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Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been discovered in almost every organ and tissue. MSCs are a heterogeneous population of cells with the capacity to self-renew and show multilineage differentiation. MSCs possess immunomodulatory properties by regulating multiple types of immune cells. They are emerging as a promising therapeutic agent, and have been widely used for cell-based tissue regeneration and immune therapies. A further understanding of the biological characteristics of MSCs is a prerequisite to develop more efficient MSC-based therapies. This article reviews the current understanding of different MSC populations in orofacial tissue compared with those derived from bone marrow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueli Mao
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Affiliated Stomatological Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, 55 West Lingyuan Rd, Yuexiu District, Guangzhou 510055, China
| | - Yao Liu
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Stomatology, China Medical University, 117 South Nanjing Street, Heping District, Shenyang 110002, China
| | - Chider Chen
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Songtao Shi
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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2
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Hu X, Lee JW, Zheng X, Zhang J, Lin X, Song Y, Wang B, Hu X, Chang HH, Chen Y, Lin CP, Zhang Y. Efficient induction of functional ameloblasts from human keratinocyte stem cells. Stem Cell Res Ther 2018; 9:126. [PMID: 29720250 PMCID: PMC5930762 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-018-0822-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2018] [Revised: 02/26/2018] [Accepted: 03/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Although adult human tissue-derived epidermal stem cells are capable of differentiating into enamel-secreting ameloblasts and forming teeth with regenerated enamel when recombined with mouse dental mesenchyme that possesses odontogenic potential, the induction rate is relatively low. In addition, whether the regenerated enamel retains a running pattern of prism identical to and acquires mechanical properties comparable with human enamel indeed warrants further study. Methods Cultured human keratinocyte stem cells (hKSCs) were treated with fibroblast growth factor 8 (FGF8) and Sonic hedgehog (SHH) for 18 h or 36 h prior to being recombined with E13.5 mouse dental mesenchyme with implantation of FGF8 and SHH-soaked agarose beads into reconstructed chimeric tooth germs. Recombinant tooth germs were subjected to kidney capsule culture in nude mice. Harvested samples at various time points were processed for histological, immunohistochemical, TUNEL, and western blot analysis. Scanning electronic microscopy and a nanoindentation test were further employed to analyze the prism running pattern and mechanical properties of the regenerated enamel. Results Treatment of hKSCs with both FGF8 and SHH prior to tissue recombination greatly enhanced the rate of tooth-like structure formation to about 70%. FGF8 and SHH dramatically enhanced stemness of cultured hKSCs. Scanning electron microscopic analysis revealed the running pattern of intact prisms of regenerated enamel is similar to that of human enamel. The nanoindentation test indicated that, although much softer than human child and adult mouse enamel, mechanical properties of the regenerated enamel improved as the culture time was extended. Conclusions Application of FGF8 and SHH proteins in cultured hKSCs improves stemness but does not facilitate odontogenic fate of hKSCs, resulting in an enhanced efficiency of ameloblastic differentiation of hKSCs and tooth formation in human–mouse chimeric tooth germs. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13287-018-0822-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuefeng Hu
- Southern Center for Biomedical Research, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, 350108, China.,Fujian Key Laboratory of Developmental and Neural Biology, College of Life Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, 350108, China
| | - Jyh-Wei Lee
- Department of Materials Engineering, Ming Chi University of Technology, New Taipei, 24301, Taiwan.,Center for Thin Film Technologies and Applications, Ming Chi University of Technology, New Taipei, 24301, Taiwan.,College of Engineering, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, 33302, Taiwan
| | - Xi Zheng
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Developmental and Neural Biology, College of Life Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, 350108, China
| | - Junhua Zhang
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Developmental and Neural Biology, College of Life Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, 350108, China
| | - Xin Lin
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Developmental and Neural Biology, College of Life Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, 350108, China
| | - Yingnan Song
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Developmental and Neural Biology, College of Life Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, 350108, China
| | - Bingmei Wang
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Developmental and Neural Biology, College of Life Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, 350108, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Hu
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Developmental and Neural Biology, College of Life Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, 350108, China
| | - Hao-Hueng Chang
- School of Dentistry, National Taiwan University and National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, 10048, Taiwan
| | - Yiping Chen
- Southern Center for Biomedical Research, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, 350108, China.,Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, 70118, USA
| | - Chun-Pin Lin
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Dentistry, School of Dentistry, National Taiwan University and National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, 10048, Taiwan.
| | - Yanding Zhang
- Southern Center for Biomedical Research, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, 350108, China. .,Fujian Key Laboratory of Developmental and Neural Biology, College of Life Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, 350108, China.
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3
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Ruan N, Lin C, Dong X, Hu X, Zhang Y. Induction of Rhesus Keratinocytes into Functional Ameloblasts by Mouse Embryonic Dental Mesenchyme. Tissue Eng Regen Med 2017; 15:173-181. [PMID: 30603545 DOI: 10.1007/s13770-017-0098-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2017] [Revised: 11/02/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Fast progresses in stem cell-based tooth tissue engineering have been achieved in recent years in several animal models including the mouse, rat, dog, and pig. Moreover, various postnatal mesenchymal stem cells of dental origin have been isolated and shown capable of differentiating into odontoblasts and generating dentin. Meanwhile, human keratinocyte stem/progenitor cells, gingival epithelial cells, and even iPSC-derived epithelium have been demonstrated to be able to differentiate into functional ameloblasts. Translational medicine studies in the nonhuman primate are irreplaceable steps towards clinical application of stem cell-based tissue engineering therapy. In the present study, we first examined the epithelial stem cell markers in the rhesus skin using immunostaining. Keratinocyte stem cells were then isolated from rhesus epidermis, cultured in vitro, and characterized by epithelial stem cell markers. Epithelial sheets of these cultured keratinocytes, which were recombined with E13.5 mouse dental mesenchyme that possesses odontogenic potential in the presence of exogenous FGF8, were induced to differentiate into enamel-secreting ameloblasts. Our results demonstrate that in the presence of appropriate odontogenic signals, rhesus keratinocytes can be induced to gain odontogenic competence and are capable of participating in odontogenesis, indicating that rhesus keratinocytes are an ideal epithelial cell source for further translational medicine study of tooth tissue engineering in nonhuman primates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ningsheng Ruan
- Southern Center for Biomedical Research and Fujian Key Laboratory of Developmental and Neuro Biology, College of Life Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, 350108 Fujian People's Republic of China
| | - Chensheng Lin
- Southern Center for Biomedical Research and Fujian Key Laboratory of Developmental and Neuro Biology, College of Life Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, 350108 Fujian People's Republic of China
| | - Xiuqing Dong
- Southern Center for Biomedical Research and Fujian Key Laboratory of Developmental and Neuro Biology, College of Life Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, 350108 Fujian People's Republic of China
| | - Xuefeng Hu
- Southern Center for Biomedical Research and Fujian Key Laboratory of Developmental and Neuro Biology, College of Life Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, 350108 Fujian People's Republic of China
| | - Yanding Zhang
- Southern Center for Biomedical Research and Fujian Key Laboratory of Developmental and Neuro Biology, College of Life Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, 350108 Fujian People's Republic of China
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4
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Monteiro N, Yelick PC. Advances and perspectives in tooth tissue engineering. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2017; 11:2443-2461. [PMID: 27151766 PMCID: PMC6625321 DOI: 10.1002/term.2134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2015] [Revised: 11/30/2015] [Accepted: 12/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Bio-engineered teeth that can grow and remodel in a manner similar to that of natural teeth have the potential to serve as permanent replacements to the currently used prosthetic teeth, such as dental implants. A major challenge in designing functional bio-engineered teeth is to mimic both the structural and anisotropic mechanical characteristics of the native tooth. Therefore, the field of dental and whole tooth regeneration has advanced towards the molecular and nanoscale design of bio-active, biomimetic systems, using biomaterials, drug delivery systems and stem cells. The focus of this review is to discuss recent advances in tooth tissue engineering, using biomimetic scaffolds that provide proper architectural cues, exhibit the capacity to support dental stem cell proliferation and differentiation and sequester and release bio-active agents, such as growth factors and nucleic acids, in a spatiotemporal controlled manner. Although many in vitro and in vivo studies on tooth regeneration appear promising, before tooth tissue engineering becomes a reality for humans, additional research is needed to perfect methods that use adult human dental stem cells, as opposed to embryonic dental stem cells, and to devise the means to generate bio-engineered teeth of predetermined size and shape. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nelson Monteiro
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Pamela C. Yelick
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
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5
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Zhang W, Vazquez B, Oreadi D, Yelick PC. Decellularized Tooth Bud Scaffolds for Tooth Regeneration. J Dent Res 2017; 96:516-523. [PMID: 28118552 DOI: 10.1177/0022034516689082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Whole tooth regeneration approaches currently are limited by our inability to bioengineer full-sized, living replacement teeth. Recently, decellularized organ scaffolds have shown promise for applications in regenerative medicine by providing a natural extracellular matrix environment that promotes cell attachment and tissue-specific differentiation leading to full-sized organ regeneration. We hypothesize that decellularized tooth buds (dTBs) created from unerupted porcine tooth buds (TBs) can be used to guide reseeded dental cell differentiation to form whole bioengineered teeth, thereby providing a potential off-the-shelf scaffold for whole tooth regeneration. Porcine TBs were harvested from discarded 6-mo-old pig jaws, and decellularized by successive sodium dodecyl sulfate/Triton-X cycles. Four types of replicate implants were used in this study: 1) acellular dTBs; 2) recellularized dTBs seeded with porcine dental epithelial cells, human dental pulp cells, and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (recell-dTBs); 3) dTBs seeded with bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)-2 (dTB-BMPs); and 4) freshly isolated nondecellularized natural TBs (nTBs). Replicate samples were implanted into the mandibles of host Yucatan mini-pigs and grown for 3 or 6 mo. Harvested mandibles with implanted TB constructs were fixed in formalin, decalcified, embedded in paraffin, sectioned, and analyzed via histological methods. Micro-computed tomography (CT) analysis was performed on harvested 6-mo samples prior to decalcification. All harvested constructs exhibited a high degree of cellularity. Significant production of organized dentin and enamel-like tissues was observed in dTB-recell and nTB implants, but not in dTB or dTB-BMP implants. Micro-CT analyses of 6-mo implants showed the formation of organized, bioengineered teeth of comparable size to natural teeth. To our knowledge, these results are the first to describe the potential use of dTBs for functional whole tooth regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Zhang
- 1 Division of Craniofacial and Molecular Genetics, Department of Orthodontics, Tufts University School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - B Vazquez
- 1 Division of Craniofacial and Molecular Genetics, Department of Orthodontics, Tufts University School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - D Oreadi
- 2 Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Tufts University School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - P C Yelick
- 1 Division of Craniofacial and Molecular Genetics, Department of Orthodontics, Tufts University School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
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Jamal HA. Tooth Organ Bioengineering: Cell Sources and Innovative Approaches. Dent J (Basel) 2016; 4:dj4020018. [PMID: 29563460 PMCID: PMC5851265 DOI: 10.3390/dj4020018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2016] [Revised: 05/22/2016] [Accepted: 05/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Various treatment approaches for restoring missing teeth are being utilized nowadays by using artificial dental crowns/bridges or the use of dental implants. All aforementioned restorative modalities are considered to be the conventional way of treating such cases. Although these artificial therapies are commonly used for tooth loss rehabilitation, they are still less conservative, show less biocompatibility and fail to restore the natural biological and physiological function. Adding to that, they are considered to be costly due to the risk of failure and they also require regular maintenance. Regenerative dentistry is currently considered a novel therapeutic concept with high potential for a complete recovery of the natural function and esthetics of teeth. Biological-cell based dental therapies would involve replacement of teeth by using stem cells that will ultimately grow a bioengineered tooth, thereby restoring both the biological and physiological functions of the natural tooth, and are considered to be the ultimate goal in regenerative dentistry. In this review, various stem cell-based therapeutic approaches for tooth organ bioengineering will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hasan A Jamal
- Independent Researcher, Ibrahim Al- Jaffali, Awali, Mecca 21955, Saudi Arabia.
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Tan L, Wang J, Yin S, Zhu W, Zhou G, Cao Y, Cen L. Regeneration of dentin–pulp-like tissue using an injectable tissue engineering technique. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra06481c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
An injectable tissue engineering technique to regenerate dentin–pulp complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linhua Tan
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
- Shanghai 9th People’s Hospital
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine
- Shanghai
- China
| | - Jun Wang
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry
- School of Stomatology
- Ninth People’s Hospital
- Medical College
- Shanghai Jiaotong University
| | - Shuo Yin
- National Tissue Engineering Center of China
- Shanghai
- China
| | - Wenting Zhu
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry
- School of Stomatology
- Ninth People’s Hospital
- Medical College
- Shanghai Jiaotong University
| | - Guangdong Zhou
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
- Shanghai 9th People’s Hospital
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine
- Shanghai
- China
| | - Yilin Cao
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
- Shanghai 9th People’s Hospital
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine
- Shanghai
- China
| | - Lian Cen
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
- Shanghai 9th People’s Hospital
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine
- Shanghai
- China
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8
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Zhang Y, Chen Y. Bioengineering of a human whole tooth: progress and challenge. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 3:8. [PMID: 25408887 PMCID: PMC4230350 DOI: 10.1186/2045-9769-3-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2013] [Accepted: 04/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
A major challenge in stem cell-based bioengineering of an implantable human tooth is to identify appropriate sources of postnatal stem cells that are odontogenic competent as the epithelial component due to the lack of enamel epithelial cells in adult teeth. In a recent issue (2013, 2:6) of Cell Regeneration, Cai and colleagues reported that epithelial sheets derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) can functionally substitute for tooth germ epithelium to regenerate tooth-like structures, providing an appealing stem cell source for future human tooth regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanding Zhang
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Developmental and Neuro Biology, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, Fujian Province P.R. China
| | - YiPing Chen
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Developmental and Neuro Biology, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, Fujian Province P.R. China ; Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70118 USA
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9
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Neural crest-derived dental stem cells--where we are and where we are going. J Dent 2014; 42:1043-51. [PMID: 24769107 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdent.2014.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2014] [Revised: 04/11/2014] [Accepted: 04/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES There are five types of post-natal human dental stem cells that have been identified, isolated and characterized. Here, we review the information available on dental stem cells as well as their potential applications in dentistry, regenerative medicine and the development of other therapeutic approaches. DATA Data pertinent to dental stem cells and their applications, published in peer-reviewed journals from 1982 to 2013 in English were reviewed. SOURCES Sources were retrieved from PubMed databases as well as related references that the electronic search yielded. STUDY SELECTION Manuscripts describing the origin, retrieval, characterization and application of dental stem cells were obtained and reviewed. CONCLUSIONS Dental stem cell populations present properties similar to those of mesenchymal stem cells, such as the ability to self-renew and the potential for multilineage differentiation. While they have greater capacity to give rise to odontogenic cells and regenerate dental pulp and periodontal tissue, they have the capacity to differentiate into all three germ line cells, proving that a population of pluripotent stem cells exists in the dental tissues. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Dental stem cells have the capacity to differentiate into endoderm, mesoderm and ectoderm tissues. Consequently they do not only have applications in dentistry, but also neurodegenerative and ischemic diseases, diabetes research, bone repair, and other applications in the field of tissue regeneration.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND As a result of numerous rapid and exciting developments in tissue engineering technology, scientists are able to regenerate a fully functional tooth in animal models, from a bioengineered tooth germ. Advances in technology, together with our understanding of the mechanisms of tooth development and studies dealing with dentally derived stem cells, have led to significant progress in the field of tooth regeneration. AIM AND DESIGN This review focuses on some of the recent advances in tooth bioengineering technology, the signalling pathways in tooth development, and in dental stem cell biology. These factors are highlighted in respect of our current knowledge of tooth regeneration. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION An understanding of these new approaches in tooth regeneration should help to prepare clinicians to use this new and somewhat revolutionary therapy while also enabling them to partake in future clinical trials. Tooth bioengineering promises to be at the forefront of the next generation of dental treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Wang
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Dental Medicine, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA
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11
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Honda MJ, Imaizumi M, Tsuchiya S, Morsczeck C. Dental follicle stem cells and tissue engineering. J Oral Sci 2011; 52:541-52. [PMID: 21206155 DOI: 10.2334/josnusd.52.541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Adult stem cells are multipotent and can be induced experimentally to differentiate into various cell lineages. Such cells are therefore a key part of achieving the promise of tissue regeneration. The most studied stem cells are those of the hematopoietic and mesenchymal lineages. Recently, mesenchymal stem cells were demonstrated in dental tissues, including dental pulp, periodontal ligament, and dental follicle. The dental follicle is a loose connective tissue that surrounds the developing tooth. Dental follicle stem cells could therefore be a cell source for mesenchymal stem cells. Indeed, dental follicle is present in impacted teeth, which are commonly extracted and disposed of as medical waste in dental practice. Dental follicle stem cells can be isolated and grown under defined tissue culture conditions, and recent characterization of these stem cells has increased their potential for use in tissue engineering applications, including periodontal and bone regeneration. This review describes current knowledge and recent developments in dental follicle stem cells and their application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaki J Honda
- Department of Anatomy, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
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Huang GTJ. Dental pulp and dentin tissue engineering and regeneration: advancement and challenge. Front Biosci (Elite Ed) 2011; 3:788-800. [PMID: 21196351 PMCID: PMC3289134 DOI: 10.2741/e286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Hard tissue is difficult to repair especially dental structures. Tooth enamel is incapable of self-repairing whereas dentin and cementum can regenerate with limited capacity. Enamel and dentin are commonly under the attack by caries. Extensive forms of caries destroy enamel and dentin and can lead to dental pulp infection. Entire pulp amputation followed by the pulp space disinfection and filling with an artificial rubber-like material is employed to treat the infection -- commonly known as root canal or endodontic therapy. Regeneration of dentin relies on having vital pulps; however, regeneration of pulp tissue has been difficult as the tissue is encased in dentin without collateral blood supply except from the root apical end. With the advent of modern tissue engineering concept and the discovery of dental stem cells, regeneration of pulp and dentin has been tested. This article will review the recent endeavor on pulp and dentin tissue engineering and regeneration. The prospective outcomes of current advancements and challenges in this line of research are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- George T-J Huang
- Boston University, Henry M. Goldman School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA.
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Kuo TF, Lin HC, Yang KC, Lin FH, Chen MH, Wu CC, Chang HH. Bone marrow combined with dental bud cells promotes tooth regeneration in miniature pig model. Artif Organs 2010; 35:113-21. [PMID: 21083830 DOI: 10.1111/j.1525-1594.2010.01064.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Growth factors and morphogens secreted by bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) of bone marrow fluid may promote tooth regeneration. Accordingly, a tissue engineering approach was utilized to develop an economical strategy for obtaining the growth factors and morphogens from BMSCs. Unerupted second molar tooth buds harvested from miniature pigs were cultured in vitro to obtain dental bud cells (DBCs). Bone marrow fluid, which contains BMSCs, was collected from the porcine mandible before operation. DBCs suspended in bone marrow fluid were seeded into a gelatin/chondoitin-6-sulfate/hyaluronan tri-copolymer scaffold (GCHT scaffold). The DBCs/bone marrow fluid/GCHT scaffold was autografted into the original alveolar sockets of the pigs. Radiographic and histological examinations were applied to identify the structure of regenerated tooth at 40 weeks postimplantation. The present results showed that one pig developed a complete tooth with crown, root, pulp, enamel, dentin, odontoblast, cementum, blood vessel, and periodontal ligament in indiscriminate shape. Three animals had an unerupted tooth that expressed dentin matrix protein-1, vascular endothelial growth factor, and osteopontin; and two other pigs also had dental-like structure with dentin tubules. This study reveals that DBCs adding bone marrow fluid and a suitable scaffold can promote the tooth regeneration in autogenic cell transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tzong-Fu Kuo
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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14
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Honda MJ, Tsuchiya S, Shinohara Y, Shinmura Y, Sumita Y. Recent advances in engineering of tooth and tooth structures using postnatal dental cells. JAPANESE DENTAL SCIENCE REVIEW 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jdsr.2009.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
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15
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Huang GTJ, Gronthos S, Shi S. Mesenchymal stem cells derived from dental tissues vs. those from other sources: their biology and role in regenerative medicine. J Dent Res 2009; 88:792-806. [PMID: 19767575 DOI: 10.1177/0022034509340867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1228] [Impact Index Per Article: 81.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
To date, 5 different human dental stem/progenitor cells have been isolated and characterized: dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs), stem cells from exfoliated deciduous teeth (SHED), periodontal ligament stem cells (PDLSCs), stem cells from apical papilla (SCAP), and dental follicle progenitor cells (DFPCs). These postnatal populations have mesenchymal-stem-cell-like (MSC) qualities, including the capacity for self-renewal and multilineage differentiation potential. MSCs derived from bone marrow (BMMSCs) are capable of giving rise to various lineages of cells, such as osteogenic, chondrogenic, adipogenic, myogenic, and neurogenic cells. The dental-tissue-derived stem cells are isolated from specialized tissue with potent capacities to differentiate into odontogenic cells. However, they also have the ability to give rise to other cell lineages similar to, but different in potency from, that of BMMSCs. This article will review the isolation and characterization of the properties of different dental MSC-like populations in comparison with those of other MSCs, such as BMMSCs. Important issues in stem cell biology, such as stem cell niche, homing, and immunoregulation, will also be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- G T-J Huang
- University of Maryland, College of Dental Surgery, Dental School, Department of Endodontics, Prosthodontics and Operative Dentistry, 650 West Baltimore St., Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
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16
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Sumita Y, Tsuchiya S, Asahina I, Kagami H, Honda MJ. The location and characteristics of two populations of dental pulp cells affect tooth development. Eur J Oral Sci 2009; 117:113-21. [PMID: 19320719 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0722.2008.00603.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the characteristics of two dental pulp cell populations during the early stages of crown formation in porcine teeth. A transplantation method was developed to reproduce epithelial cell-mesenchymal cell interactions during odontogenesis (tooth development). The technique allowed two types of cells/tissue to be combined in vivo. Populations of cells localized in the cervical loop epithelium region, dental pulp horn, and dental pulp core chambers were isolated and dissociated into single cells. Each population was examined for its gene-expression pattern using both semiquantitative and quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analyses, and for its tissue-formation capability by combining the cervical loop epithelial cells with either pulp horn cells or pulp core cells on biodegradable collagen scaffolds that were subsequently examined using histology and immunohistology. Gene-expression patterns showed that pulp horn cells were more mature than pulp core cells. Cervical loop epithelial cells combined with pulp horn cells mainly reconstituted dentin-cementum structures. By contrast, cervical loop epithelial cells combined with pulp core cells reconstituted enamel-dentin structures. These results suggest that mesenchymal cells residing in a specific location of the pulp possess a specific tissue-formation potential when combined with epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshinori Sumita
- Division of Stem Cell Engineering, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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17
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Zhang W, Abukawa H, Troulis MJ, Kaban LB, Vacanti JP, Yelick PC. Tissue engineered hybrid tooth–bone constructs. Methods 2009; 47:122-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2008.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2008] [Revised: 09/03/2008] [Accepted: 09/05/2008] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
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Tooth-forming potential in embryonic and postnatal tooth bud cells. Med Mol Morphol 2008; 41:183-92. [DOI: 10.1007/s00795-008-0416-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2008] [Accepted: 09/02/2008] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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19
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Kuo TF, Huang AT, Chang HH, Lin FH, Chen ST, Chen RS, Chou CH, Lin HC, Chiang H, Chen MH. Regeneration of dentin-pulp complex with cementum and periodontal ligament formation using dental bud cells in gelatin-chondroitin-hyaluronan tri-copolymer scaffold in swine. J Biomed Mater Res A 2008; 86:1062-8. [PMID: 18067171 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.31746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to use a tissue engineering approach for tooth regeneration. The swine dental bud cells (DBCs) were isolated from the developing mandibular teeth, expanded in vitro, and cultured onto cylinder scaffold gelatin-chrondroitin-hyaluronan-tri-copolymer (GCHT). After culturing in vitro, the DBCs/GCHT scaffold was autografted back into the original alveolar socket. Hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining combined with immunohistochemical staining were applied for identification of regenerated tooth structure. After 36-week post-transplantation, tooth-like structures, including well-organized dentin-pulp complex, cementum, and periodontal ligament, were evident in situ in two of six experimental animals. The size of the tooth structure (1 x 0.5 x 0.5 cm(3) and 0.5 x 0.5 x 0.5 cm(3) size) appeared to be dictated by the size of the GCHT scaffold (1 x 1 x 1.5 cm(3)). The third swine was demonstrated with irregular dentin-bony like calcified tissue about 1 cm in diameter without organized tooth or periodontal ligament formation. The other three swine in the experimental group showed normal bone formation and no tooth regeneration in the transplantation sites. The successful rate of tooth regeneration from DBCs/GCHT scaffolds' was about 33.3%. In the control group, three swine's molar teeth buds were removed without DBCs/GCHT implantation, the other three swine received GCHT scaffold implants without DBCs. After evaluation, no regenerated tooth was found in the transplantation site of the control group. The current results using DBSs/GCHT scaffold autotransplantation suggest a technical breakthrough for tooth regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tzong-Fu Kuo
- Graduate Institute of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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20
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Duailibi SE, Duailibi MT, Zhang W, Asrican R, Vacanti JP, Yelick PC. Bioengineered dental tissues grown in the rat jaw. J Dent Res 2008; 87:745-50. [PMID: 18650546 DOI: 10.1177/154405910808700811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Our long-term objective is to develop methods to form, in the jaw, bioengineered replacement teeth that exhibit physical properties and functions similar to those of natural teeth. Our results show that cultured rat tooth bud cells, seeded onto biodegradable scaffolds, implanted into the jaws of adult rat hosts and grown for 12 weeks, formed small, organized, bioengineered tooth crowns, containing dentin, enamel, pulp, and periodontal ligament tissues, similar to identical cell-seeded scaffolds implanted and grown in the omentum. Radiographic, histological, and immunohistochemical analyses showed that bioengineered teeth consisted of organized dentin, enamel, and pulp tissues. This study advances practical applications for dental tissue engineering by demonstrating that bioengineered tooth tissues can be regenerated at the site of previously lost teeth, and supports the use of tissue engineering strategies in humans, to regenerate previously lost and/or missing teeth. The results presented in this report support the feasibility of bioengineered replacement tooth formation in the jaw.
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Affiliation(s)
- S E Duailibi
- University Federal of São Paulo, Department of Plastic Surgery, São Paulo, Brazil
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21
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Yu J, Shi J, Jin Y. Current Approaches and Challenges in Making a Bio-Tooth. TISSUE ENGINEERING PART B-REVIEWS 2008; 14:307-19. [DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2008.0165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jinhua Yu
- Institute of Stomatology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P.R. China
- Department of Endodontics, School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, P.R. China
- Research and Development Center for Tissue Engineering, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, P.R. China
| | - Junnan Shi
- Department of Endodontics, School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, P.R. China
| | - Yan Jin
- Research and Development Center for Tissue Engineering, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, P.R. China
- Department of Oral Histology & Pathology, School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, P.R. China
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22
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Huang GTJ, Sonoyama W, Liu Y, Liu H, Wang S, Shi S. The hidden treasure in apical papilla: the potential role in pulp/dentin regeneration and bioroot engineering. J Endod 2008; 34:645-51. [PMID: 18498881 DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2008.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 473] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2007] [Revised: 02/28/2008] [Accepted: 03/04/2008] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Some clinical case reports have shown that immature permanent teeth with periradicular periodontitis or abscess can undergo apexogenesis after conservative endodontic treatment. A call for a paradigm shift and new protocol for the clinical management of these cases has been brought to attention. Concomitantly, a new population of mesenchymal stem cells residing in the apical papilla of permanent immature teeth recently has been discovered and was termed stem cells from the apical papilla (SCAP). These stem cells appear to be the source of odontoblasts that are responsible for the formation of root dentin. Conservation of these stem cells when treating immature teeth may allow continuous formation of the root to completion. This article reviews current findings on the isolation and characterization of these stem cells. The potential role of these stem cells in the following respects will be discussed: (1) their contribution in continued root maturation in endodontically treated immature teeth with periradicular periodontitis or abscess and (2) their potential utilization for pulp/dentin regeneration and bioroot engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- George T-J Huang
- University of Maryland, College of Dental Surgery, Dental School, Department of Endodontics, Prosthodontics and Operative Dentistry, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA.
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23
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Yen AHH, Sharpe PT. Stem cells and tooth tissue engineering. Cell Tissue Res 2007; 331:359-72. [PMID: 17938970 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-007-0467-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2007] [Accepted: 07/04/2007] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The notion that teeth contain stem cells is based on the well-known repairing ability of dentin after injury. Dental stem cells have been isolated according to their anatomical locations, colony-forming ability, expression of stem cell markers, and regeneration of pulp/dentin structures in vivo. These dental-derived stem cells are currently under increasing investigation as sources for tooth regeneration and repair. Further attempts with bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells and embryonic stem cells have demonstrated the possibility of creating teeth from non-dental stem cells by imitating embryonic development mechanisms. Although, as in tissue engineering of other organs, many challenges remain, stem-cell-based tissue engineering of teeth could be a choice for the replacement of missing teeth in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda H-H Yen
- Department of Craniofacial Development, Dental Institute, Guy's Hospital, Kings College London, London Bridge, London, SE1 9RT, UK
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24
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Honda MJ, Tsuchiya S, Sumita Y, Sagara H, Ueda M. The sequential seeding of epithelial and mesenchymal cells for tissue-engineered tooth regeneration. Biomaterials 2007; 28:680-9. [PMID: 17045644 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2006.09.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2006] [Accepted: 09/27/2006] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Progress is being made toward regenerating teeth by seeding dissociated postnatal odontogenic cells onto scaffolds and implanting them in vivo, but tooth morphology remains difficult to control. In this study, we aimed to facilitate tooth regeneration using a novel technique to sequentially seed epithelial cells and mesenchymal cells so that they formed appropriate interactions in the scaffold. Dental epithelium and mesenchyme from porcine third molar teeth were enzymatically separated and dissociated into single cells. Mesenchymal cells were seeded onto the surface of the scaffold and epithelial cells were then plated on top so that the two cell types were in direct contact. The cell-scaffold constructs were evaluated in vitro and also implanted into immunocompromised rats for in vivo analysis. Control groups included constructs where direct contact between the two cell types was prevented. In scaffolds seed using the novel technique, alkaline phosphatase activity was significantly greater than controls, the tooth morphology in vivo was developed in similar to that of natural tooth, and only one tooth structure formed in each scaffold. These results suggest that the novel cell-seeding technique could be useful for regulating the morphology of regenerated teeth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaki J Honda
- Tooth Regeneration, Division of Stem Cell Engineering, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan.
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Iwatsuki S, Honda MJ, Harada H, Ueda M. Cell proliferation in teeth reconstructed from dispersed cells of embryonic tooth germs in a three-dimensional scaffold. Eur J Oral Sci 2006; 114:310-7. [PMID: 16911102 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0722.2006.00385.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Tissue engineering can now reproduce tooth from postnatal tooth cells. However, crown formation is not accurately reconstituted, even when the complex structure of the enamel dentin is reproduced. Here, we showed that a tissue-engineered (TE) tooth, exhibiting morphogenesis according to regular crown-cusp pattern formation, was produced by embryonic tooth germ cells in a three-dimensional scaffold. Heterogeneous cells dissociated from embryonic day 14 (E14) mice tooth germs were seeded on a scaffold and implanted under a kidney capsule in adult mice. The developmental process of the implants was examined for up to 14 d. At 5 d, the cells had formed initial tooth germ, followed by enamel-covered dentin tissue formed symmetrically. To study the developmental process, we examined the growth pattern using 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BrdU)-labeling analysis. The initial cell-proliferation patterns of the TE teeth were similar to that at the cap and early bell stages in natural teeth. This was particularly true in the cervical loop, which showed a similar distribution pattern of BrdU-positive cells in TE- and natural teeth. These results suggested that even when embryonic tooth germs are dissociated, the single cells can reconstitute tooth, and that enamel organ morphogenesis proceeds as in natural teeth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinji Iwatsuki
- Tooth Regeneration, Division of Stem Cell Engineering, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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26
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Hokugo A, Tabata Y. Recent advances in tissue engineering for regeneration of oral tissues. Inflamm Regen 2006. [DOI: 10.2492/inflammregen.26.82] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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27
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Honda MJ, Sumita Y, Shinohara Y, Kagami H, Ueda M. Tooth-Tissue Engineering. Inflamm Regen 2006. [DOI: 10.2492/inflammregen.26.169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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28
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Honda MJ, Shimodaira T, Ogaeri T, Shinohara Y, Hata K, Ueda M. A novel culture system for porcine odontogenic epithelial cells using a feeder layer. Arch Oral Biol 2005; 51:282-90. [PMID: 16257386 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2005.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2005] [Revised: 09/14/2005] [Accepted: 09/19/2005] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The growth of cells in vitro can provide useful models for investigating their behaviour and improving our understanding of their function in vivo. Although the developmental regulation of enamel matrix formation has been comprehensively analysed, the detailed cellular characteristics of ameloblasts remain unclear because of the lack of a system of long-term in vitro culture. Therefore, the establishment of odontogenic epithelial cell lines has taken on a new significance. Here, we report on a novel porcine odontogenic epithelial cell-culture system, which has permitted serial culture of these cells. Epithelial cells were harvested from third molar tooth buds in the fresh mandibles of 6-month-old pigs, and seeded on dishes in D-MEM containing 10% FBS. Before the cells reached confluence, the medium was changed to LHC-9 to select the epithelial cells. When trypsinized epithelial cells were plated together with 3T3-J2 cells as a feeder layer, the epithelial cells grew from single cells into colonies. The colonies then expanded and became confluent, and could be sub-cultured for up to 20 passages. The long-term culture cells expressed mRNA for amelogenin and ameloblastin, as well as enamelysin (MMP-20), which is a tissue-specific gene product unique to ameloblasts. These results show that the system is capable of sustaining the multiplication of odontogenic epithelial cells with the characteristics of ameloblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Honda
- Tooth Regeneration, Division of Stem Cell Engineering, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Tokyo, Japan.
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