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Zhang J, Si J, Liang R, Lu Y, Shang H, Li X, Sun S, Wu LA. Ligand-gated ion channel P2X7 regulates hypoxia-induced factor-1α mediated pain induced by dental pulpitis in the medullary dorsal horn. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 15:1015751. [PMID: 36385758 PMCID: PMC9644926 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.1015751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Dental pulpitis often induces severe pain, and the molecular immune response is remarkable in both peripheral and central nervous system. Accumulating evidence indicates that activated microglia in the medullary dorsal horn (MDH) contribute to dental pulpitis induced pain. The P2X7 receptor plays an important role in driving pain and inflammatory processes, and its downstream target hypoxia-induced factor-1α (HIF-1α) has a crucial role in maintaining inflammation. However, the relationship between P2X7 and HIF-1α in dental inflammatory pain remains unclear. This study demonstrated that the degree of inflammation in the dental pulp tissue became more severe in a time-dependent manner by establishing a rat dental pulpitis model via pulp exposure. Meanwhile, the expression of P2X7, HIF-1α, IL-1β, and IL-18 in the MDH increased most on the seventh day when the pain threshold was the lowest in the dental pulpitis model. Furthermore, lipopolysaccharides (LPS) increased P2X7-mediated HIF-1α expression in microglia. Notably, the suppression of P2X7 caused less IL-1β and IL-18 release and lower HIF-1α expression, and P2X7 antagonist Brilliant Blue G (BBG) could alleviate pain behaviors of the dental pulpitis rats. In conclusion, our results provide further evidence that P2X7 is a key molecule, which regulates HIF-1α expression and inflammation in dental pulpitis-induced pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, Department of Pediatric Dentistry, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Jialin Si
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, Department of Pediatric Dentistry, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Rongrong Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, Department of Pediatric Dentistry, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi’an, China
| | - Yuxin Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, Department of Pediatric Dentistry, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Hongwei Shang
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, Department of Pediatric Dentistry, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Xinwei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, Department of Pediatric Dentistry, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Shukai Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, Department of Pediatric Dentistry, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
- *Correspondence: Shukai Sun,
| | - Li-an Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, Department of Pediatric Dentistry, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
- Li-an Wu,
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Rodríguez-fernández A, Vázquez-cancela O, Piñeiro-lamas M, Figueiras A, Zapata-cachafeiro M. Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Antibiotic Prescribing by Dentists in Galicia, Spain: A Quasi-Experimental Approach. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:1018. [PMID: 36009887 PMCID: PMC9404831 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11081018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2022] [Revised: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Antibiotic resistance is one of the most pressing public health problems. Health authorities, patients, and health professionals, including dentists, are all involved in its development. COVID-19 pandemic restrictions on dental care may have had repercussions on antibiotic prescribing by dentists. The aim of this study was to assess the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on antibiotic prescribing by dentists, and to review antibiotic consumption according to the WHO Access, Watch, Reserve classification. We conducted a natural, before-and-after, quasi-experimental study, using antibiotic prescription data covering the period from January 2017 to May 2021. A segmented regression analysis with interrupted time series data was used to analyse the differences between the numbers of defined daily doses (DDD) of antibiotics prescribed monthly. The outcomes showed an immediate significant decrease in overall antibiotic prescribing by primary-care dentists during lockdown, followed by a non-significant upward trend for the next year. This same pattern was, likewise, observed for Access and Watch antibiotics. COVID-19 pandemic restrictions on dental care influenced the prescription of antibiotics. During confinement, an initial decrease was observed, this trend changed when in person consultations were recovered. It might be beneficial to analyse the prescription of antibiotics using the WHO AWaRe classification, in order to monitor their appropriate use.
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Guida A, Carotenuto A, Lanza V, Antonucci F, Salerno P, Marasca D, Esposito U, Gargiulo M. Dental Emergencies and Coronavirus Disease-2019: Scoping Review of the Literature and Single Centre Experience. Dent J (Basel) 2022; 10:dj10050091. [PMID: 35621544 PMCID: PMC9140034 DOI: 10.3390/dj10050091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on dental emergencies. A systematic review of the literature (PubMed/Scopus) searching for articles on COVID-19 and dental abscess and a retrospective cohort study with quantitative/qualitative data analysis of our hospital E.R. patients admitted for cervico-facial abscess of dental origin were performed. Thirteen studies could be included in the review, concerning characteristics/management of patients with dental emergencies in hospitals/private practices, generally with poor evidence. For the retrospective analysis, 232 consecutive patients were included (100 study vs. 132 control). The prevalence of dental emergencies (abscess) and relative complications (mediastinitis, exitus) increased. Dental care availability was limited, with strong heterogeneity amongst regions/nations. At-risk (aerosol-generating) procedures were generally avoided, and hospitalization length reduced. Comorbidity patients and males seem less likely to restore regular dentist attendance during the post-lockdown pandemic. Despite the poor scientific evidence, COVID-19 seems to have impacted dental emergencies through limited routine dental care availability and influence on physicians’ and patients’ behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agostino Guida
- U.O.C. Odontostomatologia, A.O.R.N. “A. Cardarelli”, Via A. Cardarelli, 80131 Naples, Italy; (V.L.); (F.A.); (P.S.); (U.E.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel./Fax: +39-817472357
| | - Annamaria Carotenuto
- U.O.C. Chirurgia Maxillofacciale, A.O.R.N. “A. Cardarelli”, Via A. Cardarelli, 80131 Naples, Italy; (A.C.); (M.G.)
| | - Vladimiro Lanza
- U.O.C. Odontostomatologia, A.O.R.N. “A. Cardarelli”, Via A. Cardarelli, 80131 Naples, Italy; (V.L.); (F.A.); (P.S.); (U.E.)
| | - Francesco Antonucci
- U.O.C. Odontostomatologia, A.O.R.N. “A. Cardarelli”, Via A. Cardarelli, 80131 Naples, Italy; (V.L.); (F.A.); (P.S.); (U.E.)
| | - Paola Salerno
- U.O.C. Odontostomatologia, A.O.R.N. “A. Cardarelli”, Via A. Cardarelli, 80131 Naples, Italy; (V.L.); (F.A.); (P.S.); (U.E.)
| | - Dario Marasca
- Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive Sciences and Dentistry, University of Naples Federico II, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy;
| | - Umberto Esposito
- U.O.C. Odontostomatologia, A.O.R.N. “A. Cardarelli”, Via A. Cardarelli, 80131 Naples, Italy; (V.L.); (F.A.); (P.S.); (U.E.)
| | - Maurizio Gargiulo
- U.O.C. Chirurgia Maxillofacciale, A.O.R.N. “A. Cardarelli”, Via A. Cardarelli, 80131 Naples, Italy; (A.C.); (M.G.)
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Liu X, Wang C, Pang L, Pan L, Zhang Q. Combination of resolvin E1 and lipoxin A4 promotes the resolution of pulpitis by inhibiting NF-κB activation through upregulating sirtuin 7 in dental pulp fibroblasts. Cell Prolif 2022; 55:e13227. [PMID: 35411569 PMCID: PMC9136498 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.13227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives To determine whether the combination of resolvin E1 (RvE1) and lipoxin A4 (LXA4) could promote resolution of pulpitis and to investigate the mechanism. Materials and Methods Preliminary screening was first conducted in four specialized pro‐resolving mediators (SPMs). Real‐time quantitative polymerase chain reaction, western blotting, enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay and double‐immunofluorescence labelling were employed to assess the expression of RelA, SIRT1, SIRT6, SIRT7 and pro‐inflammatory factors. Dental pulp fibroblasts (DPFs) were transfected with siRNA to assess the biological role of SIRT7. A pulpitis model was utilized to evaluate the in vivo curative effect. Results Preliminary results showed that RvE1 and LXA4 reduced the expression of RelA more markedly than other two SPMs. Both RvE1 and LXA4 treatment downregulated nuclear factor kappa B (NF‐κB) activation and increased the expression of SIRT1, SIRT6 and SIRT7, more so in combination than alone. Double‐immunofluorescence labelling showed that SIRT7 co‐localized with p‐p65 and Ac‐p65 in the nucleus. Inhibiting ChemR23 and ALX reversed the expression of RelA mRNA, p‐p65 and Ac‐p65 proteins, pro‐inflammatory factors, SIRT1, SIRT6 and SIRT7. Silencing SIRT7 significantly increased p‐p65 and Ac‐p65 protein levels and decreased SIRT1 and SIRT6 expression. In vivo experiments showed that combined administration of RvE1 and LXA4 promoted pulpitis markedly to resolution. Conclusions Combination of RvE1 and LXA4 effectively inhibited NF‐κB activation by upregulating SIRT7 expression in DPFs, leading to reduced production of pro‐inflammatory factors and promotion of pulpitis resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaochen Liu
- Department of Endodontics, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Tongji University, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Tooth Restoration and Regeneration, Shanghai, China
| | - Chunmeng Wang
- Department of Endodontics, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Tongji University, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Tooth Restoration and Regeneration, Shanghai, China
| | - Liping Pang
- Department of Endodontics, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Tongji University, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Tooth Restoration and Regeneration, Shanghai, China
| | - Liangliang Pan
- Department of Endodontics, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Tongji University, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Tooth Restoration and Regeneration, Shanghai, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- Department of Endodontics, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Tongji University, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Tooth Restoration and Regeneration, Shanghai, China
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Nosrat A, Yu P, Dianat O, Verma P, Taheri S, Wu D, Fouad AF. Endodontic Specialists’ Practice During the COVID-19 Pandemic One Year After the Initial Outbreak. J Endod 2022; 48:699-706. [PMID: 35307515 PMCID: PMC8928705 DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2022.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Revised: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ali Nosrat
- Division of Endodontics, Department of Advanced Oral Sciences and Therapeutics, School of Dentistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Baltimore, Maryland; Centreville Endodontics, Centreville, Virginia
| | - Peter Yu
- Department of Biostatistics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Omid Dianat
- Division of Endodontics, Department of Advanced Oral Sciences and Therapeutics, School of Dentistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Baltimore, Maryland; Centreville Endodontics, Centreville, Virginia
| | - Prashant Verma
- Division of Endodontics, Department of Advanced Oral Sciences and Therapeutics, School of Dentistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Baltimore, Maryland; Centreville Endodontics, Centreville, Virginia; Capitol Endodontics, Washington, DC
| | - Sahar Taheri
- Bernard J. Dunn School of Pharmacy, Shenandoah University, Fairfax, Virginia
| | - Di Wu
- Department of Biostatistics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Division of Craniofacial Health Sciences, Adams School of Dentistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Ashraf F Fouad
- Department of Endodontics, School of Dentistry, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama.
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Nosrat A, Dianat O, Verma P, Yu P, Wu D, Fouad AF. Endodontics Specialists' Practice during the Initial Outbreak of Coronavirus Disease 2019. J Endod 2021; 48:102-108. [PMID: 34626613 PMCID: PMC8493639 DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2021.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 09/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The first outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in the United States resulted in a nationwide closure of dental offices that created an oral health crisis. The aim of this observational study was to analyze and compare the characteristics of patients who visited 2 private endodontics offices from March 16 to May 31, 2020, compared with the same period in 2019. METHODS Demographic, diagnostic, and procedural data of 1520 (693 in 2020 and 827 in 2019) patient visits were collected. Bivariate and multiple logistic regression analyses were used to assess the impact of the COVID-19 outbreak on patient-related variables. RESULTS Bivariate analyses showed that the number of patient visits decreased in April and May 2020 (P < .0001). In 2020, patients' self-reported pain level was higher, they were more frequently diagnosed with pulp necrosis and acute apical abscess, and they received more incisions for drainage (P < .05). Multiple logistic regression analyses showed that the COVID-19 outbreak was associated with less visits for older patients (>49.5 years) (odds ratio [OR] = 0.720; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.573-0.906), more patients with kidney diseases (OR = 2.690; 95% CI, 1.143-6.331), higher levels of pain on percussion (OR = 2.277; 95% CI, 1.718-3.016), less cases with previously initiated treatment (OR = 0.242; 95% CI, 0.080-0.731), less periapical diagnoses of asymptomatic apical periodontitis (OR = 0.510; 95% CI, 0.306-0.849), and a higher number of nonsurgical root canal treatments (OR = 2.073; 95% CI, 1.397-3.074) and apicoectomies (OR = 2.799; 95% CI, 1.367-5.729). CONCLUSIONS These findings show that the public health burden of endodontic infections was more intense during the initial outbreak of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Nosrat
- Division of Endodontics, Department of Advanced Oral Sciences and Therapeutics, School of Dentistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Baltimore, Maryland; Private Practice, Centreville Endodontics, Centreville, Virginia
| | - Omid Dianat
- Division of Endodontics, Department of Advanced Oral Sciences and Therapeutics, School of Dentistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Baltimore, Maryland; Private Practice, Centreville Endodontics, Centreville, Virginia
| | - Prashant Verma
- Division of Endodontics, Department of Advanced Oral Sciences and Therapeutics, School of Dentistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Baltimore, Maryland; Private Practice, Centreville Endodontics, Centreville, Virginia; Private Practice, Capitol Endodontics, Washington, DC
| | - Peter Yu
- Department of Biostatistics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Di Wu
- Department of Biostatistics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Division of Craniofacial Health Sciences, Adams School of Dentistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Ashraf F Fouad
- Department of Endodontics, School of Dentistry, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama.
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Purayil TP, Pentapati KC, Muliya VS, Gadicherla S, Nutalapati R. Local Dental Emergencies and Mitigation Strategies Adopted by Private Dental Practitioners of South India during COVID-19 Shelter in Place Warning - Multi-Centric Online Survey. Open Dent J 2021. [DOI: 10.2174/1874210602115010384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective:
To evaluate the common dental emergencies reported to dental practitioners and to compare the mitigation strategies implemented during the Shelter-In-Place (SIP) warning with dental practitioners’ age and sex.
Methods:
We conducted a cross-sectional online survey among the dental practitioners of south India during the period of COVID-19 SIP warning. An initial pool of items was prepared to capture the mitigation strategies in managing local dental emergencies. A structured questionnaire was then prepared in English based on the inputs of four expert dentist panel. Age and sex of the practitioners were also recorded.
Results:
The mean age of the dental practitioners was 37.11(range: 23 - 63) years.Of 159 dental practitioners that responded to survey, 90 were male. Most dental practitioners responded that they were contacted through a phone call (n=140) and WhatsApp messaging (n=108). The common dental emergencies reported were tooth pain (100%), swelling (91.7%), a decayed tooth (81.3%), and gum pain (78.6%). A higher number of male than female dental practitioners had “scheduled the treatment immediately” (OR=3.45; P=0.002) after adjusting for age.
Conclusion:The most common dental emergencies during COVID-19 SIP were tooth pain, swelling, decayed teeth, and gum pain. Males and older dental practitioners scheduled appointments immediately.
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Salgarello S, Salvadori M, Mazzoleni F, Francinelli J, Bertoletti P, Audino E, Garo ML. The New Normalcy in Dentistry after the COVID-19 Pandemic: An Italian Cross-Sectional Survey. Dent J (Basel) 2021; 9:86. [PMID: 34435998 DOI: 10.3390/dj9080086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 07/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: After the first lockdown, Italian dentists resumed their practice while handling several challenges. Reducing contagion risk by complying with the stringent measures recommended by the Italian Ministry of Health for dental activity while also balancing patient needs was a difficult task. This work aims to understand the procedures that were adopted in the second phase of the COVID-19 pandemic (5 May–30 September 2020) and the dentists’ expectations and concerns about returning to normalcy. Methods: A national survey with 38 questions was conducted from November 2020 to January 2021 and comparisons were performed among the five main Italian geographic areas. Results: Located mainly in northwest Italy, 1028 dentists were included in the survey. About 83% of the Italian dentists fully restarted their activities after the lockdown. The resumption was significantly marked in North Italy and the Center than in the South (p < 0.01). Over 80% adopted the recommended precautional guidelines, modifying them according to the specific dental treatment executed. Fifty percent of dentists were confident in returning to normalcy after the COVID-19 crisis. Many precautions adopted during the pandemic will be continued, especially in South Italy and the Islands (p < 0.01). Conclusions: Italian dentists reported excellent autonomous organizational skills and the maintaining of high-quality precautions during the reopening phase.
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Cagetti MG, Balian A, Camoni N, Campus G. Influence of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Dental Emergency Admissions in an Urgent Dental Care Service in North Italy. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2021; 18:1812. [PMID: 33673335 PMCID: PMC7918203 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18041812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
A retrospective study was performed to verify if the number of admissions for urgent dental care in the Urgent Dental Care Service of San Paolo Hospital in Milan (Italy) was directly related to the different phases of the COVID-19 pandemic. Different periods were analyzed: 25 March-5 April 2019 (pre-COVID); 23 March-3 April 2020 (lockdown); 8 June-19 June 2020 (reopening); and November 9-November 20 (second wave). Raw data regarding admissions, diagnoses, and treatments were extracted. Descriptive and bivariate analyses were performed. The survey included 901 admissions, 285 in pre-COVID, 93 during lockdown, 353 in reopening, and 170 in the second wave. In each time period, statistically significant differences were found in the prevalence of each kind of diagnoses (χ2(3) = 20.33 p = 0.01 for endodontic emergencies, χ2(3) = 29.05 p < 0.01 for cellulitis/phlegmon, χ2(3) = 28.55 p < 0.01 for periodontal emergencies, Fisher's Exact Test p < 0.01 for trauma, and χ2(3) = 59.94 p < 0.01 for all other kinds of diagnosis). A remarkable increase in consultations (+186.36%) and other treatments (+90.63%) occurred during reopening. Tooth extraction was the most frequently delivered treatment, but suffered the largest reduction during lockdown (-79.82%). The COVID-19 pandemic has highly affected dental activity in north Italy, underling the weaknesses of a private dental system in a pandemic scenario.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Grazia Cagetti
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Science, University of Milan, 20142 Milan, Italy; (M.G.C.); (N.C.)
| | - Araxi Balian
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Science, University of Milan, 20142 Milan, Italy; (M.G.C.); (N.C.)
| | - Nicole Camoni
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Science, University of Milan, 20142 Milan, Italy; (M.G.C.); (N.C.)
| | - Guglielmo Campus
- Department of Restorative, Preventive and Pediatric Dentistry, University of Bern, Freiburgstrasse 7, 3012 Bern, Switzerland;
- Department of Surgery, Microsurgery and Medicine Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Sassari, Viale San Pietro 3/c, 07100 Sassari, Italy
- School of Dentistry, Sechenov University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
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