Comparative study of the continuous wavelet transform, derivative and partial least squares methods applied to the overlapping spectra for the simultaneous quantitative resolution of ascorbic acid and acetylsalicylic acid in effervescent tablets

Comparative Study of Continuous Wavelet Transform and Multivariate Calibration for the Simultaneous Spectrophotometric Determination of Tamsulosin and Solifenacin in Pharmaceutical Formulation and Biological Sample

BACKGROUND

Spectrophotometry alone is not applicable for the simultaneous determination of drugs in a multicomponent pharmaceutical formulation owing to their overlap.

OBJECTIVE

In this study, the combination of UV-Vis spectrophotometry and chemometric methods, including continuous wavelet transform (CWT) and partial least-squares (PLS) was presented for the simultaneous estimation of tamsulosin (TAM) and solifenacin (SOL) in synthetic mixtures, commercial formulations, and a biological sample.

METHODS

The simultaneous spectrophotometric determination of TAM and SOL in binary mixtures, a real sample, and a biological sample was performed by applying CWT and PLS approaches.

RESULTS

In the CWT method, two various wavelet families named Daubechies (db2) at wavelength 223 nm and Biorthogonal (bior1.3) at wavelength 227 nm based on the appropriate zero-crossing point were selected for TAM and SOL, respectively. The linear ranges of TAM and SOL were 0.25-4 μg/mL and 10-30 μg/mL, respectively. The LODs were 0.0459 μg/mL and 0.2085 μg/mL, while the LOQs were 0.3208 μg/mL and 0.6495 μg/mL for TAM and SOL, respectively. The average recovery values of 18 mixtures were 98.28% and 97.79% for TAM and SOL, respectively. Also, the root mean square error (RMSE) of both components was lower than 2.3. Based on the k-fold cross-validation in the PLS approach, the optimum number of components related to TAM and SOL were 9 and 5 with a mean square error prediction (MSEP) of 0.0153 and 0.0370, respectively. The mean recovery values of the test set were found to be 100.09% for TAM and 99.95% for SOL where RMSE values were 0.0064 and 0.0169 for TAM and SOL, respectively.

CONCLUSION

Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was applied to the results of the real sample and there was no significant difference between the proposed methods and HPLC as a reference technique. The result obtained revealed that the proposed methods were found to be fast, facile, economical, and precise, and provide a suitable alternative to the HPLC technique for the concurrent determination of TAM and SOL in QC laboratories.

HIGHLIGHTS

UV-Vis spectrophotometry combined with CWT and PLS was developed. Simultaneous analysis of TAM and SOL was performed using the proposed approaches. These methods were implemented on synthetic mixtures, commercial formulations, and a biological sample. ANOVA test was used to compare the suggested methods and the HPLC technique.

Improved spectral resolution for the rapid simultaneous spectrophotometric determination of sofosbuvir and daclatasvir as anti hepatitis C virus drugs in pharmaceutical formulation and biological fluid using continuous wavelet and derivative transform

In this study, the simultaneous spectrophotometric estimation of Sofosbuvir (SOF) and Daclatasvir (DAC) in synthetic mixtures and tablet formulation in the presence of overlapping spectra was performed based on continuous wavelet transform (CWT) and derivative spectrophotometry (DS) methods without any separation process. The Coiflet (Coif2) and Daubechies (Db3) wavelet families with wavelength of 256 nm and 218 nm were obtained as the best families for the simultaneous determination of SOF and DAC, respectively. Also, the first derivative absorption spectra revealed the best results corresponding to the analysis of SOF and DAC at 237 nm and 291 nm, respectively. The ranges of limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantitation (LOQ) related to the CWT and DS methods were 2.45 × 10^-3 to 0.5054 and 6.91 × 10^-3 to 0.6027, respectively. Mean recovery values of SOF and DAC in synthetic mixtures for CWT approach were 98.55%, 98.09% and in DS method were 98.78% and 95.83%, respectively. Real samples, including Sovodak tablet and urine was used for accurate simultaneous determination of the mentioned components. Analyzing Sovodak tablet was implemented using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) as a reference method that the results were near to the CWT and DS methods. In order to investigate the existence of significant differences between the methods, analysis of variance (ANOVA) test at the 95% confidence level was performed but no significant differences were observed. In addition, the amounts of SOF and DAC in the complex matrix of biological sample were well predicted by the proposed methods.

Sensitive and cost effective disposable composite electrode based on graphite, nano-smectite and multiwall carbon nanotubes for the simultaneous trace level detection of ascorbic acid and acetylsalicylic acid in pharmaceuticals

In this study, we used nano-smectite (SMT) and multiwall carbon nanotube (MWCNT) as a recognition surface over the disposable pencil graphite electrode for the low-level detection of ascorbic acid (AA) and acetyl salicylic acid (ACA). Firstly, nano-semectit was obtained by the purification of natural bentonite clay. XRD patterns and Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were employed to ensure the purity of the bentonite samples. Pencil graphite rodes were immersed into suspensions of SMT, MWCNT or the both.The surface morphology of the sensor was investigated by cyclic voltammery (CV), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and SEM techniques. The effect of pH, percentage composition of modifiers, immobilization time, accumulation time and accumulation potential was optimized for reaching the best electroanalytical response for AA and ACA. The sensor developed proved to give good recovery, notable electro-catalytic activity and appropriately distant signals for the simultaneous determination of the analytes. Common contaminates, uric acid, l-cysteine, dopamine, glucose, Na⁺, Cl^- and citric acid were investigated for their interference effects. Uric acid, citric acid and dopamine were found to interfere to some extent. The electrode exhibited wide working ranges and a fairly satisfactory detection limit of 0.096 and 0.241 μM for AA and ACA, respectively. The electrode system proved to be practical for the analysis of pharmaceutical tablets and the recovery results are very satisfactory.

Wavelet Transform-Based UV Spectroscopy for Pharmaceutical Analysis

In research and development laboratories, chemical or pharmaceutical analysis has been carried out by evaluating sample signals obtained from instruments. However, the qualitative and quantitative determination based on raw signals may not be always possible due to sample complexity. In such cases, there is a need for powerful signal processing methodologies that can effectively process raw signals to get correct results. Wavelet transform is one of the most indispensable and popular signal processing methods currently used for noise removal, background correction, differentiation, data smoothing and filtering, data compression and separation of overlapping signals etc. This review article describes the theoretical aspects of wavelet transform (i.e., discrete, continuous and fractional) and its characteristic applications in UV spectroscopic analysis of pharmaceuticals.

Chemometric simultaneous determination of Sofosbuvir and Ledipasvir in pharmaceutical dosage form

Partial least squares (PLS), different families of continuous wavelet transform (CWT), and first derivative spectrophotometry (DS) techniques were studied for quantification of Sofosbuvir (SFB) and Ledipasvir (LDV) simultaneously without separation step. The components were dissolved in Acetonitrile and the spectral behaviors were evaluated in the range of 200 to 400nm. The ultraviolet (UV) absorbance of LDV exhibits no interferences between 300 and 400nm and it was decided to predict the LDV amount through the classic spectrophotometry (CS) method in this spectral region as well. Data matrix of concentrations and calibrated models were developed, and then by applying a validation set the accuracy and precision of each model were studied. Actual concentrations versus predicted concentrations plotted and good correlation coefficients by each method resulted. Pharmaceutical dosage form was quantified by developed methods and the results were compared with the High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) reference method. Analysis Of Variance (ANOVA) in 95% confidence level showed no significant differences among methods.

Evaluation of the efficiency of continuous wavelet transform as processing and preprocessing algorithm for resolution of overlapped signals in univariate and multivariate regression analyses; an application to ternary and quaternary mixtures

Wavelets have been adapted for a vast number of signal-processing applications due to the amount of information that can be extracted from a signal. In this work, a comparative study on the efficiency of continuous wavelet transform (CWT) as a signal processing tool in univariate regression and a pre-processing tool in multivariate analysis using partial least square (CWT-PLS) was conducted. These were applied to complex spectral signals of ternary and quaternary mixtures. CWT-PLS method succeeded in the simultaneous determination of a quaternary mixture of drotaverine (DRO), caffeine (CAF), paracetamol (PAR) and p-aminophenol (PAP, the major impurity of paracetamol). While, the univariate CWT failed to simultaneously determine the quaternary mixture components and was able to determine only PAR and PAP, the ternary mixtures of DRO, CAF, and PAR and CAF, PAR, and PAP. During the calculations of CWT, different wavelet families were tested. The univariate CWT method was validated according to the ICH guidelines. While for the development of the CWT-PLS model a calibration set was prepared by means of an orthogonal experimental design and their absorption spectra were recorded and processed by CWT. The CWT-PLS model was constructed by regression between the wavelet coefficients and concentration matrices and validation was performed by both cross validation and external validation sets. Both methods were successfully applied for determination of the studied drugs in pharmaceutical formulations.

The application of continuous wavelet transform and least squares support vector machine for the simultaneous quantitative spectrophotometric determination of Myricetin, Kaempferol and Quercetin as flavonoids in pharmaceutical plants

Flavonoids are γ-benzopyrone derivatives, which are highly regarded in these researchers for their antioxidant property. In this study, two new signals processing methods been coupled with UV spectroscopy for spectral resolution and simultaneous quantitative determination of Myricetin, Kaempferol and Quercetin as flavonoids in Laurel, St. John's Wort and Green Tea without the need for any previous separation procedure. The developed methods are continuous wavelet transform (CWT) and least squares support vector machine (LS-SVM) methods integrated with UV spectroscopy individually. Different wavelet families were tested by CWT method and finally the Daubechies wavelet family (Db4) for Myricetin and the Gaussian wavelet families for Kaempferol (Gaus3) and Quercetin (Gaus7) were selected and applied for simultaneous analysis under the optimal conditions. The LS-SVM was applied to build the flavonoids prediction model based on absorption spectra. The root mean square errors for prediction (RMSEP) of Myricetin, Kaempferol and Quercetin were 0.0552, 0.0275 and 0.0374, respectively. The developed methods were validated by the analysis of the various synthetic mixtures associated with a well- known flavonoid contents. Mean recovery values of Myricetin, Kaempferol and Quercetin, in CWT method were 100.123, 100.253, 100.439 and in LS-SVM method were 99.94, 99.81 and 99.682, respectively. The results achieved by analyzing the real samples from the CWT and LS-SVM methods were compared to the HPLC reference method and the results were very close to the reference method. Meanwhile, the obtained results of the one-way ANOVA (analysis of variance) test revealed that there was no significant difference between the suggested methods.

Deviations from bilinearity in multivariate voltammetric calibration models

This work considers the problem of lack of bilinearity in multivariate calibration. In voltammetry this issue especially relies on the analysis of overlapping signals, which change the shape, sensitivity or shift along the potential axis, causing a significant loss of linearity. It limits the quality of many chemometric models designed for linear data. Improvement of the predictive ability of multivariate calibration models is achieved by pre-processing of the raw data. In this work we proposed the application of a technique called orthogonal signal correction (OSC). We demonstrated that orthogonal correction enables the removal of almost all non-linear effects, disturbing voltammetric signals that impede the building of effective PLS models. The methodology was presented using simulated signals, and also in determination of the nanomolar concentration of scandium in the presence of a high and changing excess of nickel.

A rapid method for the simultaneous determination of L-ascorbic acid and acetylsalicylic acid in aspirin C effervescent tablet by ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry

In present study, a rapid and sensitive method using ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) was developed for the simultaneous determination of L-ascorbic acid and acetylsalicylic acid in aspirin C effervescent tablet. The optimum chromatographic separation was carried out on a reversed phase Waters® Acquity UPLC BEH C18 column (1.7 μm particle size, 100 mm × 2.1 mm ID) with an isocratic elution profile and mobile phase consisting of 0.1% formic acid in water and acetonitrile (75:25, v/v, pH 3.5) at flow rate of 0.5 mL min(-1). The influences of mobile phase composition, flow rate and pH on chromatographic resolution were investigated. The total chromatographic analysis time was as short as 2 min with excellent resolution. Detection and quantification of the target compounds were carried out with a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer using negative electrospray ionization (ESI) and multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) modes. The performance of the method was evaluated and very low limits of detection less than 0.09 μg g(-1), excellent coefficient correlation (r(2)>0.999) with liner range over a concentration range of 0.1-1.0 μg g(-1) for both L-ascorbic acid and acetylsalicylic acid, and good intraday and interday precisions (relative standard deviations (R.S.D.) <3%), were obtained. Comparison of system performance with traditional liquid chromatography-photo diode array detector (HPLC-PDA) was made with respect to analysis time, sensitivity, linearity and precisions. The proposed UPLC-MS/MS method was found to be reproducible and appropriate for quantitative analysis of L-ascorbic acid and acetylsalicylic acid in aspirin C effervescent tablet.

Simultaneous spectrophotometric determination of cyproterone acetate and ethinyl estradiol in tablets using continuous wavelet and derivative transform

In this study a zero crossing technique based on continuous wavelet transform (CWT) as well as classical derivative spectrophotometry (CDS) is presented for simultaneous determination of cyproterone acetate and ethinyl estradiol in binary mixtures and commercial dosage of drug, without using prior chemical pre-treatment. Absorption spectra were recorded in the wavelength range 200-400 nm. Absorbance data were subjected to various mother wavelets from continuous wavelet transform family to find the optimum point of the wavelet signal processing (Matlab 7.5) gaus 15 and morl wavelet functions with scaling factor, a=70 and 3rd derivative with Deltalambda=10 nm, were selected. Optimum value of scaling factor was chosen to obtain an appropriate calibration for each method. The validation of proposed methods was investigated by several synthetic mixtures and obtained results were successfully compared among each other. Mean recovery values were found between 96.93% and 101.7% for CWT and 95.55% and 104.22% for DS, respectively for the determination of cyproterone acetate and ethinyl estradiol in synthetic mixtures. The developed methods are rapid, precise and easy to apply for the analysis of overlapping signals of the components in the mixtures. Obtained results from the CWT were compared to those yielded by CDS which were in good agreement and therefore led to a successful determination.

Determination of lamivudine and stavudine in pharmaceutical preparations using chemometrics-assisted spectrophotometry

A simple chemometrics-assisted spectrophotometric method for the simultaneous determination of lamivudine and stavudine in pharmaceutical tablets is described. The UV absorption spectra of the studied drugs, in the range of 200-310 nm, showed a considerable degree of spectral overlapping ([Di ](0.5) = 94.9%). Resolution of the mixture has been accomplished by using classical least-squares regression analysis (CLS) and principle components regression analysis methods (PCR). Beer's law was obeyed for both drugs in the general concentration ranges of 2-12 and 3-15 μg ml(-1) for lamivudine and stavudine, respectively. The proposed methods were successfully applied for the determination of the two drugs in laboratory prepared mixtures. The overall recoveries percent were found 98.58 ± 1.53-101.30 ± 1.35 (CLS) and 98.62 ± 1.65-101.13 ± 1.04 (PCR) for lamivudine and 98.43 ± 1.62-99.42 ± 1.55 (CLS) and 98.23 ± 1.97-101.20 ± 1.79 (PCR) for stavudine, respectively. The commercial tablets percentage content was found 98.10 ± 2.5-102.47 ± 2.94 (CLS) and 99.12 ± 1.71-100.92 ± 1.54 (PCR) for lamivudine and 96.00 ± 2.94-98.17 ± 1.72 (CLS) and 97.40 ± 1.55-97.80 ± 1.92 (PCR) for stavudine, respectively. Good percentage recoveries and proper statistical data obtained with both the laboratory prepared mixtures and the commercial tablets proved the suitability and efficiency of the proposed procedures for routine analysis and quality control purposes with quite satisfactory precision. A comparison of the obtained results from CLS and PCR were also performed with those obtained from reported method. The obtained F- and t-values obtained indicating no significant differences between the results of the proposed and reported methods.

Comparative spectral analysis of veterinary powder product by continuous wavelet and derivative transforms

Comparative simultaneous determination of chlortetracycline and benzocaine in the commercial veterinary powder product was carried out by continuous wavelet transform (CWT) and classical derivative transform (or classical derivative spectrophotometry). In this quantitative spectral analysis, two proposed analytical methods do not require any chemical separation process. In the first step, several wavelet families were tested to find an optimal CWT for the overlapping signal processing of the analyzed compounds. Subsequently, we observed that the coiflets (COIF-CWT) method with dilation parameter, a=400, gives suitable results for this analytical application. For a comparison, the classical derivative spectrophotometry (CDS) approach was also applied to the simultaneous quantitative resolution of the same analytical problem. Calibration functions were obtained by measuring the transform amplitudes corresponding to zero-crossing points for both CWT and CDS methods. The utility of these two analytical approaches were verified by analyzing various synthetic mixtures consisting of chlortetracycline and benzocaine and they were applied to the real samples consisting of veterinary powder formulation. The experimental results obtained from the COIF-CWT approach were statistically compared with those obtained by classical derivative spectrophotometry and successful results were reported.

Combined wavelet transform–artificial neural network use in tablet active content determination by near-infrared spectroscopy

The pharmaceutical industry faces increasing regulatory pressure to optimize quality control. Content uniformity is a basic release test for solid dosage forms. To accelerate test throughput and comply with the Food and Drug Administration's process analytical technology initiative, attention is increasingly turning to nondestructive spectroscopic techniques, notably near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy (NIRS). However, validation of NIRS using requisite linearity and standard error of prediction (SEP) criteria remains a challenge. This study applied wavelet transformation of the NIR spectra of a commercial tablet to build a model using conventional partial least squares (PLS) regression and an artificial neural network (ANN). Wavelet coefficients in the PLS and ANN models reduced SEP by up to 60% compared to PLS models using mathematical spectra pretreatment. ANN modeling yielded high-linearity calibration and a correlation coefficient exceeding 0.996.

A new fractional wavelet approach for the simultaneous determination of ampicillin sodium and sulbactam sodium in a binary mixture

A new application of the fractional wavelet transform (FWT) was proposed for the simultaneous determination of ampicillin (AP) and sulbactam (SB) in a pharmaceutical combination for injection. FWT approach is a new powerful tool for removing noise and irrelevant information from the absorption spectra. Cardinal information having higher peak amplitude, eliminated noise, sharp peaks with shrinking width of spectral range was obtained by the application of FWT procedure to the original absorption spectra. In this paper, FWT approach was subjected to the data vector of the UV-signals obtained from AP and SB in the wavelength range of 211.5-313.8 nm. Derivative transform was applied to the original absorption signal together with its FWT generalization. The calibration graphs for AP and SB were obtained by measuring the FWT and usual derivative amplitudes at zero-crossing points. The method validation was carried out by using the synthetic mixture analysis. Our proposed FWT approach was compared with the usual derivative spectrophotometry and chemometric methods (CLS, PCR and PLS) and a good agreement was reported.