Tubo-Ovarian Abscess in Non-Sexually Active Adolescent Girls: A Case Series and Literature Review

Surgical Treatment of Bilateral Tubo-Ovarian Abscess in a Pre-Coitarchal Female

Tubo-ovarian abscess (TOA) is a complication of pelvic inflammatory disease that is most commonly seen in sexually active females and seldom in pre-coitarchal adolescents. Initial treatment is generally parenteral antibiotics but often requires more invasive surgical procedures. We present the case of a 12-year-old, non-sexually active adolescent, with bilateral TOA who ultimately underwent a sterilizing bilateral salpingectomy and appendectomy for treatment.

A Rare Case of Premenarchal Ovarian Abscess Presenting as an Acute Abdomen

Ovarian abscesses are usually seen in females of reproductive age group. They may occur secondary to urinary tract infections, pelvic inflammatory diseases, or gastrointestinal infections. They are uncommon in premenarchal females. They can be either managed conservatively with antibiotics and analgesics or may require surgery. In this case report, we present the case of a 6-year-old female who presented to us with an acute abdomen, which was diagnosed as a case of ovarian abscess and improved on exploration and drainage.

Ruptured Appendicitis Leading to Development of a Tubo-Ovarian Abscess in a Non-sexually Active Adolescent Patient

Tubo-ovarian abscesses (TOA) are commonly associated with pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) caused by sexually transmitted infections (STI). There have been several reports of adolescent non-sexually active female patients diagnosed with TOAs. Symptoms of TOAs often mimic appendicitis and have often been diagnosed as such. We present a case of a 12-year-old non-sexually active adolescent who was initially diagnosed with ruptured appendicitis and found to have a TOA engulfing the appendix.

Xanthogranulomatous Salpingitis Presenting as Pyosalpinx in a Non-Sexually Active Adolescent Girl

INTRODUCTION

Although pelvic inflammatory disease is seen in sexually active women, it can also be seen in virgin girls. One of the conditions that can develop if not treated appropriately is pyosalpinx. A case of pyosalpinx causing xanthogranulomatous inflammation, a rare type of inflammation, is presented.

CASE

A 15-year-old virgin adolescent patient underwent salpingectomy for left pyosalpinx, and the pathology result revealed xanthogranulomatous salpingitis.

CONCLUSION

Pelvic inflammatory disease is extremely rare in virgin adolescents and there is usually an underlying anatomic anomaly. No anatomical anomaly was detected in our case, but the detection of E.coli in the abscess fluid culture and the chronic constipation of our patient made us think that the cause of the disease was an ascending infection originating from the gastrointestinal tract.

Late Occurrence of the Tubo-Ovarian Abscess after Appendectomy for Perforated Appendicitis in a Virginal Adolescent Girl

BACKGROUND

Tubo-ovarian abscess (TOA) is generally seen in sexually active women. It is rarely reported in virginal adolescent girls.

CASE

A 12-year-old virginal girl was referred to us for repeated fever and right lower abdominal pain. She had undergone an appendectomy for a perforated appendix with abscess 5 years previously. Laparoscopic surgery revealed pelvic adhesions associated with TOA in the right pelvis. At 2 months after laparoscopic drainage, she underwent resection of the affected tube with wedge resection of the ipsilateral ovary due to the recurrence of TOA.

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION

Late occurrence of TOA should be considered in the differential diagnosis of repeated abdominal pain and fever in virginal adolescent girls with a history of appendectomy for complicated appendicitis, even if the history is remote.

The Role of a Spinning Top Urethra in the Development of Pyosalpinx in a Precoital Female

Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) is commonly related to sexual intercourse in postpubescent females. Inflammation of the fallopian tubes (pyosalpinx) is a common complication. We describe a case of anatomic spinning top-shaped urethra that led lead to complicated recurrent severe abdominal infections in an 11-year-old precoital female. This case highlights that prepubescent females can have pyosalpinx and pelvic inflammatory disease and anatomic contributions to these presentations should be considered.

Pelvic inflammatory disease in the adolescent and young adult: An update

Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) is an infection of the female upper genital tract that is typically polymicrobial with classic core involvement of Neisseria gonorrhoeae and/or Chlamydia trachomatis, though other endogenous flora from the vagino-cervical areas can be involved as well. It is often a sexually transmitted disease but other etiologic routes are also noted. A variety of risk factors have been identified including adolescence, young adulthood, adolescent cervical ectropion, multiple sexual partners, immature immune system, history of previous PID, risky contraceptive practices and others. An early diagnosis and prompt treatment are necessary to reduce risks of PID complications such as chronic pelvic pain, ectopic pregnancy and infertility. Current management principles of PID are also reviewed. It is important for clinicians to screen sexually active females for common sexually transmitted infections such as Chlamydia trachomatis and provide safer sex education to their adolescent and young adult patients. Clinicians should provide comprehensive management to persons with PID and utilize established guidelines such as those from the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).