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Bailey D, Anderson R, Brady K, Kwon P, Browne D, Amaral RR. An Ex-Vivo Study Comparing the Accuracy of the E-Connect S+ and Morita Tri Auto ZX2+ Endodontic Handpieces in Root Canal Length Determination. J Endod 2024:S0099-2399(24)00233-4. [PMID: 38631475 DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2024.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2023] [Revised: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This ex vivo study evaluated the accuracy of the Electronic Apex Locator (EAL) and Automatic Apical Stop (AAS) functions of the E-Connect S+ and Morita Tri Auto ZX2+ cordless apex locators in determining patency length. METHODS Sixty-four human teeth with a single root were randomly allocated into E-connect or Morita groups (n = 32). The canals were accessed and preflared, after which a size 15 K-file was inserted into the canal to the major foramen and recorded as the actual length (AL). Matched measurements were taken using the AAS and EAL functions and visually confirmed with confocal microscopy. The variance between canal length (mm), the persons correlation (ρ) between function and AL, and the accuracy (%) of the canal length relative to the AL (Δmm) between devices and functions were assessed. RESULTS Regardless of device or function, all measurements were within 1±Δmm and correlated strongly (ρ > 0.97) with the AL. When considering a more stringent clinically acceptable range of 0.5±Δmm from the AL, all devices and functions demonstrated similar accuracy levels (84%-94%). However, at lower tolerance ranges, the E-connect device with the EAL function exhibited the highest accuracy. On average, all devices and functions stopped short of the AL (mean Δmm>0). CONCLUSION The E-Connect S+ and Morita Tri Auto ZX2+ apex locators provided reliable accuracy in determining the position of the major foramen. These findings demonstrate a high level of reproducibility in canal length measurements using both cordless endodontic handpieces, regardless of whether the EAL or AAS functions were employed.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Bailey
- College of Medicine and Dentistry, James Cook University, Cairns, Australia
| | - Ryan Anderson
- College of Medicine and Dentistry, James Cook University, Cairns, Australia
| | - Kevin Brady
- College of Medicine and Dentistry, James Cook University, Cairns, Australia
| | - Peter Kwon
- College of Medicine and Dentistry, James Cook University, Cairns, Australia
| | - Daniel Browne
- College of Medicine and Dentistry, James Cook University, Cairns, Australia
| | - Rodrigo R Amaral
- College of Medicine and Dentistry, James Cook University, Cairns, Australia.
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Gouédard C, Pino L, Arbab-Chirani R, Arbab-Chirani S, Chevalier V. Comparison of the cyclic fatigue resistance of One Curve, F6 Skytaper, Protaper Next, and Hyflex CM endodontic files. Restor Dent Endod 2022; 47:e16. [PMID: 35692224 PMCID: PMC9160766 DOI: 10.5395/rde.2022.47.e16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives This study compared the cyclic fatigue resistance of One Curve (C wire) and F6 Skytaper (conventional austenite nickel-titanium [NiTi]), and 2 instruments with thermo-mechanically treated NiTi: Protaper Next X2 (M wire) and Hyflex CM (CM wire). Materials and Methods Ten new instruments of each group (size: 0.25 mm, 6% taper in the 3 mm tip region) were tested using a rotary bending machine with a 60° curvature angle and a 5 mm curvature radius, at room temperature. The number of cycles until fracture was recorded. The length of the fractured instruments was measured. The fracture surface of each fragment was examined with a scanning electron microscope (SEM). The data were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance and the post hoc Tukey test. The significance level was set at 0.05. Results At 60°, One Curve, F6 Skytaper and Hyflex CM had significantly longer fatigue lives than Protaper Next X2 (p < 0.05). No statistically significant differences were found in the cyclic fatigue lives of One Curve, F6 Skytaper, and Hyflex CM (p > 0.05). SEM images of the fracture surfaces of the different instruments showed typical features of fatigue failure. Conclusions Within the conditions of this study, at 60° and with a 5 mm curvature radius, the cyclic fatigue life of One Curve was not significantly different from those of F6 Skytaper and Hyflex CM. The cyclic fatigue lives of these 3 instruments were statistically significantly longer than that of Protaper Next.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Gouédard
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Dental School-Hospital of Brest, France.,University of Bretagne Occidentale, Brest, France
| | - Laurent Pino
- Ecole Nationale d'Ingénieurs de Brest, Brest, France
| | - Reza Arbab-Chirani
- Department of Endodontics and Restorative Dentistry, Dental School-Hospital of Brest, University of Bretagne Occidentale, Brest, France.,Laboratory of Medical Information Processing, Brest, France
| | | | - Valérie Chevalier
- University of Bretagne Occidentale, Brest, France.,Ecole Nationale d'Ingénieurs de Brest, Brest, France
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Peker B, Hepsenoglu Y, Ersahan S, Eyuboglu T. Accuracy of working length measurement by Raypex 6: Electronic apex locator versus actual measurements under stereomicroscope. BALKAN JOURNAL OF DENTAL MEDICINE 2022. [DOI: 10.5937/bjdm2201015p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background/Aim: This study aimed to evaluate the precision of the Raypex 6 apex locator in locating the apical constriction (AC) and major foramen (MF) during a root canal treatment compared with a microscopic evaluation. Another aim of the present study was to evaluate the accuracy of the Raypex 6 in the presence of different irrigating solutions (NaOCl, saline, EDTA, etidronic acid-HEBP). Material and Methods: One hundred and nine patients were included in this study and were randomly assigned into four groups according to the irrigation solution used; NaOCl, EDTA, HEBF and saline. Electronic MF (EMF) and AC (EAC) were measured by using Raypex 6. The teeth were extracted. The apical 3 mm of each canal was trimmed to expose the file tip. The samples were observed under a stereomicroscope, and the actual length of MF (ALMF) and AC (ALAC) were measured. The data were analyzed by using x2 test, and significance was set at P< 0.05. Results: The Raypex 6 was accurate 71.4% of the time to ±0.5mm and 93.3% of the time to ±1mm in determining the ALAC. While similar ALAC-EAC differences were observed in EDTA, NaOCl, and saline groups (p= 0.230), the highest differences were seen in the HEBP group (p= 1.000). The precision of Raypex 6 in determining the working length measurement depends on the type of irrigation. All solutions allowed reliable detection of AC. However, HEBF significantly increased the risk of overpreparation. Conclusions: Raypex 6 can be recommended for clinical use and its accuracy is not affected by the type of irrigant when locating MF.
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Chaudhary S, Gharti A, Adhikari B. An in vivo comparison of accuracy of two electronic apex locators in determining working length using stainless steel and nickel titanium files. Clin Cosmet Investig Dent 2018; 10:75-82. [PMID: 29861643 PMCID: PMC5968804 DOI: 10.2147/ccide.s158882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose A key factor affecting the success of endodontic treatment is correct determination of root canal working length (WL). The purpose of this in vivo study was to compare the accuracy of Propex II and iPex II electronic apex locator (EAL) in determining the WL under clinical conditions, to that of radiographic working length (RWL) using stainless steel (SS) and nickel–titanium (NiTi) hand files. Patients and methods Thirty-seven patients, with 60 anterior teeth (60 canals) scheduled for endodontic treatment participated in this study after ethical approval. Electronic working length (EWL) was determined by the Propex II and iPex II according to manufacturer’s instructions using SS Hand K-files and NiTi Hand files. RWL was determined after EWL determination. The results obtained with each EAL with SS and NiTi files were compared with RWL. Data was analyzed statistically at a significance level of p < 0.05. Interclass correlation coefficient was calculated. Results Statistical analysis revealed no significant difference between the EALs, indicating similar accuracies between them with respect to accuracy in determining the WL (p > 0.05). No significant difference was found between the EWL and RWL and between SS and NiTi files for WL determination (p > 0.05) as well. The result also displayed a high intraclass correlation coefficient between the RWL and EWL measurement methods. Conclusion Under the in vivo clinical conditions of this study, both Propex II and iPex II were similar to the RWL determination technique showing high correlation to RWL. Both are clinically acceptable EAL for WL determination and both SS hand K-file and NiTi file can be used interchangeably without compromising the WL during treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjeeb Chaudhary
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, School of Dental Sciences, Chitwan Medical College, Bharatpur, Nepal
| | - Archana Gharti
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, School of Dental Sciences, Chitwan Medical College, Bharatpur, Nepal
| | - Bhawana Adhikari
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, School of Dental Sciences, Chitwan Medical College, Bharatpur, Nepal
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Accuracy of 2 Endodontic Rotary Motors with Integrated Apex Locator. J Endod 2017; 43:1716-1719. [DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2017.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2017] [Revised: 05/19/2017] [Accepted: 05/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Keskin C, Inan U, Demiral M. Effect of interrupted motion on the cyclic fatigue resistance of reciprocating nickel-titanium instruments. Int Endod J 2017; 51:549-555. [DOI: 10.1111/iej.12790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Accepted: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C. Keskin
- Department of Endodontics; Faculty of Dentistry; Ondokuz Mayıs University; Samsun, Istanbul Turkey
| | - U. Inan
- Department of Endodontics; Faculty of Dentistry; Ondokuz Mayıs University; Samsun, Istanbul Turkey
| | - M. Demiral
- Cekmekoy Oral and Dental Health Center; Istanbul Turkey
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Yammine S, Jabbour E, Nahas P, Majzoub Z. Foramen Changes following Over Instrumentation of Curved Canals with Three Engine-Driven Instruments: An In Vitro Study. IRANIAN ENDODONTIC JOURNAL 2017; 12:454-461. [PMID: 29225641 PMCID: PMC5722120 DOI: 10.22037/iej.v12i4.16268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Revised: 08/06/2017] [Accepted: 08/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The present in vitro study aimed to evaluate and compare the changes in shape and surface area of the major foramen following shaping of curved canals with three new generation NiTi engine-driven instruments naming ProTaper Next, BT RaCe and WaveOne Gold- with 3 different levels of protrusion beyond the major apical foramen. METHODS AND MATERIALS A total of 45 extracted human molars with at least one curved canal were distributed in 3 comparable groups of 15 that were instrumented using either ProTaper Next (PTN), BT RaCe (BTR) or WaveOne Gold (WOG). The canals were instrumented to the major foramen and then over instrumented with the final file 0.5 mm, 1 mm and 1.5 mm beyond the foramen. Standardized pre- and post-instrumentation photographs of the foramen were obtained for all groups using a stereomicroscope. Foramen shape and surface area were evaluated using the AmScope software for measurements and compared between groups and levels of instrumentation applying binary conditional logistic regression and repeated measures ANOVA. The level of significance was set at 0.05. RESULTS Foramen shape tended to gradually change from circular to oval as the level of instrumentation increased in all groups. The original foramen shape in WOG group remained better than other groups. Foramen surface areas increased in all groups with Group BTR demonstrating significantly greater values than the other 2 groups. CONCLUSION Over instrumentation resulted in apical enlargement and ovalization in all 3 groups but with different patterns. These differences can be attributed to the final file size, design characteristics and kinematics of the 3 systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salwa Yammine
- Department of Endodontics, Lebanese University, Campus Rafic Hariri, Hadath, Beirut, Lebanon;
| | - Edgard Jabbour
- Department of Endodontics, Lebanese University, Campus Rafic Hariri, Hadath, Beirut, Lebanon;
| | - Paul Nahas
- Department of Restorative and Esthetic Dentistry, Lebanese University, Campus Rafic Hariri, Hadath, Beirut, Lebanon;
| | - Zeina Majzoub
- Department of Periodontology, Lebanese University, Campus Rafic Hariri, Hadath, Beirut, Lebanon
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The Use of Micro–Computed Tomography to Determine the Accuracy of 2 Electronic Apex Locators and Anatomic Variations Affecting Their Precision. J Endod 2016; 42:1263-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2016.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Revised: 04/20/2016] [Accepted: 04/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Gehlot PM, Manjunath V, Manjunath MK. An in vitro evaluation of the accuracy of four electronic apex locators using stainless-steel and nickel-titanium hand files. Restor Dent Endod 2016; 41:6-11. [PMID: 26877985 PMCID: PMC4751208 DOI: 10.5395/rde.2016.41.1.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives The purpose of this in vitro study was to evaluate the accuracy of working length (WL) determination of four electronic apex locators (EALs), namely, Root ZX (RZX), Elements diagnostic unit and apex locator (ELE), SybronEndo Mini Apex locator (MINI) and Propex pixi (PIXI) using Stainless steel (SS) and nickel-titanium (NiTi) hand files. The null hypothesis was that there was no difference between canal length determination by SS and NiTi files of 4 EALs. Materials and Methods Sixty extracted, single rooted human teeth were decoronated and the canal orifice flared. The actual length (AL) was assessed visually, and the teeth were embedded in an alginate model. The electronic length (EL) measurements were recorded with all four EALs using SS and NiTi files at '0.5' reading on display. The differences between the AL and EL were compared. Results The results obtained with each EAL with SS and NiTi files were compared with AL. A paired sample t test showed that there was a statistical significant difference between EAL readings with SS and NiTi files for RZX and MINI (p < 0.05). The accuracy of RZX, ELE, MINI and PIXI within ± 0.5 mm of AL with SS/NiTi files were 93.3%/70%, 90%/91.7%, 95%/68.3%, and 83.3%/83.3%, respectively. Conclusions The results of this study indicate that Root ZX was statistically more accurate with NiTi files compared to SS files, while MINI was statistically more accurate with SS files compared to NiTi files. ELE and PIXI were not affected by the alloy type of the file used to determine WL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paras Mull Gehlot
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, JSS University, JSS Dental College and Hospital, Karnataka, India
| | - Vinutha Manjunath
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, JSS University, JSS Dental College and Hospital, Karnataka, India
| | - Mysore Krishnaswamy Manjunath
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, JSS University, JSS Dental College and Hospital, Karnataka, India
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Pedullà E, Lizio A, Scibilia M, Grande NM, Plotino G, Boninelli S, Rapisarda E, Lo Giudice G. Cyclic fatigue resistance of two nickel-titanium rotary instruments in interrupted rotation. Int Endod J 2016; 50:194-201. [DOI: 10.1111/iej.12609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2015] [Accepted: 01/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- E. Pedullà
- Department of General Surgery and Surgical-Medical Specialties; University of Catania; Catania Italy
| | - A. Lizio
- Department of Conservative Dentistry; Dental School; Messina University; Messina Italy
| | - M. Scibilia
- Department of General Surgery and Surgical-Medical Specialties; University of Catania; Catania Italy
| | | | - G. Plotino
- C.L.I.D.; “La Sapienza”, University of Rome; Isernia Italy
| | - S. Boninelli
- MATIS Institute of Microelectronics and Microsystems; National Research Council; Catania Italy
| | - E. Rapisarda
- Department of General Surgery and Surgical-Medical Specialties; University of Catania; Catania Italy
| | - G. Lo Giudice
- Department of Conservative Dentistry; Dental School; Messina University; Messina Italy
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Parente LA, Levin MD, Vivan RR, Bernardes RA, Duarte MAH, Vasconcelos BCD. Efficacy of Electronic Foramen Locators in Controlling Root Canal Working Length during Rotary Instrumentation. Braz Dent J 2015; 26:547-51. [DOI: 10.1590/0103-6440201300099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2015] [Accepted: 06/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract: The present study evaluated the efficacy of electronic foramen locators (EFLs) to control root canal working length during rotary instrumentation and to assess possible reliability variations of different working lengths. Forty-eight human mandibular bicuspids were randomly divided in 2 groups according to the used device, Root ZX II (RZX) and Propex II (PRO). They were further subdivided in 2 subgroups according to the root canal preparation level (0.0 and -1.0). Preparation was performed with the Protaper rotary system using a crown-down technique. RZX was employed on its automatic auto-reverse mode (AAR) and PRO was used with the MPAS-10R contra-angle to monitor the preparation. The last used file (F3) was fixed, and the apical portion of the teeth was worn buccolingually, allowing to measure the extent between the file tip and the apical foramen (AF). The precision values of 0.0 mm and -1.0 mm were 100% and 0.0% for RZX, and 100% and 66.7% for PRO, respectively, with a range of ±0.5 mm. Statistical analysis showed no differences between the groups at 0.0 mm. However, at -1.0 mm, RZX showed the poorest results (0.96±0.11 mm), followed by PRO (0.43±0.23 mm). The difference between RZX and PRO was statistically significant. The EFLs were precise in maintaining the working length during rotary preparation when reaching the AF, but when their penetration was limited, both devices showed decreased precision; the RZX AAR failed in all instances.
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Campillo-Cortes C, Flores-Reyes H, Dávila-Pérez C, Silva-Herzog D, Méndez-González V, Pozos-Guillén A. Effectiveness of three electronic apex locators to determine root canal working length. JOURNAL OF ORAL RESEARCH 2015. [DOI: 10.17126/joralres.2015.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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Evaluation of the Maintenance of the Apical Limit during Instrumentation with Hybrid Equipment in Rotary and Reciprocating Modes. J Endod 2015; 41:682-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2014.11.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2014] [Revised: 11/29/2014] [Accepted: 11/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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da Silva TM, Alves FRF. Ex vivo accuracy of Root ZX II, Root ZX Mini and RomiApex A-15 apex locators in extracted vital pulp teeth. J Contemp Dent Pract 2014; 15:312-4. [PMID: 25307812 DOI: 10.5005/jp-journals-10024-1534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to compare, ex vivo, the accuracy of three electronic apex locators (EALs), Root ZX II, Root ZX Mini and RomiApex A-15, in detecting the apical foramen (AF). Forty extracted single-Rooted human teeth with vital pulp were used in this study. After access preparation, the Root canal length of each tooth was measured by placing a #10 file until the tip was visible at the AF under a stereomicroscope. The teeth were subsequently embedded in an alginate model. In each Root canal, all three EALs were used to determine the working length, which was defined as the zero reading or equivalent. The distance between the file tip and AF was measured to an accuracy of 0.01 mm. Results were analyzed using analysis of variance and the Chi-squared test. Root ZX II, Root ZX Mini and RomiApex A-15 were accurate within 0.5 mm, 62.5, 56.2, 50% of the time. No significant differences were found between the three EALs (p > 0.05). Considering all EALs, the mean distance from the file tip to AF was 4.49 mm. The accuracy of the three EALs evaluated in this study was not statistically significantly different. The 'Apex' or '0.0' marks of the EALs do not indicate the AF itself, but just a position coronal 0.49 mm to the AF. Using a tolerance of ± 0.5 mm from the actual lengths, the ZX II yielded the most acceptable measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thaís M da Silva
- PhD Student, Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Estécio de Sé University, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Flávio R F Alves
- Professor, Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Estécio de Sé University, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil, e-mail:
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Lipski M, Trąbska-Świstelnicka M, Woźniak K, Dembowska E, Droździk A. Evaluation of alginate as a substitute for root-surrounding tissues in electronic root canal measurements. AUST ENDOD J 2013; 39:155-8. [PMID: 24279664 DOI: 10.1111/j.1747-4477.2012.00367.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Alginate as a substitute for root-surrounding tissue was investigated. The electronic working lengths of root canals under clinical conditions were compared with an in vitro simulation of the same teeth extracted and embedded in alginate. The working lengths in 26 teeth were determined on two occasions using an electronic apex locator, before extraction and after extraction with the same teeth embedded in an alginate mass. The apical 4 mm of the root canals were exposed following the measurements, and the distances between the apical constrictions and the tips of files repositioned in the canals were measured and recorded. The mean distance between the file tip and the constriction was +0.33 mm (±0.38) in vivo and +0.32 mm (±0.30) in vitro. The Wilcoxon signed-rank test indicated that these means were not significantly different. The apical constriction was assessed to be within the limits of 0.5 mm in 80.7% of in vivo cases and in 76.9% of extracted teeth. Statistical analysis demonstrated that there was no significant difference between the results recorded in vivo and in vitro regarding apical constriction localisation. Based on the results of this study, the alginate mass is a useful tool in evaluating the performance of electronic apex locators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariusz Lipski
- Department of Preclinical Conservative Dentistry and Preclinical Endodontics, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland Department of Periodontology, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland Department of Orthodontics, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
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Duran-Sindreu F, Gomes S, Stöber E, Mercadé M, Jané L, Roig M. In vivo evaluation of the iPex and Root ZX electronic apex locators using various irrigants. Int Endod J 2013; 46:769-74. [PMID: 23551276 DOI: 10.1111/iej.12057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2012] [Accepted: 12/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIM To evaluate in vivo the performance of the iPex and Root ZX electronic apex locators (EALs) in the presence of several irrigant solutions: 2.5% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) and 2% chlorhexidine (CHX). METHODOLOGY Thirty-two single-rooted human teeth that were scheduled for extraction were selected. Teeth with metallic restorations, fractures, root resorption, pulp necrosis or open apices were not included The working length (WL) was determined electronically for the root canals with the iPex and Root ZX EALs in the presence of two different irrigant solutions, 2.5% NaOCl and 2% CHX. After the teeth had been extracted, a size 10 K-file was used to determine the reference working length (RWL), which was established at 0.5 mm short of the major foramen. In each case, the RWL was subtracted from the electronic measurements. Positive values indicated electronic measurements that exceeded the RWL (long measurements), whereas negative values indicated measurements that were short of the RWL. The values obtained with the different irrigants and EALs were compared using the paired t-test. Significance was set at P < 0.05. RESULTS The accuracy of the iPex nor Root ZX EAL was not affected by 2.5% NaOCl or 2% CHX (P > 0.05). However, significant differences were observed between the readings of the iPex and Root ZX, irrespective of whether 2.5% NaOCl or 2% CHX was used as the irrigant (P < 0.05). The iPex was less accurate than the Root ZX in determining the RWL. CONCLUSIONS The accuracy of neither the iPex nor Root ZX EAL was affected by the irrigant used. However, the iPex was less accurate than the Root ZX in determining the RWL both for 2.5% NaOCl and for 2% CHX.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Duran-Sindreu
- Department of Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Sant Cugat del Valles, Barcelona, Spain
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Soares RMV, Silva EJNL, Herrera DR, Krebs RL, Coutinho-Filho TS. Evaluation of the Joypex 5 and Root ZX II: anin vivoandex vivostudy. Int Endod J 2013; 46:904-9. [DOI: 10.1111/iej.12078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2012] [Accepted: 02/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R. M. V. Soares
- Department of Restorative Dentistry; Endodontic Division; State University of Rio de Janeiro; Rio de Janeiro; Brazil
| | - E. J. N. L. Silva
- Department of Restorative Dentistry; Endodontic Division; State University of Rio de Janeiro; Rio de Janeiro; Brazil
| | - D. R. Herrera
- Department of Restorative Dentistry; Endodontic Division; State University of Rio de Janeiro; Rio de Janeiro; Brazil
| | - R. L. Krebs
- Department of Restorative Dentistry; Endodontic Division; State University of Rio de Janeiro; Rio de Janeiro; Brazil
| | - T. S. Coutinho-Filho
- Department of Restorative Dentistry; Endodontic Division; State University of Rio de Janeiro; Rio de Janeiro; Brazil
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Ali R, Okechukwu NC, Brunton P, Nattress B. An overview of electronic apex locators: part 2. Br Dent J 2013; 214:227-31. [DOI: 10.1038/sj.bdj.2013.215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Fadel G, Piasecki L, Westphalen VPD, Silva Neto UX, Fariniuk LF, Carneiro E. An in vivo evaluation of the Auto Apical Reverse function of the Root ZX II. Int Endod J 2012; 45:950-4. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2591.2012.02054.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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González Sánchez JA, Duran-Sindreu F, de Noé S, Mercadé M, Roig M. Centring ability and apical transportation after overinstrumentation with ProTaper Universal and ProFile Vortex instruments. Int Endod J 2012; 45:542-51. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2591.2011.02008.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Evaluation of the Raypex 5 and the Mini Apex Locator: An In Vivo Study. J Endod 2011; 37:1349-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2011.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2011] [Revised: 06/07/2011] [Accepted: 06/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Precisione nella determinazione della lunghezza di lavoro mediante localizzatori elettronici d’apice, radiologia digitale e prova visiva: presentazione di una nuova metodica sperimentale di indagine – uno studio ex-vivo. GIORNALE ITALIANO DI ENDODONZIA 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gien.2011.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Parekh V, Taluja C. Comparative study of periapical radiographic techniques with apex locator for endodontic working length estimation: an ex vivo study. J Contemp Dent Pract 2011; 12:131-4. [PMID: 22186757 DOI: 10.5005/jp-journals-10024-1022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Accurate assessment of working length determines the success and prognosis of an endodontic treatment outcome. Various methods are used in determining the working length. AIM Compare the measurements of the apex locator and radiographic technique to determine working length. METHODS An ex vivo study was conducted on 20 patients having intact single straight root canal. Only premolars were taken in the study. After doing coronal flaring and irrigation, the radiographic length was determined with an aid of a k-type file and electronic length (EL-Root-ZX) 3rd generation apex locator. After extraction of all the premolars, stereomicroscope was further used to confirm and compare radiographic and electronic apex locator. RESULTS A mean value of 0.5430 ± 0.5741 mm was observed among radiographic techniques. A mean value of 0.4240 ± 0.4587 mm was observed among apex locator techniques. T-test revealed, no significant difference between the two techniques was observed (p = 0. 615). 'Two tailed' t-test revealed intragroup significance both techniques for determining the working length. CONCLUSION The distance of the apical foramen to the tip of the file: A mean value of 0.4240 ± 0.4587 mm with apex locator technique was observed. Working length of apex locator was more in comparison to radiographic technique. No significant difference between the two techniques was observed (p = 0. 615). Intragroup significance among both techniques for determining the working length was also observed. However, a further study incorporating a larger sample size and utilization of both techniques of working length determination on the same tooth has to be conducted. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Combining the apex locator technique and radiographic technique for determination of working length would yield more accurate working length.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vaishali Parekh
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, KM Shah Dental College and Hospital, Sumandeep Vidyapeeth, Vadodara, Gujarat, India
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Oliveira ML, Ambrosano GMB, Almeida SM, Haiter-Neto F, Tosoni GM. Efficacy of several digital radiographic imaging systems for laboratory determination of endodontic file length. Int Endod J 2011; 44:469-73. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2591.2011.01860.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Jung IY, Yoon BH, Lee SJ, Lee SJ. Comparison of the Reliability of “0.5” and “APEX” Mark Measurements in Two Frequency-based Electronic Apex Locators. J Endod 2011; 37:49-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2010.08.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2010] [Revised: 08/16/2010] [Accepted: 08/25/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Carvalho ALP, Moura-Netto C, Moura AAMD, Marques MM, Davidowicz H. Accuracy of three electronic apex locators in the presence of different irrigating solutions. Braz Oral Res 2010; 24:394-8. [PMID: 21180958 DOI: 10.1590/s1806-83242010000400004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2010] [Accepted: 08/27/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study compared the accuracy of three electronic apex locators (EALs) - Elements Diagnostic®, Root ZX® and Apex DSP® - in the presence of different irrigating solutions (0.9% saline solution and 1% sodium hypochlorite). The electronic measurements were carried out by three examiners, using twenty extracted human permanent maxillary central incisors. A size 10 K file was introduced into the root canals until reaching the 0.0 mark, and was subsequently retracted to the 1.0 mark. The gold standard (GS) measurement was obtained by combining visual and radiographic methods, and was set 1 mm short of the apical foramen. Electronic length values closer to the GS (± 0.5 mm) were considered as accurate measures. Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) were used to verify inter-examiner agreement. The comparison among the EALs was performed using the McNemar and Kruskal-Wallis tests (p < 0.05). The ICCs were generally high, ranging from 0.8859 to 0.9657. Similar results were observed for the percentage of electronic measurements closer to the GS obtained with the Elements Diagnostic® and the Root ZX® EALs (p > 0.05), independent of the irrigating solutions used. The measurements taken with these two EALs were more accurate than those taken with Apex DSP®, regardless of the irrigating solution used (p < 0.05). It was concluded that Elements Diagnostic® and Root ZX® apex locators are able to locate the cementum-dentine junction more precisely than Apex DSP®. The presence of irrigating solutions does not interfere with the performance of the EALs.
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Cianconi L, Angotti V, Felici R, Conte G, Mancini M. Accuracy of Three Electronic Apex Locators Compared with Digital Radiography: An Ex Vivo Study. J Endod 2010; 36:2003-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2010.08.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2010] [Revised: 08/16/2010] [Accepted: 08/25/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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