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Stoustrup P, Twilt M, Spiegel L, Kristensen KD, Koos B, Pedersen TK, Küseler A, Cron RQ, Abramowicz S, Verna C, Peltomäki T, Alstergren P, Petty R, Ringold S, Nørholt SE, Saurenmann RK, Herlin T. Clinical Orofacial Examination in Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis: International Consensus-based Recommendations for Monitoring Patients in Clinical Practice and Research Studies. J Rheumatol 2017; 44:326-333. [PMID: 28089967 DOI: 10.3899/jrheum.160796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To develop international consensus-based recommendations for the orofacial examination of patients with juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA), for use in clinical practice and research. METHODS Using a sequential phased approach, a multidisciplinary task force developed and evaluated a set of recommendations for the orofacial examination of patients with JIA. Phase 1: A Delphi survey was conducted among 40 expert physicians and dentists with the aim of identifying and ranking the importance of items for inclusion. Phase 2: The task force developed consensus about the domains and items to be included in the recommendations. Phase 3: A systematic literature review was performed to assess the evidence supporting the consensus-based recommendations. Phase 4: An independent group of orofacial and JIA experts were invited to assess the content validity of the task force's recommendations. RESULTS Five recommendations were developed to assess the following 5 domains: medical history, orofacial symptoms, muscle and temporomandibular joint function, orofacial function, and dentofacial growth. After application of data search criteria, 56 articles were included in the systematic review. The level of evidence for the 5 recommendations was derived primarily from descriptive studies, such as cross-sectional and case-control studies. CONCLUSION Five recommendations are proposed for the orofacial examination of patients with JIA to improve the clinical practice and aid standardized data collection for future studies. The task force has formulated a future research program based on the proposed recommendations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Stoustrup
- From the Section of Orthodontics, and the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, and the Department of Pediatrics, Aarhus University and Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark; Department of Pediatrics, Division of Rheumatology, Alberta Children's Hospital, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta; Division of Rheumatology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; the Specialist Oral Health Center for Western Norway, Rogaland, Stavanger, Norway; Department of Orthodontics, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany; Division of Pediatric Rheumatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama; Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Pediatrics, Emory University, and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia, USA; Clinic for Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, University Center for Dental Medicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Field of Dentistry, School of Medicine, University of Tampere and Oral and Maxillofacial Unit, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland; Department of Orofacial Pain and Jaw Function, Faculty of Odontology, Malmö University, Scandinavian Center for Orofacial Neurosciences, Malmö, Sweden; Division of Pediatric Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, BC Children's Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Seattle Children's Hospital; Seattle, Washington, USA; Cantonal Hospital Wintherthur, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland. .,P. Stoustrup, DDS, PhD, Section of Orthodontics, Aarhus University; M. Twilt, MD, PhD, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Rheumatology, Alberta Children's Hospital, University of Calgary; L. Spiegel, MD, FRCPC, Division of Rheumatology, The Hospital for Sick Children; K.D. Kristensen, DDS, PhD, Specialist Oral Health Center for Western Norway; B. Koos, DMD, Department of Orthodontics, University of Rostock; T.K. Pedersen, DDS, PhD, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, and Section of Orthodontics, Aarhus University; A. Küseler, DDS, PhD, Section of Orthodontics, Aarhus University; R.Q. Cron, MD, PhD, Division of Pediatric Rheumatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham; S. Abramowicz, DMD, MPH, Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Pediatrics, Emory University, and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta; C. Verna, DDS, PhD, Clinic for Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, University Center for Dental Medicine, University of Basel; T. Peltomäki, DDS, PhD, Field of Dentistry, School of Medicine, University of Tampere and Oral and Maxillofacial Unit, Tampere University Hospital; P. Alstergren, DDS, PhD, Department of Orofacial Pain and Jaw Function, Faculty of Odontology, Malmö University, Scandinavian Center for Orofacial Neurosciences; R. Petty, MD, PhD, FRCPC, Division of Pediatric Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, BC Children's Hospital; S. Ringold, MD, Division of Rheumatology, Seattle Children's Hospital; S.E. Nørholt, DDS, PhD, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Aarhus University Hospital; R.K. Saurenmann, MD, Cantonal Hospital Wintherthur, University of Zürich; T. Herlin, MD, DMSc, Department of Pediatrics, Aarhus University.
| | - Marinka Twilt
- From the Section of Orthodontics, and the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, and the Department of Pediatrics, Aarhus University and Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark; Department of Pediatrics, Division of Rheumatology, Alberta Children's Hospital, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta; Division of Rheumatology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; the Specialist Oral Health Center for Western Norway, Rogaland, Stavanger, Norway; Department of Orthodontics, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany; Division of Pediatric Rheumatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama; Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Pediatrics, Emory University, and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia, USA; Clinic for Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, University Center for Dental Medicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Field of Dentistry, School of Medicine, University of Tampere and Oral and Maxillofacial Unit, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland; Department of Orofacial Pain and Jaw Function, Faculty of Odontology, Malmö University, Scandinavian Center for Orofacial Neurosciences, Malmö, Sweden; Division of Pediatric Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, BC Children's Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Seattle Children's Hospital; Seattle, Washington, USA; Cantonal Hospital Wintherthur, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.,P. Stoustrup, DDS, PhD, Section of Orthodontics, Aarhus University; M. Twilt, MD, PhD, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Rheumatology, Alberta Children's Hospital, University of Calgary; L. Spiegel, MD, FRCPC, Division of Rheumatology, The Hospital for Sick Children; K.D. Kristensen, DDS, PhD, Specialist Oral Health Center for Western Norway; B. Koos, DMD, Department of Orthodontics, University of Rostock; T.K. Pedersen, DDS, PhD, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, and Section of Orthodontics, Aarhus University; A. Küseler, DDS, PhD, Section of Orthodontics, Aarhus University; R.Q. Cron, MD, PhD, Division of Pediatric Rheumatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham; S. Abramowicz, DMD, MPH, Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Pediatrics, Emory University, and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta; C. Verna, DDS, PhD, Clinic for Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, University Center for Dental Medicine, University of Basel; T. Peltomäki, DDS, PhD, Field of Dentistry, School of Medicine, University of Tampere and Oral and Maxillofacial Unit, Tampere University Hospital; P. Alstergren, DDS, PhD, Department of Orofacial Pain and Jaw Function, Faculty of Odontology, Malmö University, Scandinavian Center for Orofacial Neurosciences; R. Petty, MD, PhD, FRCPC, Division of Pediatric Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, BC Children's Hospital; S. Ringold, MD, Division of Rheumatology, Seattle Children's Hospital; S.E. Nørholt, DDS, PhD, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Aarhus University Hospital; R.K. Saurenmann, MD, Cantonal Hospital Wintherthur, University of Zürich; T. Herlin, MD, DMSc, Department of Pediatrics, Aarhus University
| | - Lynn Spiegel
- From the Section of Orthodontics, and the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, and the Department of Pediatrics, Aarhus University and Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark; Department of Pediatrics, Division of Rheumatology, Alberta Children's Hospital, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta; Division of Rheumatology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; the Specialist Oral Health Center for Western Norway, Rogaland, Stavanger, Norway; Department of Orthodontics, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany; Division of Pediatric Rheumatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama; Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Pediatrics, Emory University, and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia, USA; Clinic for Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, University Center for Dental Medicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Field of Dentistry, School of Medicine, University of Tampere and Oral and Maxillofacial Unit, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland; Department of Orofacial Pain and Jaw Function, Faculty of Odontology, Malmö University, Scandinavian Center for Orofacial Neurosciences, Malmö, Sweden; Division of Pediatric Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, BC Children's Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Seattle Children's Hospital; Seattle, Washington, USA; Cantonal Hospital Wintherthur, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.,P. Stoustrup, DDS, PhD, Section of Orthodontics, Aarhus University; M. Twilt, MD, PhD, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Rheumatology, Alberta Children's Hospital, University of Calgary; L. Spiegel, MD, FRCPC, Division of Rheumatology, The Hospital for Sick Children; K.D. Kristensen, DDS, PhD, Specialist Oral Health Center for Western Norway; B. Koos, DMD, Department of Orthodontics, University of Rostock; T.K. Pedersen, DDS, PhD, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, and Section of Orthodontics, Aarhus University; A. Küseler, DDS, PhD, Section of Orthodontics, Aarhus University; R.Q. Cron, MD, PhD, Division of Pediatric Rheumatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham; S. Abramowicz, DMD, MPH, Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Pediatrics, Emory University, and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta; C. Verna, DDS, PhD, Clinic for Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, University Center for Dental Medicine, University of Basel; T. Peltomäki, DDS, PhD, Field of Dentistry, School of Medicine, University of Tampere and Oral and Maxillofacial Unit, Tampere University Hospital; P. Alstergren, DDS, PhD, Department of Orofacial Pain and Jaw Function, Faculty of Odontology, Malmö University, Scandinavian Center for Orofacial Neurosciences; R. Petty, MD, PhD, FRCPC, Division of Pediatric Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, BC Children's Hospital; S. Ringold, MD, Division of Rheumatology, Seattle Children's Hospital; S.E. Nørholt, DDS, PhD, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Aarhus University Hospital; R.K. Saurenmann, MD, Cantonal Hospital Wintherthur, University of Zürich; T. Herlin, MD, DMSc, Department of Pediatrics, Aarhus University
| | - Kasper Dahl Kristensen
- From the Section of Orthodontics, and the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, and the Department of Pediatrics, Aarhus University and Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark; Department of Pediatrics, Division of Rheumatology, Alberta Children's Hospital, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta; Division of Rheumatology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; the Specialist Oral Health Center for Western Norway, Rogaland, Stavanger, Norway; Department of Orthodontics, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany; Division of Pediatric Rheumatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama; Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Pediatrics, Emory University, and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia, USA; Clinic for Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, University Center for Dental Medicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Field of Dentistry, School of Medicine, University of Tampere and Oral and Maxillofacial Unit, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland; Department of Orofacial Pain and Jaw Function, Faculty of Odontology, Malmö University, Scandinavian Center for Orofacial Neurosciences, Malmö, Sweden; Division of Pediatric Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, BC Children's Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Seattle Children's Hospital; Seattle, Washington, USA; Cantonal Hospital Wintherthur, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.,P. Stoustrup, DDS, PhD, Section of Orthodontics, Aarhus University; M. Twilt, MD, PhD, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Rheumatology, Alberta Children's Hospital, University of Calgary; L. Spiegel, MD, FRCPC, Division of Rheumatology, The Hospital for Sick Children; K.D. Kristensen, DDS, PhD, Specialist Oral Health Center for Western Norway; B. Koos, DMD, Department of Orthodontics, University of Rostock; T.K. Pedersen, DDS, PhD, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, and Section of Orthodontics, Aarhus University; A. Küseler, DDS, PhD, Section of Orthodontics, Aarhus University; R.Q. Cron, MD, PhD, Division of Pediatric Rheumatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham; S. Abramowicz, DMD, MPH, Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Pediatrics, Emory University, and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta; C. Verna, DDS, PhD, Clinic for Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, University Center for Dental Medicine, University of Basel; T. Peltomäki, DDS, PhD, Field of Dentistry, School of Medicine, University of Tampere and Oral and Maxillofacial Unit, Tampere University Hospital; P. Alstergren, DDS, PhD, Department of Orofacial Pain and Jaw Function, Faculty of Odontology, Malmö University, Scandinavian Center for Orofacial Neurosciences; R. Petty, MD, PhD, FRCPC, Division of Pediatric Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, BC Children's Hospital; S. Ringold, MD, Division of Rheumatology, Seattle Children's Hospital; S.E. Nørholt, DDS, PhD, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Aarhus University Hospital; R.K. Saurenmann, MD, Cantonal Hospital Wintherthur, University of Zürich; T. Herlin, MD, DMSc, Department of Pediatrics, Aarhus University
| | - Bernd Koos
- From the Section of Orthodontics, and the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, and the Department of Pediatrics, Aarhus University and Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark; Department of Pediatrics, Division of Rheumatology, Alberta Children's Hospital, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta; Division of Rheumatology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; the Specialist Oral Health Center for Western Norway, Rogaland, Stavanger, Norway; Department of Orthodontics, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany; Division of Pediatric Rheumatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama; Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Pediatrics, Emory University, and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia, USA; Clinic for Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, University Center for Dental Medicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Field of Dentistry, School of Medicine, University of Tampere and Oral and Maxillofacial Unit, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland; Department of Orofacial Pain and Jaw Function, Faculty of Odontology, Malmö University, Scandinavian Center for Orofacial Neurosciences, Malmö, Sweden; Division of Pediatric Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, BC Children's Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Seattle Children's Hospital; Seattle, Washington, USA; Cantonal Hospital Wintherthur, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.,P. Stoustrup, DDS, PhD, Section of Orthodontics, Aarhus University; M. Twilt, MD, PhD, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Rheumatology, Alberta Children's Hospital, University of Calgary; L. Spiegel, MD, FRCPC, Division of Rheumatology, The Hospital for Sick Children; K.D. Kristensen, DDS, PhD, Specialist Oral Health Center for Western Norway; B. Koos, DMD, Department of Orthodontics, University of Rostock; T.K. Pedersen, DDS, PhD, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, and Section of Orthodontics, Aarhus University; A. Küseler, DDS, PhD, Section of Orthodontics, Aarhus University; R.Q. Cron, MD, PhD, Division of Pediatric Rheumatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham; S. Abramowicz, DMD, MPH, Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Pediatrics, Emory University, and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta; C. Verna, DDS, PhD, Clinic for Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, University Center for Dental Medicine, University of Basel; T. Peltomäki, DDS, PhD, Field of Dentistry, School of Medicine, University of Tampere and Oral and Maxillofacial Unit, Tampere University Hospital; P. Alstergren, DDS, PhD, Department of Orofacial Pain and Jaw Function, Faculty of Odontology, Malmö University, Scandinavian Center for Orofacial Neurosciences; R. Petty, MD, PhD, FRCPC, Division of Pediatric Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, BC Children's Hospital; S. Ringold, MD, Division of Rheumatology, Seattle Children's Hospital; S.E. Nørholt, DDS, PhD, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Aarhus University Hospital; R.K. Saurenmann, MD, Cantonal Hospital Wintherthur, University of Zürich; T. Herlin, MD, DMSc, Department of Pediatrics, Aarhus University
| | - Thomas Klit Pedersen
- From the Section of Orthodontics, and the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, and the Department of Pediatrics, Aarhus University and Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark; Department of Pediatrics, Division of Rheumatology, Alberta Children's Hospital, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta; Division of Rheumatology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; the Specialist Oral Health Center for Western Norway, Rogaland, Stavanger, Norway; Department of Orthodontics, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany; Division of Pediatric Rheumatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama; Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Pediatrics, Emory University, and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia, USA; Clinic for Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, University Center for Dental Medicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Field of Dentistry, School of Medicine, University of Tampere and Oral and Maxillofacial Unit, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland; Department of Orofacial Pain and Jaw Function, Faculty of Odontology, Malmö University, Scandinavian Center for Orofacial Neurosciences, Malmö, Sweden; Division of Pediatric Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, BC Children's Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Seattle Children's Hospital; Seattle, Washington, USA; Cantonal Hospital Wintherthur, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.,P. Stoustrup, DDS, PhD, Section of Orthodontics, Aarhus University; M. Twilt, MD, PhD, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Rheumatology, Alberta Children's Hospital, University of Calgary; L. Spiegel, MD, FRCPC, Division of Rheumatology, The Hospital for Sick Children; K.D. Kristensen, DDS, PhD, Specialist Oral Health Center for Western Norway; B. Koos, DMD, Department of Orthodontics, University of Rostock; T.K. Pedersen, DDS, PhD, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, and Section of Orthodontics, Aarhus University; A. Küseler, DDS, PhD, Section of Orthodontics, Aarhus University; R.Q. Cron, MD, PhD, Division of Pediatric Rheumatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham; S. Abramowicz, DMD, MPH, Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Pediatrics, Emory University, and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta; C. Verna, DDS, PhD, Clinic for Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, University Center for Dental Medicine, University of Basel; T. Peltomäki, DDS, PhD, Field of Dentistry, School of Medicine, University of Tampere and Oral and Maxillofacial Unit, Tampere University Hospital; P. Alstergren, DDS, PhD, Department of Orofacial Pain and Jaw Function, Faculty of Odontology, Malmö University, Scandinavian Center for Orofacial Neurosciences; R. Petty, MD, PhD, FRCPC, Division of Pediatric Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, BC Children's Hospital; S. Ringold, MD, Division of Rheumatology, Seattle Children's Hospital; S.E. Nørholt, DDS, PhD, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Aarhus University Hospital; R.K. Saurenmann, MD, Cantonal Hospital Wintherthur, University of Zürich; T. Herlin, MD, DMSc, Department of Pediatrics, Aarhus University
| | - Annelise Küseler
- From the Section of Orthodontics, and the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, and the Department of Pediatrics, Aarhus University and Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark; Department of Pediatrics, Division of Rheumatology, Alberta Children's Hospital, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta; Division of Rheumatology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; the Specialist Oral Health Center for Western Norway, Rogaland, Stavanger, Norway; Department of Orthodontics, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany; Division of Pediatric Rheumatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama; Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Pediatrics, Emory University, and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia, USA; Clinic for Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, University Center for Dental Medicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Field of Dentistry, School of Medicine, University of Tampere and Oral and Maxillofacial Unit, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland; Department of Orofacial Pain and Jaw Function, Faculty of Odontology, Malmö University, Scandinavian Center for Orofacial Neurosciences, Malmö, Sweden; Division of Pediatric Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, BC Children's Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Seattle Children's Hospital; Seattle, Washington, USA; Cantonal Hospital Wintherthur, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.,P. Stoustrup, DDS, PhD, Section of Orthodontics, Aarhus University; M. Twilt, MD, PhD, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Rheumatology, Alberta Children's Hospital, University of Calgary; L. Spiegel, MD, FRCPC, Division of Rheumatology, The Hospital for Sick Children; K.D. Kristensen, DDS, PhD, Specialist Oral Health Center for Western Norway; B. Koos, DMD, Department of Orthodontics, University of Rostock; T.K. Pedersen, DDS, PhD, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, and Section of Orthodontics, Aarhus University; A. Küseler, DDS, PhD, Section of Orthodontics, Aarhus University; R.Q. Cron, MD, PhD, Division of Pediatric Rheumatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham; S. Abramowicz, DMD, MPH, Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Pediatrics, Emory University, and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta; C. Verna, DDS, PhD, Clinic for Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, University Center for Dental Medicine, University of Basel; T. Peltomäki, DDS, PhD, Field of Dentistry, School of Medicine, University of Tampere and Oral and Maxillofacial Unit, Tampere University Hospital; P. Alstergren, DDS, PhD, Department of Orofacial Pain and Jaw Function, Faculty of Odontology, Malmö University, Scandinavian Center for Orofacial Neurosciences; R. Petty, MD, PhD, FRCPC, Division of Pediatric Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, BC Children's Hospital; S. Ringold, MD, Division of Rheumatology, Seattle Children's Hospital; S.E. Nørholt, DDS, PhD, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Aarhus University Hospital; R.K. Saurenmann, MD, Cantonal Hospital Wintherthur, University of Zürich; T. Herlin, MD, DMSc, Department of Pediatrics, Aarhus University
| | - Randy Q Cron
- From the Section of Orthodontics, and the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, and the Department of Pediatrics, Aarhus University and Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark; Department of Pediatrics, Division of Rheumatology, Alberta Children's Hospital, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta; Division of Rheumatology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; the Specialist Oral Health Center for Western Norway, Rogaland, Stavanger, Norway; Department of Orthodontics, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany; Division of Pediatric Rheumatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama; Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Pediatrics, Emory University, and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia, USA; Clinic for Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, University Center for Dental Medicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Field of Dentistry, School of Medicine, University of Tampere and Oral and Maxillofacial Unit, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland; Department of Orofacial Pain and Jaw Function, Faculty of Odontology, Malmö University, Scandinavian Center for Orofacial Neurosciences, Malmö, Sweden; Division of Pediatric Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, BC Children's Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Seattle Children's Hospital; Seattle, Washington, USA; Cantonal Hospital Wintherthur, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.,P. Stoustrup, DDS, PhD, Section of Orthodontics, Aarhus University; M. Twilt, MD, PhD, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Rheumatology, Alberta Children's Hospital, University of Calgary; L. Spiegel, MD, FRCPC, Division of Rheumatology, The Hospital for Sick Children; K.D. Kristensen, DDS, PhD, Specialist Oral Health Center for Western Norway; B. Koos, DMD, Department of Orthodontics, University of Rostock; T.K. Pedersen, DDS, PhD, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, and Section of Orthodontics, Aarhus University; A. Küseler, DDS, PhD, Section of Orthodontics, Aarhus University; R.Q. Cron, MD, PhD, Division of Pediatric Rheumatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham; S. Abramowicz, DMD, MPH, Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Pediatrics, Emory University, and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta; C. Verna, DDS, PhD, Clinic for Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, University Center for Dental Medicine, University of Basel; T. Peltomäki, DDS, PhD, Field of Dentistry, School of Medicine, University of Tampere and Oral and Maxillofacial Unit, Tampere University Hospital; P. Alstergren, DDS, PhD, Department of Orofacial Pain and Jaw Function, Faculty of Odontology, Malmö University, Scandinavian Center for Orofacial Neurosciences; R. Petty, MD, PhD, FRCPC, Division of Pediatric Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, BC Children's Hospital; S. Ringold, MD, Division of Rheumatology, Seattle Children's Hospital; S.E. Nørholt, DDS, PhD, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Aarhus University Hospital; R.K. Saurenmann, MD, Cantonal Hospital Wintherthur, University of Zürich; T. Herlin, MD, DMSc, Department of Pediatrics, Aarhus University
| | - Shelly Abramowicz
- From the Section of Orthodontics, and the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, and the Department of Pediatrics, Aarhus University and Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark; Department of Pediatrics, Division of Rheumatology, Alberta Children's Hospital, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta; Division of Rheumatology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; the Specialist Oral Health Center for Western Norway, Rogaland, Stavanger, Norway; Department of Orthodontics, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany; Division of Pediatric Rheumatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama; Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Pediatrics, Emory University, and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia, USA; Clinic for Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, University Center for Dental Medicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Field of Dentistry, School of Medicine, University of Tampere and Oral and Maxillofacial Unit, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland; Department of Orofacial Pain and Jaw Function, Faculty of Odontology, Malmö University, Scandinavian Center for Orofacial Neurosciences, Malmö, Sweden; Division of Pediatric Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, BC Children's Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Seattle Children's Hospital; Seattle, Washington, USA; Cantonal Hospital Wintherthur, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.,P. Stoustrup, DDS, PhD, Section of Orthodontics, Aarhus University; M. Twilt, MD, PhD, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Rheumatology, Alberta Children's Hospital, University of Calgary; L. Spiegel, MD, FRCPC, Division of Rheumatology, The Hospital for Sick Children; K.D. Kristensen, DDS, PhD, Specialist Oral Health Center for Western Norway; B. Koos, DMD, Department of Orthodontics, University of Rostock; T.K. Pedersen, DDS, PhD, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, and Section of Orthodontics, Aarhus University; A. Küseler, DDS, PhD, Section of Orthodontics, Aarhus University; R.Q. Cron, MD, PhD, Division of Pediatric Rheumatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham; S. Abramowicz, DMD, MPH, Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Pediatrics, Emory University, and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta; C. Verna, DDS, PhD, Clinic for Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, University Center for Dental Medicine, University of Basel; T. Peltomäki, DDS, PhD, Field of Dentistry, School of Medicine, University of Tampere and Oral and Maxillofacial Unit, Tampere University Hospital; P. Alstergren, DDS, PhD, Department of Orofacial Pain and Jaw Function, Faculty of Odontology, Malmö University, Scandinavian Center for Orofacial Neurosciences; R. Petty, MD, PhD, FRCPC, Division of Pediatric Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, BC Children's Hospital; S. Ringold, MD, Division of Rheumatology, Seattle Children's Hospital; S.E. Nørholt, DDS, PhD, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Aarhus University Hospital; R.K. Saurenmann, MD, Cantonal Hospital Wintherthur, University of Zürich; T. Herlin, MD, DMSc, Department of Pediatrics, Aarhus University
| | - Carlalberta Verna
- From the Section of Orthodontics, and the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, and the Department of Pediatrics, Aarhus University and Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark; Department of Pediatrics, Division of Rheumatology, Alberta Children's Hospital, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta; Division of Rheumatology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; the Specialist Oral Health Center for Western Norway, Rogaland, Stavanger, Norway; Department of Orthodontics, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany; Division of Pediatric Rheumatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama; Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Pediatrics, Emory University, and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia, USA; Clinic for Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, University Center for Dental Medicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Field of Dentistry, School of Medicine, University of Tampere and Oral and Maxillofacial Unit, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland; Department of Orofacial Pain and Jaw Function, Faculty of Odontology, Malmö University, Scandinavian Center for Orofacial Neurosciences, Malmö, Sweden; Division of Pediatric Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, BC Children's Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Seattle Children's Hospital; Seattle, Washington, USA; Cantonal Hospital Wintherthur, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.,P. Stoustrup, DDS, PhD, Section of Orthodontics, Aarhus University; M. Twilt, MD, PhD, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Rheumatology, Alberta Children's Hospital, University of Calgary; L. Spiegel, MD, FRCPC, Division of Rheumatology, The Hospital for Sick Children; K.D. Kristensen, DDS, PhD, Specialist Oral Health Center for Western Norway; B. Koos, DMD, Department of Orthodontics, University of Rostock; T.K. Pedersen, DDS, PhD, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, and Section of Orthodontics, Aarhus University; A. Küseler, DDS, PhD, Section of Orthodontics, Aarhus University; R.Q. Cron, MD, PhD, Division of Pediatric Rheumatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham; S. Abramowicz, DMD, MPH, Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Pediatrics, Emory University, and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta; C. Verna, DDS, PhD, Clinic for Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, University Center for Dental Medicine, University of Basel; T. Peltomäki, DDS, PhD, Field of Dentistry, School of Medicine, University of Tampere and Oral and Maxillofacial Unit, Tampere University Hospital; P. Alstergren, DDS, PhD, Department of Orofacial Pain and Jaw Function, Faculty of Odontology, Malmö University, Scandinavian Center for Orofacial Neurosciences; R. Petty, MD, PhD, FRCPC, Division of Pediatric Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, BC Children's Hospital; S. Ringold, MD, Division of Rheumatology, Seattle Children's Hospital; S.E. Nørholt, DDS, PhD, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Aarhus University Hospital; R.K. Saurenmann, MD, Cantonal Hospital Wintherthur, University of Zürich; T. Herlin, MD, DMSc, Department of Pediatrics, Aarhus University
| | - Timo Peltomäki
- From the Section of Orthodontics, and the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, and the Department of Pediatrics, Aarhus University and Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark; Department of Pediatrics, Division of Rheumatology, Alberta Children's Hospital, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta; Division of Rheumatology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; the Specialist Oral Health Center for Western Norway, Rogaland, Stavanger, Norway; Department of Orthodontics, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany; Division of Pediatric Rheumatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama; Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Pediatrics, Emory University, and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia, USA; Clinic for Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, University Center for Dental Medicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Field of Dentistry, School of Medicine, University of Tampere and Oral and Maxillofacial Unit, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland; Department of Orofacial Pain and Jaw Function, Faculty of Odontology, Malmö University, Scandinavian Center for Orofacial Neurosciences, Malmö, Sweden; Division of Pediatric Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, BC Children's Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Seattle Children's Hospital; Seattle, Washington, USA; Cantonal Hospital Wintherthur, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.,P. Stoustrup, DDS, PhD, Section of Orthodontics, Aarhus University; M. Twilt, MD, PhD, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Rheumatology, Alberta Children's Hospital, University of Calgary; L. Spiegel, MD, FRCPC, Division of Rheumatology, The Hospital for Sick Children; K.D. Kristensen, DDS, PhD, Specialist Oral Health Center for Western Norway; B. Koos, DMD, Department of Orthodontics, University of Rostock; T.K. Pedersen, DDS, PhD, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, and Section of Orthodontics, Aarhus University; A. Küseler, DDS, PhD, Section of Orthodontics, Aarhus University; R.Q. Cron, MD, PhD, Division of Pediatric Rheumatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham; S. Abramowicz, DMD, MPH, Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Pediatrics, Emory University, and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta; C. Verna, DDS, PhD, Clinic for Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, University Center for Dental Medicine, University of Basel; T. Peltomäki, DDS, PhD, Field of Dentistry, School of Medicine, University of Tampere and Oral and Maxillofacial Unit, Tampere University Hospital; P. Alstergren, DDS, PhD, Department of Orofacial Pain and Jaw Function, Faculty of Odontology, Malmö University, Scandinavian Center for Orofacial Neurosciences; R. Petty, MD, PhD, FRCPC, Division of Pediatric Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, BC Children's Hospital; S. Ringold, MD, Division of Rheumatology, Seattle Children's Hospital; S.E. Nørholt, DDS, PhD, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Aarhus University Hospital; R.K. Saurenmann, MD, Cantonal Hospital Wintherthur, University of Zürich; T. Herlin, MD, DMSc, Department of Pediatrics, Aarhus University
| | - Per Alstergren
- From the Section of Orthodontics, and the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, and the Department of Pediatrics, Aarhus University and Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark; Department of Pediatrics, Division of Rheumatology, Alberta Children's Hospital, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta; Division of Rheumatology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; the Specialist Oral Health Center for Western Norway, Rogaland, Stavanger, Norway; Department of Orthodontics, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany; Division of Pediatric Rheumatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama; Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Pediatrics, Emory University, and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia, USA; Clinic for Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, University Center for Dental Medicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Field of Dentistry, School of Medicine, University of Tampere and Oral and Maxillofacial Unit, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland; Department of Orofacial Pain and Jaw Function, Faculty of Odontology, Malmö University, Scandinavian Center for Orofacial Neurosciences, Malmö, Sweden; Division of Pediatric Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, BC Children's Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Seattle Children's Hospital; Seattle, Washington, USA; Cantonal Hospital Wintherthur, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.,P. Stoustrup, DDS, PhD, Section of Orthodontics, Aarhus University; M. Twilt, MD, PhD, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Rheumatology, Alberta Children's Hospital, University of Calgary; L. Spiegel, MD, FRCPC, Division of Rheumatology, The Hospital for Sick Children; K.D. Kristensen, DDS, PhD, Specialist Oral Health Center for Western Norway; B. Koos, DMD, Department of Orthodontics, University of Rostock; T.K. Pedersen, DDS, PhD, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, and Section of Orthodontics, Aarhus University; A. Küseler, DDS, PhD, Section of Orthodontics, Aarhus University; R.Q. Cron, MD, PhD, Division of Pediatric Rheumatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham; S. Abramowicz, DMD, MPH, Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Pediatrics, Emory University, and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta; C. Verna, DDS, PhD, Clinic for Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, University Center for Dental Medicine, University of Basel; T. Peltomäki, DDS, PhD, Field of Dentistry, School of Medicine, University of Tampere and Oral and Maxillofacial Unit, Tampere University Hospital; P. Alstergren, DDS, PhD, Department of Orofacial Pain and Jaw Function, Faculty of Odontology, Malmö University, Scandinavian Center for Orofacial Neurosciences; R. Petty, MD, PhD, FRCPC, Division of Pediatric Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, BC Children's Hospital; S. Ringold, MD, Division of Rheumatology, Seattle Children's Hospital; S.E. Nørholt, DDS, PhD, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Aarhus University Hospital; R.K. Saurenmann, MD, Cantonal Hospital Wintherthur, University of Zürich; T. Herlin, MD, DMSc, Department of Pediatrics, Aarhus University
| | - Ross Petty
- From the Section of Orthodontics, and the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, and the Department of Pediatrics, Aarhus University and Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark; Department of Pediatrics, Division of Rheumatology, Alberta Children's Hospital, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta; Division of Rheumatology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; the Specialist Oral Health Center for Western Norway, Rogaland, Stavanger, Norway; Department of Orthodontics, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany; Division of Pediatric Rheumatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama; Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Pediatrics, Emory University, and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia, USA; Clinic for Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, University Center for Dental Medicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Field of Dentistry, School of Medicine, University of Tampere and Oral and Maxillofacial Unit, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland; Department of Orofacial Pain and Jaw Function, Faculty of Odontology, Malmö University, Scandinavian Center for Orofacial Neurosciences, Malmö, Sweden; Division of Pediatric Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, BC Children's Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Seattle Children's Hospital; Seattle, Washington, USA; Cantonal Hospital Wintherthur, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.,P. Stoustrup, DDS, PhD, Section of Orthodontics, Aarhus University; M. Twilt, MD, PhD, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Rheumatology, Alberta Children's Hospital, University of Calgary; L. Spiegel, MD, FRCPC, Division of Rheumatology, The Hospital for Sick Children; K.D. Kristensen, DDS, PhD, Specialist Oral Health Center for Western Norway; B. Koos, DMD, Department of Orthodontics, University of Rostock; T.K. Pedersen, DDS, PhD, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, and Section of Orthodontics, Aarhus University; A. Küseler, DDS, PhD, Section of Orthodontics, Aarhus University; R.Q. Cron, MD, PhD, Division of Pediatric Rheumatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham; S. Abramowicz, DMD, MPH, Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Pediatrics, Emory University, and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta; C. Verna, DDS, PhD, Clinic for Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, University Center for Dental Medicine, University of Basel; T. Peltomäki, DDS, PhD, Field of Dentistry, School of Medicine, University of Tampere and Oral and Maxillofacial Unit, Tampere University Hospital; P. Alstergren, DDS, PhD, Department of Orofacial Pain and Jaw Function, Faculty of Odontology, Malmö University, Scandinavian Center for Orofacial Neurosciences; R. Petty, MD, PhD, FRCPC, Division of Pediatric Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, BC Children's Hospital; S. Ringold, MD, Division of Rheumatology, Seattle Children's Hospital; S.E. Nørholt, DDS, PhD, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Aarhus University Hospital; R.K. Saurenmann, MD, Cantonal Hospital Wintherthur, University of Zürich; T. Herlin, MD, DMSc, Department of Pediatrics, Aarhus University
| | - Sarah Ringold
- From the Section of Orthodontics, and the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, and the Department of Pediatrics, Aarhus University and Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark; Department of Pediatrics, Division of Rheumatology, Alberta Children's Hospital, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta; Division of Rheumatology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; the Specialist Oral Health Center for Western Norway, Rogaland, Stavanger, Norway; Department of Orthodontics, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany; Division of Pediatric Rheumatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama; Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Pediatrics, Emory University, and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia, USA; Clinic for Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, University Center for Dental Medicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Field of Dentistry, School of Medicine, University of Tampere and Oral and Maxillofacial Unit, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland; Department of Orofacial Pain and Jaw Function, Faculty of Odontology, Malmö University, Scandinavian Center for Orofacial Neurosciences, Malmö, Sweden; Division of Pediatric Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, BC Children's Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Seattle Children's Hospital; Seattle, Washington, USA; Cantonal Hospital Wintherthur, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.,P. Stoustrup, DDS, PhD, Section of Orthodontics, Aarhus University; M. Twilt, MD, PhD, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Rheumatology, Alberta Children's Hospital, University of Calgary; L. Spiegel, MD, FRCPC, Division of Rheumatology, The Hospital for Sick Children; K.D. Kristensen, DDS, PhD, Specialist Oral Health Center for Western Norway; B. Koos, DMD, Department of Orthodontics, University of Rostock; T.K. Pedersen, DDS, PhD, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, and Section of Orthodontics, Aarhus University; A. Küseler, DDS, PhD, Section of Orthodontics, Aarhus University; R.Q. Cron, MD, PhD, Division of Pediatric Rheumatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham; S. Abramowicz, DMD, MPH, Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Pediatrics, Emory University, and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta; C. Verna, DDS, PhD, Clinic for Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, University Center for Dental Medicine, University of Basel; T. Peltomäki, DDS, PhD, Field of Dentistry, School of Medicine, University of Tampere and Oral and Maxillofacial Unit, Tampere University Hospital; P. Alstergren, DDS, PhD, Department of Orofacial Pain and Jaw Function, Faculty of Odontology, Malmö University, Scandinavian Center for Orofacial Neurosciences; R. Petty, MD, PhD, FRCPC, Division of Pediatric Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, BC Children's Hospital; S. Ringold, MD, Division of Rheumatology, Seattle Children's Hospital; S.E. Nørholt, DDS, PhD, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Aarhus University Hospital; R.K. Saurenmann, MD, Cantonal Hospital Wintherthur, University of Zürich; T. Herlin, MD, DMSc, Department of Pediatrics, Aarhus University
| | - Sven Erik Nørholt
- From the Section of Orthodontics, and the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, and the Department of Pediatrics, Aarhus University and Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark; Department of Pediatrics, Division of Rheumatology, Alberta Children's Hospital, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta; Division of Rheumatology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; the Specialist Oral Health Center for Western Norway, Rogaland, Stavanger, Norway; Department of Orthodontics, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany; Division of Pediatric Rheumatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama; Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Pediatrics, Emory University, and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia, USA; Clinic for Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, University Center for Dental Medicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Field of Dentistry, School of Medicine, University of Tampere and Oral and Maxillofacial Unit, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland; Department of Orofacial Pain and Jaw Function, Faculty of Odontology, Malmö University, Scandinavian Center for Orofacial Neurosciences, Malmö, Sweden; Division of Pediatric Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, BC Children's Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Seattle Children's Hospital; Seattle, Washington, USA; Cantonal Hospital Wintherthur, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.,P. Stoustrup, DDS, PhD, Section of Orthodontics, Aarhus University; M. Twilt, MD, PhD, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Rheumatology, Alberta Children's Hospital, University of Calgary; L. Spiegel, MD, FRCPC, Division of Rheumatology, The Hospital for Sick Children; K.D. Kristensen, DDS, PhD, Specialist Oral Health Center for Western Norway; B. Koos, DMD, Department of Orthodontics, University of Rostock; T.K. Pedersen, DDS, PhD, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, and Section of Orthodontics, Aarhus University; A. Küseler, DDS, PhD, Section of Orthodontics, Aarhus University; R.Q. Cron, MD, PhD, Division of Pediatric Rheumatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham; S. Abramowicz, DMD, MPH, Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Pediatrics, Emory University, and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta; C. Verna, DDS, PhD, Clinic for Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, University Center for Dental Medicine, University of Basel; T. Peltomäki, DDS, PhD, Field of Dentistry, School of Medicine, University of Tampere and Oral and Maxillofacial Unit, Tampere University Hospital; P. Alstergren, DDS, PhD, Department of Orofacial Pain and Jaw Function, Faculty of Odontology, Malmö University, Scandinavian Center for Orofacial Neurosciences; R. Petty, MD, PhD, FRCPC, Division of Pediatric Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, BC Children's Hospital; S. Ringold, MD, Division of Rheumatology, Seattle Children's Hospital; S.E. Nørholt, DDS, PhD, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Aarhus University Hospital; R.K. Saurenmann, MD, Cantonal Hospital Wintherthur, University of Zürich; T. Herlin, MD, DMSc, Department of Pediatrics, Aarhus University
| | - Rotraud K Saurenmann
- From the Section of Orthodontics, and the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, and the Department of Pediatrics, Aarhus University and Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark; Department of Pediatrics, Division of Rheumatology, Alberta Children's Hospital, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta; Division of Rheumatology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; the Specialist Oral Health Center for Western Norway, Rogaland, Stavanger, Norway; Department of Orthodontics, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany; Division of Pediatric Rheumatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama; Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Pediatrics, Emory University, and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia, USA; Clinic for Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, University Center for Dental Medicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Field of Dentistry, School of Medicine, University of Tampere and Oral and Maxillofacial Unit, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland; Department of Orofacial Pain and Jaw Function, Faculty of Odontology, Malmö University, Scandinavian Center for Orofacial Neurosciences, Malmö, Sweden; Division of Pediatric Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, BC Children's Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Seattle Children's Hospital; Seattle, Washington, USA; Cantonal Hospital Wintherthur, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.,P. Stoustrup, DDS, PhD, Section of Orthodontics, Aarhus University; M. Twilt, MD, PhD, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Rheumatology, Alberta Children's Hospital, University of Calgary; L. Spiegel, MD, FRCPC, Division of Rheumatology, The Hospital for Sick Children; K.D. Kristensen, DDS, PhD, Specialist Oral Health Center for Western Norway; B. Koos, DMD, Department of Orthodontics, University of Rostock; T.K. Pedersen, DDS, PhD, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, and Section of Orthodontics, Aarhus University; A. Küseler, DDS, PhD, Section of Orthodontics, Aarhus University; R.Q. Cron, MD, PhD, Division of Pediatric Rheumatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham; S. Abramowicz, DMD, MPH, Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Pediatrics, Emory University, and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta; C. Verna, DDS, PhD, Clinic for Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, University Center for Dental Medicine, University of Basel; T. Peltomäki, DDS, PhD, Field of Dentistry, School of Medicine, University of Tampere and Oral and Maxillofacial Unit, Tampere University Hospital; P. Alstergren, DDS, PhD, Department of Orofacial Pain and Jaw Function, Faculty of Odontology, Malmö University, Scandinavian Center for Orofacial Neurosciences; R. Petty, MD, PhD, FRCPC, Division of Pediatric Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, BC Children's Hospital; S. Ringold, MD, Division of Rheumatology, Seattle Children's Hospital; S.E. Nørholt, DDS, PhD, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Aarhus University Hospital; R.K. Saurenmann, MD, Cantonal Hospital Wintherthur, University of Zürich; T. Herlin, MD, DMSc, Department of Pediatrics, Aarhus University
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