐renewal and differentiation, enabling them to maintain tissue homoeostasis and mediate repair and regeneration. Adult stem cells reside in specific tissue niches, where they remain in a quiescent state until called upon and activated by tissue environmental signals. Cell migration is a highly regulated process that involves the integration of intrinsic signals from the niche and extrinsic factors. Studies using three‐dimensional in vitro models have revealed the astonishing plasticity of cells in terms of the migration modes employed in response to changes in the microenvironment. These same properties can, however, be subverted during the development of some pathologies such as cancer. In this review, we describe the response of adult stem cells to migratory stimuli and the mechanisms by which they sense and transduce intracellular signals involved in migratory processes. Understanding the molecular events underlying migration may help develop therapeutic strategies for regenerative medicine and to treat diseases with a cell migration component.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz de Lucas
- Universidad Europea de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Hospital, 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura M Pérez
- Universidad Europea de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Hospital, 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
| | - Beatriz G Gálvez
- Universidad Europea de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Hospital, 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
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25
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Nishida T, Kubota S, Aoyama E, Yamanaka N, Lyons KM, Takigawa M. Low-intensity pulsed ultrasound (LIPUS) treatment of cultured chondrocytes stimulates production of CCN family protein 2 (CCN2), a protein involved in the regeneration of articular cartilage: mechanism underlying this stimulation. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2017; 25:759-769. [PMID: 27729291 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2016.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2016] [Revised: 09/07/2016] [Accepted: 10/05/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE CCN family protein 2/connective tissue growth factor (CCN2/CTGF) promotes cartilage regeneration in experimental osteoarthritis (OA) models. However, CCN2 production is very low in articular cartilage. The aim of this study was to investigate whether or not CCN2 was promoted by cultured chondrocytes treated with low-intensity pulsed ultrasound (LIPUS) and to clarify its mechanism. METHODS Human chondrocytic cell line (HCS)-2/8, rat primary epiphyseal and articular cartilage cells, and Ccn2-deficient chondrocytes that impaired chondrocyte differentiation, were treated with LIPUS for 20 min at 3.0 MHz frequency and 60 mW/cm2 power. Expressions of chondrocyte differentiation marker mRNAs were examined by real-time PCR (RT-PCR) analysis from HCS-2/8 cells and Ccn2-deficient chondrocytes at 30 min and 1 h after LIPUS treatment, respectively. CCN2 production was examined by Western blotting after 5 h of LIPUS treatment. Moreover, Ca2+ influx was measured by using a Fluo-4 probe. RESULTS The gene expression of chondrocyte differentiation markers and CCN2 production were increased in cultured chondrocytes treated with LIPUS. In addition, Ca2+ influx and phosphorylation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)1/2 were increased by LIPUS treatment, and the stability of TRPV4 and BKca channel mRNAs was decreased by siRNA against CCN2. Consistent with those findings, the LIPUS-induced the gene expressions of type II collagen (COL2a1) and Aggrecan (ACAN) observed in wild-type cells were not observed in the Ccn2-deficient chondrocytes. CONCLUSION These data indicate that chondrocyte differentiation represented by CCN2 production was mediated via MAPK pathways activated by LIPUS-stimulated Ca2+ influx, which in turn was supported by the induced CCN2 molecules in articular chondrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Nishida
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Dentistry, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan.
| | - S Kubota
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Dentistry, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan; Advanced Research Center for Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, Okayama University Dental School, Okayama, Japan.
| | - E Aoyama
- Advanced Research Center for Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, Okayama University Dental School, Okayama, Japan.
| | | | - K M Lyons
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, UCLA, CA, USA.
| | - M Takigawa
- Advanced Research Center for Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, Okayama University Dental School, Okayama, Japan.
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de Lucas B, Bernal A, M. Pérez L, San Martín N, Gálvez BG. Membrane Blebbing Is Required for Mesenchymal Precursor Migration. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0150004. [PMID: 26930466 PMCID: PMC4773234 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0150004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2015] [Accepted: 02/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal precursors (MPs) present some advantageous features, such as differentiation and migration, which make them promising candidates for cell therapy. A better understanding of MP migration characteristics would aid the development of cell delivery protocols. Traditionally, cell migration is thought to occur only through the formation of lamellipodia. More recently, contractility-driven bleb formation has emerged as an alternative mechanism of motility. Here we report that MPs derived from different tissues present spontaneously dynamic cytoplasmic projections in sub-confluent culture, which appear as a combination of lamellipodia with blebs in the leading edge. Upon initial seeding, however, only bleb structures could be observed. Immunofluorescence revealed the presence of pERM, RhoA and F-actin during the blebbing process. Results from migration assays in the presence of blebbistatin, a myosin II inhibitor, showed that bleb formation correlated with migratory capacity, suggesting a functional role for blebs in migration. Bleb formation might be a useful mechanism to improve cell migration in cellular therapy protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz de Lucas
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
- Universidad Europea (UE), Madrid, Spain
| | - Aurora Bernal
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura M. Pérez
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Nuria San Martín
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Beatriz G. Gálvez
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
- Universidad Europea (UE), Madrid, Spain
- * E-mail:
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