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Thomas H, Nirupama DN, Nainan MT, Naveen DN, Ranjini CY, Vijay R. Comparative evaluation of antifungal activity of Sodium Hypochlorite, Calcium Hypochlorite and modified Salt Solution associated with passive ultrasonic irrigation against Candida albicans - An In-Vitro study. JOURNAL OF CONSERVATIVE DENTISTRY AND ENDODONTICS 2024; 27:159-163. [PMID: 38463475 PMCID: PMC10923231 DOI: 10.4103/jcde.jcde_211_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Revised: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
Aim The study evaluated the antifungal activity of sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), calcium hypochlorite (Ca(OCl)2), and modified salt solution (MSS) assisted with passive ultrasonic irrigation against Candida albicans. Materials and Methods One hundred and thirty-six single-rooted premolars were decoronated and enlarged up to a file #45, autoclaved, inoculated with C. albicans, and incubated for 72 h. The samples were randomly distributed into eight groups (n = 17) according to the protocol for decontamination G1: No treatment, G2: Distilled water (DW), G3: 2.5% NaOCl, G4: 2.5% NaOCl + ultrasonic activation (US), G5: 2.5% Ca(OCl)2, G6: 2.5% Ca(OCl)2 + US, G7: MSS, G8: MSS + US. Microbiological testing (Colony forming Unit [CFU] counting) was performed before and after the treatment. Statistical Analysis Data were subjected to the one-way analysis of variance followed by the Tukey's post hoc test (P < 0.05). Results and Conclusion Groups 1 and 2 showed the highest mean contamination (5.41 and 4.31 log10 CFU/mL, respectively), which was statistically different from all the other groups (P < 0.001). G4 showed the lowest mean contamination (0.24 log10 CFU/mL) with statistically significant value (P < 0.001). 2.5% NaOCl with ultrasonic activation can aid in significant fungal reduction. Ultrasonic activation of 2.5% NaOCl, 2.5% Ca(OCl)2, and MSS was also found to have improved antifungal activity against C. albicans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Thomas
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Vydehi Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - D. N. Nirupama
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Vydehi Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Mohan Thomas Nainan
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Vydehi Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - D. N. Naveen
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Vydehi Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - C. Y. Ranjini
- Department of Microbiology, Vydehi Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - R. Vijay
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Vydehi Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
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Adnan RO, Jawad HA. Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy using a low-power 650 nm laser to inhibit oral Candida albicans activity: an in vitro study. J Med Life 2024; 17:28-34. [PMID: 38737667 PMCID: PMC11080508 DOI: 10.25122/jml-2023-0285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/14/2024] Open
Abstract
This study assessed the efficacy of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (PDT) using a 650 nm diode laser combined with methylene blue (MB) as a photosensitizer to inhibit the growth of Candida albicans (C. albicans). Oral samples were collected from 75 patients diagnosed with oral thrush. C. albicans was isolated and identified using traditional methods and the VITEK 2 YST system. Samples (n = 25) were divided into five groups: Group 1 (control, n = 5) consisted of C. albicans suspensions in saline; Group 2 (n = 5) treated with nystatin; Group 3 (n = 5) exposed to a 650 nm diode laser in continuous mode at 200 mW for 300 seconds; Group 4 (n = 5) treated with 650 nm laser and MB as a photosensitizer; Group 5 (n = 5) exposed to the laser in combination with nystatin. Statistical analysis using ANOVA, Dunnett's t-test (P = 0.05), and LSD (P = 0.001) revealed significant differences in C. albicans counts pre- and post-treatment. Group 5 showed the most significant reduction in C. albicans, followed by Group 4, while Groups 2 and 3 showed the least variation. The findings suggest that PDT using a 650 nm diode laser with methylene blue (in continuous mode at 200 mW for 300 seconds) effectively reduced the prevalence of C. albicans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roaa Osamah Adnan
- Institute of Laser for Postgraduate Studies, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Hussein Ali Jawad
- Institute of Laser for Postgraduate Studies, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq
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Hage W, Sarkis DK, Kallasy M, Mallah M, Zogheib C. In vitro evaluation of three engineered multispecies endodontic biofilms on a dentinal disk substrate. Biomater Investig Dent 2023; 10:2281091. [PMID: 38204478 PMCID: PMC10763825 DOI: 10.1080/26415275.2023.2281091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was the development of a complex multispecies endodontic biofilm using Candida albicans, Proteus mirabilis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa on a biofilm of Enterococcus faecalis in a dentinal substrate design. The endodontic pathology is a biofilm-mediated infection, and the aim of root canal therapy is to reduce, as much as possible, the bacterial population. Thus, it is important to develop a laboratory endodontic biofilm to test the effect of new irrigation and obturation techniques on reduction of bacterial count. The culture of Enterococcus faecalis from ATCC 29212 began with aerobic cultivation on blood agar, followed by transfer to Brain Heart Infusion (BHI) broth with 5% sucrose. Incubation occurred in a shaker at 37 °C for 24 h, followed by an additional 24-h static phase. After 10 d, Proteus mirabilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Candida albicans were introduced sequentially in three distinct groups. Group 1: the order of addition was Candida albicans, Proteus mirabilis, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Group 2: the order was Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida albicans, and Proteus mirabilis; and Group 3: Proteus mirabilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Candida albicans. After 16 days, the biofilm was carefully extracted, transferred to sterile BHI, and dissected using a sterile needle technique. Subsequently, an optical density test, bacterial counts, and colony enumeration were performed on various agar plates. Group 2 in which Pseudomonas aeruginosa was added directly after Enterococcus faecalis followed by Candida albicans and Proteus mirabilis showed significantly greater total bacterial count than the other two groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wajih Hage
- Department of Endodontics, Universite Saint-Joseph, Beirut, Lebanon
| | | | - Mireille Kallasy
- Department of Chemistry, Universite Saint-Joseph, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - May Mallah
- Department of Bacteriology, Universite Saint-Joseph, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Carla Zogheib
- Department of Endodontics, Universite Saint-Joseph, Beirut, Lebanon
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Wassel M, Radwan M, Elghazawy R. Direct and residual antimicrobial effect of 2% chlorhexidine gel, double antibiotic paste and chitosan- chlorhexidine nanoparticles as intracanal medicaments against Enterococcus faecalis and Candida albicans in primary molars: an in-vitro study. BMC Oral Health 2023; 23:296. [PMID: 37542254 PMCID: PMC10401786 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-023-02862-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Thorough disinfection of root canals in primary molars may be complicated by the complex root canal morphology. This in-vitro study aimed to compare direct and residual antimicrobial effect of 2% chlorhexidine (CHX) gel, 500 mg/ml double antibiotic paste (DAP) and chitosan-chlorhexidine nanoparticles (CS-CHX NPs) as intracanal medicaments against Enterococcus faecalis (E. faecalis) and Candida albicans (C. albicans) in primary molars. METHODS Mesial roots of 63 mandibular second primary molars were infected with E. faecalis and C. albicans. Teeth were divided into 9 groups: Ia: (CS-CHX NPs), IIa: (CHX), IIIa: (DAP), IVa: chitosan nanoparticles (CSNPs) in which medicaments were placed for 3 days, groups Ib: (CS-CHX NPs), IIb: CHX, IIIb: (DAP), IVb: (CSNPs) in which medicaments were placed for 7 days, and Group V (control): teeth were infected, irrigated with saline, and sampled 3- and 7-days post-infection. Microbiological samples were obtained after infection, 3, and 7 days after medicament placement and 7 days after medicament removal for both time points. One-way ANOVA, Tukey's post hoc test and paired t-test were used at p < 0.05. RESULTS CS-CHX NPs had the highest anticandidal effect which was comparable to CHX and significantly higher than other medicaments (p < 0.001) at both time points. CS-CHX NPs had the highest effect against E. faecalis which was comparable to DAP and significantly higher than other medicaments (p < 0.001) at 3 days. All medicaments showed similar effect against E. faecalis after 7 days. The 7-days placement significantly increased the antimicrobial effect against both micro-organisms in all groups, except CS-CHX NPs which showed an insignificant increase. CS-CHX NPs showed the highest residual effect against both micro-organisms that increased with 7-days placement. CONCLUSION CSNPs and CHX combination showed a synergistic effect against both micro-organisms. CS-CHX NPs displayed a higher effect at a shorter period compared to other medicaments, yet its residual effect was higher with 7-days placement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariem Wassel
- Pediatric Dentistry and Dental Public Health Department, Faculty of Dentistry, Ain Shams University Cairo, Organization of African Unity St.-Abbasia-Cairo, 11566 Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Radwan
- Pediatric Dentistry and Dental Public Health Department, Faculty of Dentistry, Ain Shams University Cairo, Organization of African Unity St.-Abbasia-Cairo, 11566 Cairo, Egypt
| | - Reham Elghazawy
- Pediatric Dentistry and Dental Public Health Department, Faculty of Dentistry, Ain Shams University Cairo, Organization of African Unity St.-Abbasia-Cairo, 11566 Cairo, Egypt
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Lertsuphotvanit N, Tuntarawongsa S, Chantadee T, Phaechamud T. Phase Inversion-Based Doxycycline Hyclate-Incorporated Borneol In Situ Gel for Periodontitis Treatment. Gels 2023; 9:557. [PMID: 37504434 PMCID: PMC10380060 DOI: 10.3390/gels9070557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Borneol has been successfully employed as a gelling agent for in situ forming gel (ISG). While 40% borneol can regulate drug release, there is interest in novel approaches to achieve extended drug release, particularly through the incorporation of hydrophobic substances. Herein, triacetin was selected as a hydrophobic additive solvent for doxycycline hyclate (Dox)-loaded 40% borneol-based ISGs in N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) or dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), which were subsequently evaluated in terms of their physicochemical properties, gel formation morphology, water sensitivity, drug release, and antimicrobial activities. ISG density and viscosity gradually decreased with the triacetin proportion to a viscosity of <12 cPs and slightly influenced the surface tension (33.14-44.33 mN/m). The low expelled force values (1.59-2.39 N) indicated the convenience of injection. All of the prepared ISGs exhibited favorable wettability and plastic deformation. Higher gel firmness from ISG prepared using NMP as a solvent contributed to the ability of more efficient controlled drug release. High triacetin (25%)-loaded ISG retarded solvent diffusion and gel formation, but diminished gel firmness and water sensitivity. ISG containing 5% triacetin efficiently prolonged Dox release up to 10 days with Fickian diffusion and presented effective antimicrobial activities against periodontitis pathogens such as Porphyromonas gingivalis and Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans. Therefore, the Dox-loaded 40% borneol-based ISG with 5% triacetin is a potential effective local ISG for periodontitis treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nutdanai Lertsuphotvanit
- Program of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Silpakorn University, Nakorn Pathom 73000, Thailand
| | - Sarun Tuntarawongsa
- Pharmaceutical Intellectual Center "Prachote Plengwittaya", Faculty of Pharmacy, Silpakorn University, Nakhon Pathom 73000, Thailand
- Natural Bioactive and Material for Health Promotion and Drug Delivery System Group (NBM), Faculty of Pharmacy, Silpakorn University, Nakhon Pathom 73000, Thailand
| | - Takron Chantadee
- Natural Bioactive and Material for Health Promotion and Drug Delivery System Group (NBM), Faculty of Pharmacy, Silpakorn University, Nakhon Pathom 73000, Thailand
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Thawatchai Phaechamud
- Natural Bioactive and Material for Health Promotion and Drug Delivery System Group (NBM), Faculty of Pharmacy, Silpakorn University, Nakhon Pathom 73000, Thailand
- Department of Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Silpakorn University, Nakhon Pathom 73000, Thailand
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Muniz AB, Vegian MRDC, Pereira Leite LD, da Silva DM, Moreira Milhan NV, Kostov KG, Koga-Ito CY. Non-Thermal Atmospheric Pressure Plasma Application in Endodontics. Biomedicines 2023; 11:biomedicines11051401. [PMID: 37239072 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11051401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2023] [Revised: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The failure of endodontic treatment is frequently associated with the presence of remaining microorganisms, mainly due to the difficulty of eliminating the biofilm and the limitation of conventional irrigation solutions. Non-thermal atmospheric pressure plasma (NTPP) has been suggested for many applications in the medical field and can be applied directly to biological surfaces or indirectly through activated liquids. This literature review aims to evaluate the potential of NTPP application in Endodontics. A search in the databases Lilacs, Pubmed, and Ebsco was performed. Seventeen manuscripts published between 2007 and 2022 that followed our established inclusion criteria were found. The selected manuscripts evaluated the use of NTPP regarding its antimicrobial activity, in the direct exposure and indirect method, i.e., plasma-activated liquid. Of these, 15 used direct exposure. Different parameters, such as working gas and distance from the apparatus to the substrate, were evaluated in vitro and ex vivo. NTPP showed a disinfection property against important endodontic microorganisms, mainly Enterococcus faecalis and Candida albicans. The antimicrobial potential was dependent on plasma exposure time, with the highest antimicrobial effects over eight minutes of exposure. Interestingly, the association of NTPP and conventional antimicrobial solutions, in general, was shown to be more effective than both treatments separately. This association showed antimicrobial results with a short plasma exposure time, what could be interesting in clinical practice. However, considering the lack of standardization of the direct exposure parameters and few studies about plasma-activated liquids, more studies in the area for endodontic purposes are still required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Bessa Muniz
- Department of Environment Engineering and Sciences Applied to Oral Health Graduate Program, São José dos Campos Institute of Science and Technology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), São José dos Campos 12247-016, SP, Brazil
| | - Mariana Raquel da Cruz Vegian
- Department of Environment Engineering and Sciences Applied to Oral Health Graduate Program, São José dos Campos Institute of Science and Technology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), São José dos Campos 12247-016, SP, Brazil
| | - Lady Daiane Pereira Leite
- Department of Environment Engineering and Sciences Applied to Oral Health Graduate Program, São José dos Campos Institute of Science and Technology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), São José dos Campos 12247-016, SP, Brazil
| | - Diego Morais da Silva
- Department of Environment Engineering and Sciences Applied to Oral Health Graduate Program, São José dos Campos Institute of Science and Technology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), São José dos Campos 12247-016, SP, Brazil
| | - Noala Vicensoto Moreira Milhan
- Department of Environment Engineering and Sciences Applied to Oral Health Graduate Program, São José dos Campos Institute of Science and Technology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), São José dos Campos 12247-016, SP, Brazil
| | - Konstantin Georgiev Kostov
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Engineering in Guaratinguetá, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Guaratinguetá 12516-410, SP, Brazil
| | - Cristiane Yumi Koga-Ito
- Department of Environment Engineering and Sciences Applied to Oral Health Graduate Program, São José dos Campos Institute of Science and Technology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), São José dos Campos 12247-016, SP, Brazil
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Merçon IR, de Campos FUF, Fontana CE, Pelegrine RA, Martin ASD, Bueno CEDS. Analysis of antimicrobial efficacy of sodium hypochlorite and ozonated water against biofilm in oval canals. Braz Dent J 2023; 34:33-41. [PMID: 37466523 PMCID: PMC10355262 DOI: 10.1590/0103-6440202305318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023] Open
Abstract
This in vitro study compared the antimicrobial efficacy of 2.5% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) and 8 µg/mL ozonated water agitated by passive ultrasonic irrigation (PUI) or PUI combined with EndoActivator (EA) against mature multispecies biofilm. One hundred and five oval-shaped mandibular premolars were instrumented, sterilized, and inoculated with Enterococcus faecalis, Candida albicans, and Staphylococcus aureus, divided into: control group - saline; O3 group - ozonated water; O3 PUI group - ozonated water with PUI agitation; O3 PUI+EA group - ozonated water with PUI+EA agitation; NaOCl group - NaOCl; NaOCl PUI group - NaOCl with PUI agitation; and NaOCl PUI+EA group - NaOCl with PUI+EA agitation. Microbiological samples were collected before (S1) and after (S2) the disinfection procedures and the data were statistically analyzed using the Kruskal-Wallis test. In the culture method, there was significant disinfection in the O3 PUI+EA, NaOCl, NaOCl PUI, and NaOCl PUI+EA groups (p˂0.05). The combination of NaOCl with PUI+EA reduced microbial counts to zero (p˂0.05). In the qPCR method, there was a significant reduction in the total count of viable microorganisms in the O3 PUI, O3 PUI+EA, NaOCl, NaOCl PUI, and NaOCl PUI+EA groups (p˂0.05). It can be concluded that 2.5% NaOCl with and without agitation, as well as 8 µg/mL ozonated water with its action enhanced by the agitation techniques, were effective in root canal disinfection, and their antimicrobial efficacy is related to the microorganisms present in the biofilm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivy Rodrigues Merçon
- Faculdade São Leopoldo Mandic, Instituto de Pesquisa São Leopoldo
Mandic., Campinas, SP, Brasil
| | | | - Carlos Eduardo Fontana
- Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Pontifícia Universidade
Católica de Campinas(PUC Campinas), Campinas, SP, Brasil
| | - Rina Andréa Pelegrine
- Faculdade São Leopoldo Mandic, Instituto de Pesquisa São Leopoldo
Mandic., Campinas, SP, Brasil
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Khabadze Z, Generalova Y, Kulikova A, Podoprigora I, Abdulkerimova S, Bakaev Y, Makeeva M, Dashtieva M, Balashova M, Gadzhiev F, Mordanov O, Umarov A, Tarik H, Zoryan A, Karnaeva A, Rakhmanov Y. Irrigation in Endodontics: Polyhexanide Is a Promising Antibacterial Polymer in Root Canal Treatment. Dent J (Basel) 2023; 11:dj11030065. [PMID: 36975562 PMCID: PMC10047796 DOI: 10.3390/dj11030065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background:chronic apical periodontitis is a common pathology in dentistry, especially in endodontics. It is necessary to systematize data concerning commonly used irrigation solutions. The development of new protocols for endodontic treatment is a very promising direction. The use of a polyhexanide-based antiseptic can positively affect the results of endodontic treatment. Methods: the review was carried out involving the search for English language research and meta-analyses in the Google Scholar and PubMed databases. Results: the number of literary sources that were identified during the literature review is 180. After excluding publications that did not match the search criteria, the total number of articles included in the systematic review was determined to be 68. Conclusions: polyhexanide is a promising solution for infected root canal irrigation. The antibacterial activity of this substance is suitable for the elimination of pathogens responsible for the appearance of apical periodontitis.
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Evaluation of efficacy of new chalcone-based endodontic irrigant against dual biofilm Enterococcus faecalis and Candida albicans: a study in vitro. Odontology 2022:10.1007/s10266-022-00764-y. [DOI: 10.1007/s10266-022-00764-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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The Potential of Phenothiazines against Endodontic Pathogens: A Focus on Enterococcus-Candida Dual-Species Biofilm. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:antibiotics11111562. [PMID: 36358217 PMCID: PMC9686549 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11111562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Revised: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Persistent apical periodontitis occurs when the endodontic treatment fails to eradicate the intraradicular infection, and is mainly caused by Gram-positive bacteria and yeasts, such as Enterococcus faecalis and Candida albicans, respectively. Phenothiazines have been described as potential antimicrobials against bacteria and fungi. This study aimed to investigate the antimicrobial potential of promethazine (PMZ) and chlorpromazine (CPZ) against E. faecalis and C. albicans dual-species biofilms. The susceptibility of planktonic cells to phenothiazines, chlorhexidine (CHX) and sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) was initially analyzed by broth microdilution. Interaction between phenothiazines and CHX was examined by chequerboard assay. The effect of NaOCl, PMZ, CPZ, CHX, PMZ + CHX, and CPZ + CHX on biofilms was investigated by susceptibility assays, biochemical and morphological analyses. Results were evaluated through one-way ANOVA and Tukey’s multiple comparison post-test. PMZ, alone or in combination with irrigants, was the most efficient phenothiazine, capable of reducing cell counts, biomass, biovolume, carbohydrate and protein contents of dual-species biofilms. Neither PMZ nor CPZ increased the antimicrobial activity of CHX. Further investigations of the properties of phenothiazines should be performed to encourage their use in endodontic clinical practice.
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Du Q, Ren B, Zhou X, Zhang L, Xu X. Cross-kingdom interaction between Candida albicans and oral bacteria. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:911623. [PMID: 36406433 PMCID: PMC9668886 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.911623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans is a symbiotic fungus that commonly colonizes on oral mucosal surfaces and mainly affects immuno-compromised individuals. Polymicrobial interactions between C. albicans and oral microbes influence the cellular and biochemical composition of the biofilm, contributing to change clinically relevant outcomes of biofilm-related oral diseases, such as pathogenesis, virulence, and drug-resistance. Notably, the symbiotic relationships between C. albicans and oral bacteria have been well-documented in dental caries, oral mucositis, endodontic and periodontal diseases, implant-related infections, and oral cancer. C. albicans interacts with co-existing oral bacteria through physical attachment, extracellular signals, and metabolic cross-feeding. This review discusses the bacterial-fungal interactions between C. albicans and different oral bacteria, with a particular focus on the underlying mechanism and its relevance to the development and clinical management of oral diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Du
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Stomatology Hospital, School of Stomatology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Cancer Center of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Biao Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xuedong Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ling Zhang
- Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xin Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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Fiallos NDM, Aguiar ALR, Nascimento da Silva B, Rocha MFG, Sidrim JJC, Castelo Branco de Souza Collares Maia D, Cordeiro RDA. Enterococcus faecalis and Candida albicans dual-species biofilm: establishment of an in vitro protocol and characterization. BIOFOULING 2022; 38:401-413. [PMID: 35655421 DOI: 10.1080/08927014.2022.2084612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Enterococcus faecalis is the most important agent of persistent apical periodontitis, and recently, Candida albicans has also been implicated in periapical infections. This study aimed to optimize an in vitro E. faecalis and C. albicans dual-species biofilm protocol for endodontic research. Different physicochemical conditions for biofilm formation were tested. Susceptibility assays to antimicrobials, biochemical composition and an ultra-morphological structure analyses were performed. Reproducible dual-species biofilms were established in BHI medium at 35 °C, for 48 h and in a microaerophilic atmosphere. An increase in biomass and chitin content was detected after vancomycin treatment. Structural analysis revealed that the dual-species biofilm was formed by both microorganisms adhered to the substrate. The proposed protocol could be useful for the study of interkingdom relationships and help to find new strategies against periapical infections.
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Li F, Ren L, Chen R, Sun X, Xu J, Zhu P, Yang F. Assessing Efficacy of Clinical Disinfectants for Pathogenic Fungi by Single-Cell Raman Microspectroscopy. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:772378. [PMID: 35281452 PMCID: PMC8905662 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.772378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Disinfectants are crucial for root canal therapy (RCT), as metabolism of canal-inhabiting microbes can cause refractory infections. To develop effective yet patient- and environment-friendly disinfectant formulations, we quantitatively assessed the metabolism-inhibiting effects of intracanal disinfectants via D2O-probed Single-Cell Raman Spectra (SCRS), using Candida albicans (C. albicans) as a pathogen model. For chlorhexidine gluconate (CHX), sodium hypochlorite (NaClO), and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), at their MIC of 4, 168, and 60 μg/ml, respectively, despite the complete growth halt, metabolic activity of individual fungal cells was reduced on average by 0.4%, 93.9%, and 94.1% at 8 h, revealing a “nongrowing but metabolically active” (NGMA) state that may underlie potential refractory infections, particularly for CHX. In contrast, at their Metabolic Activity-based Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations (MIC-MA) of 8, 336, and 120 μg/ml, respectively, metabolic activity of all cells was completely halted throughout 8 h exposure. Moreover, combined use of NaClO+H2O2 (combination at 0.5× MIC-MA each) outperforms solo uses of CHX, NaClO, H2O2, or other binary combinations. Furthermore, dynamics of SCRS revealed distinct fungicidal mechanisms of CHX, NaClO, H2O2, and their pairwise combinations. MIC-MA is advantageous in critically assessing antifungal efficacy, and NaClO+H2O2 can potentially serve as a more efficient disinfectant formula for fungal pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Li
- Stomatology Center, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao, China
- School of Stomatology, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Lihui Ren
- Single-Cell Center, Chinese Academy of Science Key Laboratory of Biofuels, Shandong Key Laboratory of Energy Genetics, Shandong Energy Institute, Qingdao New Energy Shandong Laboratory, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- College of Information Science & Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Rongze Chen
- Single-Cell Center, Chinese Academy of Science Key Laboratory of Biofuels, Shandong Key Laboratory of Energy Genetics, Shandong Energy Institute, Qingdao New Energy Shandong Laboratory, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xi Sun
- College of Biological Engineering, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Engineering Research Center of Agricultural Products Processing, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin, China
| | - Jian Xu
- Single-Cell Center, Chinese Academy of Science Key Laboratory of Biofuels, Shandong Key Laboratory of Energy Genetics, Shandong Energy Institute, Qingdao New Energy Shandong Laboratory, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Pengfei Zhu
- Single-Cell Center, Chinese Academy of Science Key Laboratory of Biofuels, Shandong Key Laboratory of Energy Genetics, Shandong Energy Institute, Qingdao New Energy Shandong Laboratory, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Fang Yang, ; Pengfei Zhu,
| | - Fang Yang
- Stomatology Center, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao, China
- School of Stomatology, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
- *Correspondence: Fang Yang, ; Pengfei Zhu,
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Lertsuphotvanit N, Santimaleeworagun W, Narakornwit W, Chuenbarn T, Mahadlek J, Chantadee T, Phaechamud T. Borneol-based antisolvent-induced in situ forming matrix for crevicular pocket delivery of vancomycin hydrochloride. Int J Pharm 2022; 617:121603. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2022.121603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 01/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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Jakovljevic A, Ivanovic KB. ENDODONTIC PERIAPICAL LESIONS ARE CHARACTERIZED WITH THE HIGH PREVALENCE OF VIABLE AND ACTIVEMICROORGANISMS. J Evid Based Dent Pract 2021; 21:101636. [PMID: 34922722 DOI: 10.1016/j.jebdp.2021.101636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
ARTICLE TITLE AND BIBLIOGRAPHIC INFORMATION Bronzato JD, Bomfim RA, Hayasida GZP, Cúri M, Estrela C, Paster BJ, Gomes BPFA. Analysis of microorganisms in periapical lesions: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Arch Oral Biol. 2021;124:105055. doi:10.1016/j.archoralbio.2021.105055. Epub 2021 Feb 12. SOURCE OF FUNDING Supported by the Brazilian agencies São Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP) under grant no. 2015/23,479-5; National Scientific and Technological Development Council (CNPq) under grants no 308,162/2014-5 and 303,852/2019-4; and Coordination for Improvement of Higher Education Personnel (CAPES) Finance Code 001; grants no 88,887.369163/2019-00 and 88,887.342794/2019-00.. TYPE OF STUDY/DESIGN Systematic review with meta-analysis of data.
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D’Angelo M, Zanza A, Testarelli L, Valenti Obino F, Cicconetti A. In Silico Novel Drug Design Targeting the Oral Microbiome: Endodontic and Periodontal Pathogenic Bacteria. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9112400. [PMID: 34835525 PMCID: PMC8622311 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9112400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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Prevalence of Fungi in Primary Endodontic Infections of a Greek-living Population Through Real-time Polymerase Chain Reaction and Matrix-assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Time-of-flight Mass Spectrometry. J Endod 2021; 48:200-207. [PMID: 34800484 DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2021.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Fungi are considered to be opportunistic pathogens that may play a significant role in the pathogenesis of endodontic infections. The main purpose of this study was to assess the prevalence of 2 selected genera of fungi, Candida albicans and Aspergillus spp., using real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and to compare the findings with the respective ones obtained by a culture-dependent approach, matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-ToF MS). A secondary aim was to assess the presence of other bacteria growing under aerobic conditions. METHODS Microbial samples were obtained from the root canals of 60 teeth associated with pulp necrosis and apical periodontitis. DNA was extracted, and RT-PCR was applied for the detection of C. albicans and Aspergillus spp. pathogenic subtypes. In addition, MALDI-ToF MS was performed to identify microorganisms grown under aerobic conditions. RESULTS Based on RT-PCR, Aspergillus was detected in 8 cases, whereas C. albicans was detected in 4 cases. Using MALDI-ToF MS, no trace of Aspergillus was detected, whereas C. albicans was identified in 2 cases. Significant differences were revealed in the detection potential for Aspergillus spp. between MALDI-ToF MS and RT-PCR (P = .01); conversely, this was not the case for C. albicans (P = .50). After MALDI-ToF MS, 35 samples showed evidence of bacterial growth. The vast majority was colonized by Achromobacter xylosoxidans followed by Lactobacillus spp., Methylobacterium spp., and Enterococcus faecalis. CONCLUSIONS The findings confirm the presence of fungi in primarily infected canals with apical periodontitis as well as some rarely inspected aerobic bacterial species. A. xylosoxidans was prevalent; however, the clinical relevance of its presence needs to be investigated further.
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Abusrewil S, Brown JL, Delaney C, Butcher MC, Tiba M, Scott JA, Ramage G, McLean W. Chitosan Enhances the Anti-Biofilm Activity of Biodentine against an Interkingdom Biofilm Model. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:antibiotics10111317. [PMID: 34827255 PMCID: PMC8614659 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10111317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2021] [Revised: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Endodontic infection is a biofilm disease that is difficult to irradicate with current treatment protocols, and as such, persistent micro-organisms may lead to ongoing or recurrent disease. The potential for the use of enhanced filling materials to modify biofilm regrowth is a promising strategy. This current study aimed to evaluate the anti-biofilm efficacy of calcium silicate cements modified with chitosan. The development of mono-species and multi-species biofilms on ProRoot MTA, Biodentine and bovine dentine discs were explored using quantitative microbiology analysis. The effect on regrowth of biofilms was assessed following the addition of chitosan to each cement. In comparison to a dentine substrate, both materials did not show the ability to inhibit biofilm regrowth. Biodentine incorporated with chitosan displayed a dose-dependent reduction in multi-species biofilm regrowth, unlike MTA. Notably, interkingdom biofilms were shown to enhance bacterial tolerance in the presence of chitosan. This study demonstrates the potential to enhance the antimicrobial properties of Biodentine. The findings highlight the need for appropriate model systems when exploring antimicrobial properties of materials in vitro so that interspecies and interkingdom interactions that modify tolerance are not overlooked while still supporting the development of innovative materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumaya Abusrewil
- Glasgow Endodontology Group, Glasgow Dental School, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Nursing, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, Glasgow G12 8QF, UK; (S.A.); (M.T.); (J.A.S.); (G.R.)
| | - Jason L. Brown
- Oral Sciences Research Group, Glasgow Dental School, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Nursing, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, 378 Sauchiehall Street, Glasgow G2 3JZ, UK; (J.L.B.); (C.D.); (M.C.B.)
| | - Christopher Delaney
- Oral Sciences Research Group, Glasgow Dental School, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Nursing, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, 378 Sauchiehall Street, Glasgow G2 3JZ, UK; (J.L.B.); (C.D.); (M.C.B.)
| | - Mark C. Butcher
- Oral Sciences Research Group, Glasgow Dental School, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Nursing, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, 378 Sauchiehall Street, Glasgow G2 3JZ, UK; (J.L.B.); (C.D.); (M.C.B.)
| | - Mohammed Tiba
- Glasgow Endodontology Group, Glasgow Dental School, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Nursing, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, Glasgow G12 8QF, UK; (S.A.); (M.T.); (J.A.S.); (G.R.)
| | - J. Alun Scott
- Glasgow Endodontology Group, Glasgow Dental School, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Nursing, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, Glasgow G12 8QF, UK; (S.A.); (M.T.); (J.A.S.); (G.R.)
| | - Gordon Ramage
- Glasgow Endodontology Group, Glasgow Dental School, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Nursing, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, Glasgow G12 8QF, UK; (S.A.); (M.T.); (J.A.S.); (G.R.)
- Oral Sciences Research Group, Glasgow Dental School, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Nursing, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, 378 Sauchiehall Street, Glasgow G2 3JZ, UK; (J.L.B.); (C.D.); (M.C.B.)
| | - William McLean
- Glasgow Endodontology Group, Glasgow Dental School, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Nursing, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, Glasgow G12 8QF, UK; (S.A.); (M.T.); (J.A.S.); (G.R.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +44(0)141-956-0991
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Candida albicans Antimicrobial and Antibiofilm Activity of Novel Endodontic Solvents. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/app11167748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Background: Candida albicans is the most prevalent fungi isolated in endodontic infections. In this study, the ability of C. albicans biofilm to tolerate the novel solvent mixtures methyl ethyl ketone (MEK)/tetrachloroethylene (TCE) and MEK/orange oil (OOil) sequentially to the standard irrigation of sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) and ethylenediaminetetraacetic (EDTA) was evaluated. Methods: Biofilm cell cultures of C. albicans SC 5314 were treated sequentially with NaOCl and EDTA and exposed to MEK/TCE or MEK/OOil. The effect of the antimicrobial treatment was evaluated using the disk diffusion method for planktonic culture, and the enumeration of colony-forming units (CFUs) and scanning electron microscope (SEM) for biofilm cell culture. Results: C. albicans mature biofilm (24 h) was significantly reduced in biomass and cell viability after solvent mixtures’ exposure, compared with the previous NaOCl and EDTA treatments. MEK/OOil combination caused a total reduction of biofilm, while with MEK/TCE, there was a 3-log (CFU/cm2) reduction compared with the sequence NaOCl and EDTA, and a 4-log (CFU/cm2) reduction compared with the control. Conclusions: The additional exposure of a preformed 24 h C. albicans biofilm to novel solvent mixtures MEK/TCE and MEK/OOil caused a positive antibiofilm impact, overcoming the performance of the conventional endodontic irrigating protocol.
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Alberti A, Corbella S, Taschieri S, Francetti L, Fakhruddin KS, Samaranayake LP. Fungal species in endodontic infections: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0255003. [PMID: 34293029 PMCID: PMC8297845 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0255003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungal infections are common on oral mucosae, but their role in other oral sites is ill defined. Over the last few decades, numerous studies have reported the presence of fungi, particularly Candida species in endodontic infections, albeit in relatively small numbers in comparison to its predominant anaerobic bacteriome. Here, we review the fungal biome of primary and secondary endodontic infections, with particular reference to the prevalence and behavior of Candida species. Meta-analysis of the available data from a total of 39 studies fitting the inclusion criteria, indicate the overall weighted mean prevalence (WMP) of fungal species in endodontic infections to be 9.11% (from a cumulative total of 2003 samples), with 9.0% in primary (n = 1341), and 9.3% in secondary infections (n = 662). Nevertheless, WMP for fungi in primary and secondary infections which were 6.3% and 7.5% for culture-based studies, increased to 12.5% and 16.0% in molecular studies, respectively. The most prevalent fungal species was Candida spp. The high heterogeneity in the reported fungal prevalence suggests the need for standardized sampling, and speciation methods. The advent of the new molecular biological analytical platforms, such as the next generation sequencing (NGS), and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF), that enables identification and quantitation of a broad spectrum of hitherto unknown organisms in endodontic infections should radically alter our understanding of the endodontic mycobiome in the future. Candida spp. appear to be co-pathogens with bacteria in approximately one in ten patients with endodontic infections. Hence, clinicians should comprehend the importance and the role of fungi in endodontic infections and be cognizant of the need to eradicate both bacteria and fungi for successful therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Alberti
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
- IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milan, Italy
- * E-mail:
| | - Stefano Corbella
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
- IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milan, Italy
- Institute of Dentistry, I. M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Silvio Taschieri
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
- IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milan, Italy
- Institute of Dentistry, I. M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Luca Francetti
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
- IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Lakshman Perera Samaranayake
- College of Dental Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, UAE
- The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, Hong Kong, China
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Kok ESK, Lim XJ, Chew SX, Ong SF, See LY, Lim SH, Wong LA, Davamani F, Nagendrababu V, Fawzy A, Daood U. Quaternary ammonium silane (k21) based intracanal medicament triggers biofilm destruction. BMC Oral Health 2021; 21:116. [PMID: 33711992 PMCID: PMC7953794 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-021-01470-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Compare antimicrobial efficacy of a quarternary ammonium silane (QAS)/k21 as an intracanal medicament against E. faecalis and C. albicans biofilms formed on root dentin. METHODOLOGY Dentin blocks were sterilized and E. faecalis and C. albicans microbial colonies were counted for colony-forming-units against 2%k21, 2%CHX and Ca(OH)2 medicaments. Biofilm colonies after 7 days on dentin were analysed using confocal laser scanning microscopy with live/dead bacterial viability staining. TEM was done to study dentin collagen matrix. Dentin discs from 3rd day and 7th day well plate was used for Raman spectra and observed under fluorescent-microscope. Docking studies were carried out on MMP-2 S1 binding-domain with k21. RESULTS There was reduction of E. faecalis/C. albicans when k21, chlorhexidine and calcium hydroxide were used with highest percentage in 2%k21 treated specimens. 2%k21 showed dense and regular collagen network with intact cross-banding and decreased Raman intensity for 2%k21 on 3rd day. NaOCl + k21 showed least adherence, whereas saline groups showed highest adherence of E. faecalis and C. albicans to root-canal dentin. Alizarin red staining of hDPSCs revealed calcium deposition in all groups with significant difference seen amongst 2%k21 groups. MMP-2 ligand binding was seen accurately indicating possible target sites for k21 intervention. CONCLUSION 2%k21 can be considered as alternative intracanal medicament.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Sook Kuan Kok
- Division of Clinical Dentistry, Schoolof Dentistry, International Medical University Kuala Lumpur, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Xian Jin Lim
- Division of Clinical Dentistry, Schoolof Dentistry, International Medical University Kuala Lumpur, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Soo Xiong Chew
- Division of Clinical Dentistry, Schoolof Dentistry, International Medical University Kuala Lumpur, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Shu Fen Ong
- Division of Clinical Dentistry, Schoolof Dentistry, International Medical University Kuala Lumpur, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Lok Yin See
- Division of Clinical Dentistry, Schoolof Dentistry, International Medical University Kuala Lumpur, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Siao Hua Lim
- Division of Clinical Dentistry, Schoolof Dentistry, International Medical University Kuala Lumpur, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Ling Ang Wong
- Division of Clinical Dentistry, Schoolof Dentistry, International Medical University Kuala Lumpur, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Fabian Davamani
- Faculty of Biomedical Science, School of Health Sciences, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Venkateshbabu Nagendrababu
- Division of Clinical Dentistry, Schoolof Dentistry, International Medical University Kuala Lumpur, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Department of Preventive and Restorative Dentistry, College of Dental Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, UAE
| | - Amr Fawzy
- UWA Dental School, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Australia
| | - Umer Daood
- Division of Clinical Dentistry, Schoolof Dentistry, International Medical University Kuala Lumpur, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
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Bronzato JD, Bomfim RA, Hayasida GZP, Cúri M, Estrela C, Paster BJ, Gomes BPFA. Analysis of microorganisms in periapical lesions: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Arch Oral Biol 2021; 124:105055. [PMID: 33588190 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2021.105055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The aim of this study was to systematically review the literature on prevalence of microorganisms and their viability/activity in endodontic periapical lesions. DESIGN Literature research was performed on five electronic biomedical databases from their start dates to June 2020. Only studies evaluating the presence of microorganisms in periapical lesions in human permanent teeth with secondary/persistent infection were included. Two reviewers independently assessed the eligibility for inclusion, extracted data and evaluated the risk of bias. Meta-analysis and binominal tests were used to analyse the resulting data. RESULTS From the 1,313 records found, 23 full-texts were included for qualitative and quantitative analysis. The prevalence of microorganisms in endodontic periapical lesions was 87 % (95 % CI, 75-94) and the prevalence of viable/active microorganisms was 82 % (95 % CI, 66-91). There were statistical differences in the geographic area subgroup and between viable bacteria and active viruses. The most common detection method of microorganisms was the molecular one (69 %), and the most prevalent bacteria were the species Actinomyces, Fusobacterium and Prevotella (40 %). Most of the included studies had moderate risk of bias. CONCLUSIONS The prevalence of microorganisms in endodontic periapical lesions was 87 % and the prevalence of viable/active microorganisms was 82 %.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana D Bronzato
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Endodontics Division, Piracicaba Dental School, State University of Campinas-UNICAMP, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Rafael A Bomfim
- Department of Community Health, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil
| | - Giovanna Z P Hayasida
- Department of Applied Math and Statistics, Institute of Math and Computing Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Mariana Cúri
- Department of Applied Math and Statistics, Institute of Math and Computing Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Carlos Estrela
- Department of Endodontics, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Bruce J Paster
- Department of Microbiology, Forsyth Institute, Cambridge, United States
| | - Brenda P F A Gomes
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Endodontics Division, Piracicaba Dental School, State University of Campinas-UNICAMP, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil.
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Candida albicans Virulence Factors and Pathogenicity for Endodontic Infections. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8091300. [PMID: 32858856 PMCID: PMC7563224 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8091300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 08/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans (C. albicans) is the fungus most frequently isolated from endodontic root canal infections. Although recognized by dental pulp and periradicular tissue cells that elicit immune responses, it eludes host defenses and elicits cell death. Then, C. albicans binds tooth dentin, forms biofilms, and invades dentinal tubules to resist intracanal disinfectants and endodontic treatments. Insensitive to most common medicaments, it survives sequestered within biofilms and intratubular dentin. Thus, C. albicans has been associated with cases of persistent or refractory root canal infections. Its treatment strategies may require alternative intracanal irrigants, intracanal medicaments such as chlorhexidine gel or human beta defensin-3 (HBD3), Ca-Si-based obturating materials, and microsurgical procedures.
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Peptidylarginine Deiminase of Porphyromonas gingivalis Modulates the Interactions between Candida albicans Biofilm and Human Plasminogen and High-Molecular-Mass Kininogen. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21072495. [PMID: 32260245 PMCID: PMC7177930 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21072495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Revised: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Microorganisms that create mixed-species biofilms in the human oral cavity include, among others, the opportunistic fungus Candida albicans and the key bacterial pathogen in periodontitis, Porphyromonas gingivalis. Both species use arsenals of virulence factors to invade the host organism and evade its immune system including peptidylarginine deiminase that citrullinates microbial and host proteins, altering their function. We assessed the effects of this modification on the interactions between the C. albicans cell surface and human plasminogen and kininogen, key components of plasma proteolytic cascades related to the maintenance of hemostasis and innate immunity. Mass spectrometry was used to identify protein citrullination, and microplate tests to quantify the binding of modified plasminogen and kininogen to C. albicans cells. Competitive radioreceptor assays tested the affinity of citrullinated kinins to their specific cellular receptors. The citrullination of surface-exposed fungal proteins reduced the level of unmodified plasminogen binding but did not affect unmodified kininogen binding. However, the modification of human proteins did not disrupt their adsorption to the unmodified fungal cells. In contrast, the citrullination of kinins exerted a significant impact on their interactions with cellular receptors reducing their affinity and thus affecting the role of kinin peptides in the development of inflammation.
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Abusrewil S, Alshanta OA, Albashaireh K, Alqahtani S, Nile CJ, Scott JA, McLean W. Detection, treatment and prevention of endodontic biofilm infections: what's new in 2020? Crit Rev Microbiol 2020; 46:194-212. [PMID: 32233822 DOI: 10.1080/1040841x.2020.1739622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Endodontic disease, a biofilm infection of the root canal space, is a significant cause of dental morbidity worldwide. Endodontic treatment, or root canal treatment, as it is commonly known is founded on the ability to eradicate microbial biofilm infection and prevent re-infection of the highly complex root canal space. Despite many "advances" in clinical endodontics we have seen little improvement in outcomes. The aim of this critical review paper is to provide a contemporary view of endodontic microbiology and biofilm polymicrobiality, provide an understanding of the host response, and how together these impact upon clinical treatment. Ultimately, it is intended to provide insight into novel opportunities and strategies for the future diagnostics, treatment, and prevention of endodontic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumaya Abusrewil
- Glasgow Dental School, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Nursing, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Om Alkhir Alshanta
- Glasgow Dental School, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Nursing, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Khawlah Albashaireh
- Glasgow Dental School, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Nursing, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Saeed Alqahtani
- Glasgow Dental School, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Nursing, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Christopher J Nile
- School of Dental Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - James Alun Scott
- Glasgow Dental School, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Nursing, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - William McLean
- Glasgow Dental School, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Nursing, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
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Candida albicans Biofilm Heterogeneity and Tolerance of Clinical Isolates: Implications for Secondary Endodontic Infections. Antibiotics (Basel) 2019; 8:antibiotics8040204. [PMID: 31671533 PMCID: PMC6963865 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics8040204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Revised: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: Endodontic infections are caused by the invasion of various microorganisms into the root canal system. Candida albicans is a biofilm forming yeast and the most prevalent eukaryotic microorganism in endodontic infections. In this study we investigated the ability of C. albicans to tolerate treatment with standard endodontic irrigants NaOCl (sodium hypochlorite), ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) and a combination thereof. We hypothesized that biofilm formed from a panel of clinical isolates differentially tolerate disinfectant regimens, and this may have implications for secondary endodontic infections. Methodology: Mature C. albicans biofilms were formed from 30 laboratory and oral clinical isolates and treated with either 3% NaOCl, 17% EDTA or a sequential treatment of 3% NaOCl followed by 17% EDTA for 5 min. Biofilms were then washed, media replenished and cells reincubated for an additional 24, 48 and 72 h at 37 °C. Regrowth was quantified using metabolic reduction, electrical impedance, biofilm biomass and microscopy at 0, 24, 48 and 72 h. Results: Microscopic analysis and viability readings revealed a significant initial killing effect by NaOCl, followed by a time dependent significant regrowth of C. albicans, but with inter-strain variability. In contrast to NaOCl, there was a continuous reduction in viability after EDTA treatment. Moreover, EDTA significantly inhibited regrowth after NaOCl treatment, though viable cells were still observed. Conclusions: Our results indicate that different C. albicans biofilm phenotypes grown in a non-complex surface topography have the potential to differentially tolerate standard endodontic irrigation protocols. This is the first study to report a strain dependent impact on efficacy of endodontic irrigants. Its suggested that within the complex topography of the root canal, a more difficult antimicrobial challenge, that existing endodontic irrigant regimens permit cells to regrow and drive secondary infections.
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Rossoni RD, Ribeiro FDC, dos Santos HFS, dos Santos JD, Oliveira NDS, Dutra MTDS, de Lapena SAB, Junqueira JC. Galleria mellonella as an experimental model to study human oral pathogens. Arch Oral Biol 2019; 101:13-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2019.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Revised: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Negrini TDC, Koo H, Arthur RA. Candida–Bacterial Biofilms and Host–Microbe Interactions in Oral Diseases. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1197:119-141. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-28524-1_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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29
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Zancan RF, Calefi PHS, Borges MMB, Lopes MRM, Andrade FB, Vivan RR, Duarte MAH. Antimicrobial activity of intracanal medications against both
Enterococcus faecalis
and
Candida albicans
biofilm. Microsc Res Tech 2018; 82:494-500. [DOI: 10.1002/jemt.23192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2018] [Revised: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Rafaela Fernandes Zancan
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Dental Materials and EndodonticsBauru Dental School, University of São Paulo Bauru São Paulo Brazil
| | - Pedro Henrique Souza Calefi
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Dental Materials and EndodonticsBauru Dental School, University of São Paulo Bauru São Paulo Brazil
| | - Mariana Maciel Batista Borges
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Dental Materials and EndodonticsBauru Dental School, University of São Paulo Bauru São Paulo Brazil
| | - Marcelo Ribeiro Milanda Lopes
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Dental Materials and EndodonticsBauru Dental School, University of São Paulo Bauru São Paulo Brazil
| | - Flaviana Bombarda Andrade
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Dental Materials and EndodonticsBauru Dental School, University of São Paulo Bauru São Paulo Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Ricci Vivan
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Dental Materials and EndodonticsBauru Dental School, University of São Paulo Bauru São Paulo Brazil
| | - Marco Antonio Hungaro Duarte
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Dental Materials and EndodonticsBauru Dental School, University of São Paulo Bauru São Paulo Brazil
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