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Rajput N, Jadav T, Sengupta P. Identification and characterization of the rat in-vivo and in-vitro metabolites of tazemetostat using LC-QTOF-MS. Food Chem Toxicol 2024; 190:114785. [PMID: 38849047 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2024.114785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Revised: 05/27/2024] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024]
Abstract
In drug discovery, metabolite profiling unveils biotransformation pathways and potential toxicant formation, guiding selection of candidates with optimal pharmacokinetics and safety profiles. Tazemetostat (TAZ) is employed in treating locally advanced or metastatic epithelioid sarcoma. Identification of drug metabolites are of significant importance in improving safety, efficacy and reduced toxicity of drugs. The current study aimed to investigate the comprehensive metabolic fate of TAZ using different in vivo (rat) and in vitro (RLM, HLM, HS9) models. For in vivo studies, drug was orally administered to Sprague-Dawley rats with subsequent analysis of plasma, feces and urine samples. A total of 21 new metabolites were detected across various matrices and were separated on Phenomenex kinetex C18 (2.5 μm; 150 × 4.6 mm) column using acetonitrile and 0.1% formic acid in water as mobile phase. LC-QTOF-MS/MS and NMR techniques were employed to identify and characterize the metabolites from extracted samples. The major metabolic routes found in biotransformation of TAZ were hydroxylation, N-dealkylation, N-oxidation, hydrogenation, hydrolysis and N-acetylation. In silico toxicity revealed potential immunotoxicity for TAZ and few of its metabolites. This research article is the first time to discuss the complete metabolite profiling including identification and characterization of TAZ metabolites as well as its biotransformation mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niraj Rajput
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Ahmedabad (NIPER-A), An Institute of National Importance, Government of India, Opp. Airforce Station, Palaj, Gandhinagar, 382355, Gujarat, India
| | - Tarang Jadav
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Ahmedabad (NIPER-A), An Institute of National Importance, Government of India, Opp. Airforce Station, Palaj, Gandhinagar, 382355, Gujarat, India
| | - Pinaki Sengupta
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Ahmedabad (NIPER-A), An Institute of National Importance, Government of India, Opp. Airforce Station, Palaj, Gandhinagar, 382355, Gujarat, India.
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Kathar N, Rajput N, Jadav T, Sengupta P. Potential degradation products of abemaciclib: Identification and structural characterization employing LC-Q/TOF-MS and NMR including mechanistic explanation. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2024; 237:115762. [PMID: 37844364 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2023.115762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Revised: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
Degradation products are the potential drug impurities that can be generated during transport and storage of pharmaceuticals. Before this study, degradation chemistry and potential degradation products of abemaciclib (ABM) were unknown. Moreover, no stability-indicating analytical method was available that can be used to analyse ABM in presence of its degradation products. In this study, stress testing on ABM was carried out under oxidative, thermal, photolytic (UV & visible), and hydrolytic (acid, alkaline, and neutral) degradation conditions. The study revealed that ABM is susceptible to photolytic, oxidative, and thermal stress leading to the formation of five degradation products (DPs). ABM and its degradation products were chromatographically separated employing a developed RP-HPLC-based stability-indicating analytical method. The method was transferred to an LC-Q-TOF system for further analysis. To elucidate the structure of degradation products, fragmentation pathway of ABM was initially established through high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS). Subsequently, mass fragmentation pathways of all the DPs have been established through HRMS and MSn based analysis. The major degradation product was isolated and fully characterized using atmospheric chemical ionization-mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance techniques. ABM showed extensive degradation under oxidative and photolytic systems. Therefore, special care may be sought during storage and transport of ABM or its formulations to avoid photolytic and oxidative stress exposure to the drug. Lastly, in silico toxicity of the characterized degradation products was assessed employing ProTox ІІ online web predictor freeware in which some of them were found to have the potential of hepatotoxicity, immunogenicity and mutagenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nachiket Kathar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Ahmedabad (NIPER-A), An Institute of National Importance, Government of India, Department of Pharmaceuticals, Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers, Opp. Airforce Station, Palaj, Gandhinagar 382355, Gujarat, India
| | - Niraj Rajput
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Ahmedabad (NIPER-A), An Institute of National Importance, Government of India, Department of Pharmaceuticals, Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers, Opp. Airforce Station, Palaj, Gandhinagar 382355, Gujarat, India
| | - Tarang Jadav
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Ahmedabad (NIPER-A), An Institute of National Importance, Government of India, Department of Pharmaceuticals, Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers, Opp. Airforce Station, Palaj, Gandhinagar 382355, Gujarat, India
| | - Pinaki Sengupta
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Ahmedabad (NIPER-A), An Institute of National Importance, Government of India, Department of Pharmaceuticals, Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers, Opp. Airforce Station, Palaj, Gandhinagar 382355, Gujarat, India.
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Merel S, Lege S, Yanez Heras JE, Zwiener C. Assessment of N-Oxide Formation during Wastewater Ozonation. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:410-417. [PMID: 27936617 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b02373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Worldwide, ozonation of secondary wastewater effluents is increasingly considered in order to decrease the load of organic contaminants before environmental discharge. However, despite the constantly growing knowledge of ozonation over the past few years, the characterization of transformation products (TPs) is still a major concern, particularly because such TPs might remain biologically active. It has been shown for selected tertiary amine pharmaceuticals that they react with ozone and form the corresponding N-oxides. This study therefore applies liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS) to assess the overall N-oxide formation during the pilot-scale ozonation of a secondary wastewater effluent from a major city in Germany. Sample analysis by LC-HRMS revealed the occurrence of 1,229 compounds, among which 853 were precursors attenuated by ozone and 165 were TPs. Further examination of precursors and TPs using Kendrick mass and Kendrick mass defect analysis revealed 34 pairs of precursors and products corresponding to a mono-oxygenation. Among these, 27 pairs (16% of all TPs) were consistent with N-oxides since the TP had a higher retention time than the precursor, a characteristic of these compounds. Using high resolution tandem mass spectrometry, 10 of these N-oxides could be identified and were shown to be stable during a subsequent filtration step.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvain Merel
- Environmental Analytical Chemistry, Center for Applied Geosciences, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen , Hölderlinstraße 12, 72074 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Sascha Lege
- Environmental Analytical Chemistry, Center for Applied Geosciences, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen , Hölderlinstraße 12, 72074 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Jorge E Yanez Heras
- Environmental Analytical Chemistry, Center for Applied Geosciences, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen , Hölderlinstraße 12, 72074 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Christian Zwiener
- Environmental Analytical Chemistry, Center for Applied Geosciences, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen , Hölderlinstraße 12, 72074 Tübingen, Germany
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Wieder ME, Brown P, Grainger L, Teale P. Identification of etamiphylline and metabolites in equine plasma and urine by accurate mass and liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. Drug Test Anal 2010; 2:271-7. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Holman SW, Wright P, Langley GJ. A Rapid Methodology for the Characterization of Dialkyl Tertiary Amine-N-Oxide Metabolites Using Structurally Dependent Dissociation Pathways and Reconstructed Ion Current Chromatograms. Anal Chem 2010; 82:2347-54. [DOI: 10.1021/ac902540b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen W. Holman
- School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, U.K., and Department of Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Ramsgate Road, Sandwich, CT13 9NJ, U.K
| | - Patricia Wright
- School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, U.K., and Department of Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Ramsgate Road, Sandwich, CT13 9NJ, U.K
| | - G. John Langley
- School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, U.K., and Department of Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Ramsgate Road, Sandwich, CT13 9NJ, U.K
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Sun X, Niu L, Li X, Lu X, Li F. Characterization of metabolic profile of mosapride citrate in rat and identification of two new metabolites: Mosapride N-oxide and morpholine ring-opened mosapride by UPLC–ESI-MS/MS. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2009; 50:27-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2009.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2008] [Revised: 03/08/2009] [Accepted: 03/10/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Wright P, Alex A, Gibson D, Jones R, Macrae P. Characterisation of sulphoxides by atmospheric pressure ionisation mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2005; 19:2005-14. [PMID: 15962358 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
An observation that a series of proprietary compounds containing a methyl thiophenyl group all underwent metabolic S-oxidation, and that the product ion spectra of the resulting S-oxides showed methyl radical loss under low-energy atmospheric pressure ionisation tandem mass spectrometry (API-MS/MS) conditions, has led to an investigation of the fragmentation of commercially available sulphoxides. The phenyl methyl sulphoxides studied do lose methyl radicals under MS/MS conditions on triple quadrupole mass spectrometers. In addition, the phenyl sulphoxides, with simple substituents other than a methyl group, also showed a tendency to lose the substituent as a radical. It was concluded that radical loss from these simple sulphoxides was characteristic of S-oxidation of these molecules. Radical losses, such as those reported here, are used in-house to distinguish S-oxidation from N- and C-oxidation in metabolism studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Wright
- Department of Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Ramsgate Road, Sandwich CT13 9NJ, UK.
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