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Farkas Á, Tomisa G, Kugler S, Nagy A, Vaskó A, Kis E, Szénási G, Gálffy G, Horváth A. The effect of exhalation before the inhalation of dry powder aerosol drugs on the breathing parameters, emitted doses and aerosol size distributions. Int J Pharm X 2023; 5:100167. [PMID: 36824288 PMCID: PMC9941374 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpx.2023.100167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Airway deposition of aerosol drugs is highly dependent on the breathing manoeuvre of the patients. Though incorrect exhalation before the inhalation of the drug is one of the most common mistakes, its effect on the rest of the manoeuvre and on the airway deposition distribution of aerosol drugs is not explored in the open literature. The aim of the present work was to conduct inhalation experiments using six dry powder inhalers in order to quantify the effect of the degree of lung emptying on the inhalation time, inhaled volume and peak inhalation flow. Another goal of the research was to determine the effect of the exhalation on the aerodynamic properties of the drugs emitted by the same inhalers. According to the measurements, deep exhalation before drug inhalation increased the volume of the inhaled air and the average and maximum values of the inhalation flow rate, but the extent of the increase was patient and inhaler specific. For different inhalers, the mean value of the relative increase in peak inhalation flow due to forceful exhalation was between 15.3 and 38.4% (min: Easyhaler®, max: Breezhaler®), compared to the case of normal (tidal) exhalation before the drug inhalation. The relative increase in the inhaled volume was between 36.4 and 57.1% (min: NEXThaler®, max: Turbuhaler®). By the same token, forceful exhalation resulted in higher emitted doses and smaller emitted particles, depending on the individual breathing ability of the patient, the inhalation device and the drug metered in it. The relative increase in the emitted dose varied between 0.2 and 8.0% (min: Foster® NEXThaler®, max: Bufomix® Easyhaler®), while the relative enhancement of fine particle dose ranged between 1.9 and 30.8% (min: Foster® NEXThaler®, max: Symbicort® Turbuhaler®), depending on the inhaler. All these effects and parameter values point toward higher airway doses due to forceful exhalation before the inhalation of the drug. At the same time, the present findings highlight the necessity of proper patient education on the importance of lung emptying, but also the importance of patient-specific inhaler-drug pair choice in the future.
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Key Words
- AF, aerosolized fraction
- Aerosol drug delivery
- BMI, body mass index
- Breathing parameters
- CAD, computer aided design
- COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
- CT, computed tomography
- DPI, dry powder inhaler
- Dry powder inhalers
- ED, emitted dose
- FEV1, expiratory volume at the end of the first second of forced exhalation
- FPF, fine particle fraction
- FVC, forced vital capacity
- GSD, geometric standard deviation
- ICS, inhalation cortico-steroid
- IV, inhaled volume
- IVC, inspiratory vital capacity
- IVdev, inhaled volume through an inhalation device
- Inhalation therapy
- LABA, long-acting beta-agonist
- Lung emptying
- MMAD, mass median aerodynamic diameter
- PEF, peak expiratory flow
- PIF, peak inhalation flow
- PIFdev, peak inhalation flow through an inhalation device
- PIL, patient information leaflet
- Q, mean inhalation flow rate
- Qdev, mean inhalation flow rate through an inhalation device
- SPC, summary of product characteristics
- tin, inhalation time
- tin-dev, inhalation time through an inhalation device
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Affiliation(s)
- Árpád Farkas
- Centre for Energy Research, Konkoly Thege M. út 29-33, 1121 Budapest, Hungary,Corresponding author at: Centre for Energy Research, Konkoly-Thege Miklós út 29-33, 1121 Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Gábor Tomisa
- Chiesi Hungary Kft., Dunavirág utca 2, 1138 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Szilvia Kugler
- Centre for Energy Research, Konkoly Thege M. út 29-33, 1121 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Attila Nagy
- Wigner Research Centre for Physics, Konkoly Thege M. út 29-33, 1121 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Attila Vaskó
- Pulmonology Clinic, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei krt. 98, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Erika Kis
- Babes-Bolyai University, Hungarian Department of Biology and Ecology, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | | | - Gabriella Gálffy
- County Institute of Pulmonology, Department of Pulmonology, Munkácsy M. u. 70, 2045 Törökbálint, Hungary
| | - Alpár Horváth
- Chiesi Hungary Kft., Dunavirág utca 2, 1138 Budapest, Hungary
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Comparative Evaluation of Fine Particle Fraction and T2 Fraction by Using Next Generation Impactor (NGI) and Glass Twin Impinger (GTI) on Formoterol Fumarate and Tiotropium Dry Powder Inhaler (DPI) Marketed Products. Pharm Chem J 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11094-022-02700-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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Farkas Á, Horváth A, Tomisa G, Kovács T, Böcskei RM, Kis E, Varga J. Do we really target the receptors? Deposition and co-deposition of ICS-LABA fixed combination drugs. Eur J Pharm Sci 2022; 174:106186. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2022.106186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Method Development and Validation for Determining Formoterol Fumarate and Tiotropium in Tiomate Transcaps Dry Powder Inhaler. Pharm Chem J 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11094-022-02591-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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5
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Feyzioğlu Demir E, Akgöl S. Synthesis and characterization of double molecular imprinted nanoparticles and investigation to adsorption of respiratory drugs. POLYM-PLAST TECH MAT 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/25740881.2021.1991949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Esra Feyzioğlu Demir
- Department of Medical Laboratory Techniques, Vocational School of Health Services, Izmir University of Economics, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Sinan Akgöl
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
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Horváth A, Farkas Á, Szipőcs A, Tomisa G, Szalai Z, Gálffy G. Numerical simulation of the effect of inhalation parameters, gender, age and disease severity on the lung deposition of dry powder aerosol drugs emitted by Turbuhaler®, Breezhaler® and Genuair® in COPD patients. Eur J Pharm Sci 2020; 154:105508. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2020.105508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Revised: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Alkhateeb FL, Wilson I, Maziarz M, Rainville P. Ultra high-performance liquid chromatography method development for separation of formoterol, budesonide, and related substances using an analytical quality by design approach. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2020; 193:113729. [PMID: 33171338 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2020.113729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The application of the Quality by Design (QbD) principles in developing a new ultra high performance liquid chromatography method for the analysis of formoterol/budesonide and related substances using Fusion QbD® software is explored. The effect of various chromatographic parameters including, column stationary phase, pH, temperature, flow rate, and gradient time on separations were systematically investigated. Results show that optimal separations of these compounds in a standard solution can be achieved using a BEH C18 column (2.1 × 1.7 μm × 10 cm) applying a pH of 8.2, a temperature of 35 °C, a flow rate of 0.35 mL min-1 and a gradient time of 25 min. Furthermore, the results show that the main parameters affecting the performance of the method were the mobile phase pH, gradient time, and the temperature. For example, the most important factor for peak tailing was the pH of the mobile phase and the critical factors affecting resolution of the analytes were the gradient time and the temperature. As an application, the method was further used to analyze budesonide and formoterol in a sample obtained from a Symbicort® metered dose inhaler and it was found to provide similar separations to those obtained with the standard solution. These findings indicate that applying the QbD principles in analytical method development can be very advantageous not only in obtaining deep understanding of the effect of input parameters but also potential regulatory flexibility.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ian Wilson
- Computational and Systems Medicine, Imperial College, London, UK
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Farkas Á, Lizal F, Jedelsky J, Elcner J, Horváth A, Jicha M. Simulation of Airway Deposition of an Aerosol Drug in COPD Patients. Pharmaceutics 2019; 11:pharmaceutics11040153. [PMID: 30939795 PMCID: PMC6523717 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics11040153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Revised: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Medical aerosols are key elements of current chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) therapy. Therapeutic effects are conditioned by the delivery of the right amount of medication to the right place within the airways, that is, to the drug receptors. Deposition of the inhaled drugs is sensitive to the breathing pattern of the patients which is also connected with the patient's disease severity. The objective of this work was to measure the realistic inhalation profiles of mild, moderate, and severe COPD patients, simulate the deposition patterns of Symbicort® Turbuhaler® dry powder drug and compare them to similar patterns of healthy control subjects. For this purpose, a stochastic airway deposition model has been applied. Our results revealed that the amount of drug depositing within the lungs correlated with the degree of disease severity. While drug deposition fraction in the lungs of mild COPD patients compared with that of healthy subjects (28% versus 31%), lung deposition fraction characteristic of severe COPD patients was lower by a factor of almost two (about 17%). Deposition fraction of moderate COPD patients was in-between (23%). This implies that for the same inhaler dosage severe COPD patients receive a significantly lower lung dose, although, they would need more.
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Affiliation(s)
- Árpád Farkas
- Centre for Energy Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Konkoly-Thege M. út 29-33, 1121 Budapest, Hungary.
- Energy Institute, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Brno University of Technology, Technicka 2896/2, 616 69 Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Frantisek Lizal
- Energy Institute, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Brno University of Technology, Technicka 2896/2, 616 69 Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Jan Jedelsky
- Energy Institute, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Brno University of Technology, Technicka 2896/2, 616 69 Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Jakub Elcner
- Energy Institute, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Brno University of Technology, Technicka 2896/2, 616 69 Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Alpár Horváth
- Chiesi Hungary Ltd., Dunavirág u. 2, 1138 Budapest, Hungary.
- Department of Pulmonology, County Institute of Pulmonology, 2045 Törökbálint, Hungary.
| | - Miroslav Jicha
- Energy Institute, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Brno University of Technology, Technicka 2896/2, 616 69 Brno, Czech Republic.
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Suzuki ÉY, Amaro MI, de Almeida GS, Cabral LM, Healy AM, de Sousa VP. Development of a new formulation of roflumilast for pulmonary drug delivery to treat inflammatory lung conditions. Int J Pharm 2018; 550:89-99. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2018.08.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2018] [Revised: 08/16/2018] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Elkady EF, Tammam MH, Elmaaty AA. Development and Validation of RP-HPLC Method for Simultaneous Estimation of Tiotropium Bromide, Formoterol Fumarate, and Olodaterol HCl in Bulk and Metered Dose Aerosols: Application to Olodaterol HCl Forced Degradation Study and Degradation Kinetics. Chromatographia 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-017-3413-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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11
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Salem YA, Shaldam MA, El-Sherbiny DT, El-Wasseef DR, El-Ashry SM. Simultaneous Determination of Formoterol Fumarate and Budesonide Epimers in Metered Dose Inhaler Using Ion-Pair Chromatography. J Chromatogr Sci 2017; 55:1013-1020. [DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bmx067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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12
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Bagherisadeghi G, Larhrib EH, Chrystyn H. Real life dose emission characterization using COPD patient inhalation profiles when they inhaled using a fixed dose combination (FDC) of the medium strength Symbicort ® Turbuhaler ®. Int J Pharm 2017; 522:137-146. [PMID: 28254655 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2017.02.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2016] [Revised: 02/19/2017] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The dose emitted from dry powder inhalers (DPI) is inhalation flow dependent and so varies with the peak inhalation flow (PIF) of a patient's inhalation maneuver (IM). Dose emission could also be affected by other IM parameters-the inhaled volume (Vin) and the initial acceleration rate of the IM (ACIM). We have adapted the compendial method for in-vitro DPI determinations so that inhalation profiles replace the inhalation square profile generated by a vacuum pump. These real-life patient inhalation profiles were measured when 18 COPD patients inhaled through an empty placebo Symbicort® Turbuhaler®. They have been used to identify the dose emission characteristics from a fixed dosed combination of 200μg budesonide plus 6μg formoterol Turbuhaler®. To isolate each inhalation parameter some profiles were modified to provide a further 9 profiles to study the influence of Vin and 27 to identify the effect of ACIM. The fine particle dose, total emitted dose and mass median aerodynamic diameter were significantly (p<0.05) influenced by PIF (p<0.05) whereas ACIM and Vin had only a small effect. The results show the value of this ex-vivo methodology to provide an insight into the dose that each patient would have inhaled during real-life use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Golshan Bagherisadeghi
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Huddersfield, Queensgate, Huddersfield, HD1 3DH, UK
| | - El Hassane Larhrib
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Huddersfield, Queensgate, Huddersfield, HD1 3DH, UK.
| | - Henry Chrystyn
- Inhalation Consultancy Ltd, Tarn House, 77 High Street, Yeadon, Leeds, LS19 7SP, UK
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Farkas Á, Jókay Á, Balásházy I, Füri P, Müller V, Tomisa G, Horváth A. Numerical simulation of emitted particle characteristics and airway deposition distribution of Symbicort(®) Turbuhaler(®) dry powder fixed combination aerosol drug. Eur J Pharm Sci 2016; 93:371-9. [PMID: 27552906 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2016.08.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Revised: 08/18/2016] [Accepted: 08/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
One of the most widespread dry powder fixed combinations used in asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) management is Symbicort(®) Turbuhaler(®). The aim of this study was to simulate the deposition distribution of both components of this drug within the airways based on realistic airflow measurements. Breathing parameters of 25 healthy adults (11 females and 14 males) were acquired while inhaling through Turbuhaler(®). Individual specific emitted doses and particle size distributions of Symbicort(®) Turbuhaler(®) were determined. A self-developed particle deposition model was adapted and validated to simulate the deposition of budesonide (inhaled corticosteroid; ICS) and formoterol (long acting β2 agonist; LABA) in the upper airways and lungs of the healthy volunteers. Based on current simulations the emitted doses varied between 50.4% and 92.5% of the metered dose for the ICS, and between 38% and 96.1% in case of LABA component depending on the individual inhalation flow rate. This variability induced a notable inter-individual spread of the deposited lung doses (mean: 33.6%, range: 20.4%-48.8% for budesonide and mean: 29.8%, range: 16.4%-42.9% for formoterol). Significant inter-gender differences were also observed. Average lung dose of budesonide was 29.2% of the metered dose for females and 37% for males, while formoterol deposited with 26.4% efficiency for females and 32.5% for males. Present results also highlighted the importance of breath-holding after inhalation of the drug. About a half of the total lung deposition occurred during breath-hold at 9.6s average breath-hold time. Calculated depositions confirmed appropriate lung deposition of Symbicort(®) Turbuhaler(®) for both genders, however more effort for optimal inhalation technique is advised for persons with low vital capacity. This study demonstrated the possibility of personalized prediction of airway deposition of aerosol drugs by numerical simulations. The methodology developed in this study will be applicable also to other marketed drugs in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Árpád Farkas
- Centre for Energy Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Konkoly-Thege Miklós út 29-33, 1121 Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Ágnes Jókay
- Centre for Energy Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Konkoly-Thege Miklós út 29-33, 1121 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Imre Balásházy
- Centre for Energy Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Konkoly-Thege Miklós út 29-33, 1121 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Péter Füri
- Centre for Energy Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Konkoly-Thege Miklós út 29-33, 1121 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Veronika Müller
- Department of Pulmonology, Semmelweis University, Diós árok 1/C, 1125 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gábor Tomisa
- Department of Pulmonology, Semmelweis University, Diós árok 1/C, 1125 Budapest, Hungary; Chiesi Hungary Kft., Dunavirág u. 2, 1138 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Alpár Horváth
- Department of Pulmonology, Semmelweis University, Diós árok 1/C, 1125 Budapest, Hungary; Chiesi Hungary Kft., Dunavirág u. 2, 1138 Budapest, Hungary
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El-Bagary RI, Fouad MA, El-Shal MA, Tolba EH. Forced degradation of mometasone furoate and development of two RP-HPLC methods for its determination with formoterol fumarate or salicylic acid. ARAB J CHEM 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2015.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
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Fiori J, Andrisano V. LC–MS method for the simultaneous determination of six glucocorticoids in pharmaceutical formulations and counterfeit cosmetic products. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2014; 91:185-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2013.12.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2013] [Revised: 12/20/2013] [Accepted: 12/21/2013] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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16
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Patil AT, Patil SD, Shaikh KA. SENSITIVE LC METHOD FOR SIMULTANEOUS DETERMINATION OF CICLESONIDE AND FORMOTEROL FUMARATE IN DRY POWDER INHALER. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2011. [DOI: 10.1080/10826076.2011.575980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ashish T. Patil
- a P.G. Department of Chemistry , Sir Sayyed College , Aurangabad, India
| | - Sachin D. Patil
- b P.G. Department of Chemistry , Yeshwant Mahavidyalaya , Nanded, India
| | - Kabeer A. Shaikh
- a P.G. Department of Chemistry , Sir Sayyed College , Aurangabad, India
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17
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Microemulsion high performance liquid chromatography (MELC) method for the determination of terbutaline in pharmaceutical preparation. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2011; 55:397-402. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2011.01.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2010] [Revised: 01/19/2011] [Accepted: 01/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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18
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Advances in the analysis of steroid hormone drugs in pharmaceuticals and environmental samples (2004–2010). J Pharm Biomed Anal 2011; 55:728-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2010.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2010] [Revised: 11/09/2010] [Accepted: 11/09/2010] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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19
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Hassib ST, El-Zaher AA, Fouad MA. Validated stability-indicating derivative and derivative ratio methods for the determination of some drugs used to alleviate respiratory tract disorders and their degradation products. Drug Test Anal 2011; 3:306-18. [PMID: 21412993 DOI: 10.1002/dta.258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2010] [Revised: 12/13/2010] [Accepted: 12/14/2010] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Derivative and derivative ratio methods are presented for the determination of butamirate citrate, formoterol fumarate, montelukast sodium, and sodium cromoglycate. Using the second derivative ultraviolet (UV) spectrophotometry, butamirate citrate and formoterol fumarate were determined by measuring the peak amplitude at 260.4 and 261.8 nm, respectively, without any interference of their degradation products. Butamirate citrate degradation product, 2-phenyl butyric acid, was determined by the measurement of its second derivative amplitude at 246.7 nm where butamirate citrate displays zero crossing. Formoterol fumarate degradation product, desformyl derivative, could be evaluated through the use of the first derivative at peak amplitude of 264.8 nm where interference of formoterol fumarate is negligible. In the first mode, the zero-crossing technique was applied at 305 nm for the determination of montelukast sodium in the presence of its photodegradation product, cis-isomer. The derivative of ratio spectra of montelukast sodium and its cis- isomer were used to determine both isomers using the first derivative of the ratio spectra by measuring the amplitudes of the trough at 305 nm and the peak at 308 nm, respectively. The later technique was also used for the determination of a ternary mixture of sodium cromoglycate and its two degradation products using zero-crossing method. In the derivative ratio spectra of the ternary mixture, trough depths were measured at 271.6, 302.8 and 302.2 nm, using the second, the first, and the second mode to evaluate sodium cromoglycate, degradation product (1) and degradation product (2), respectively. All the methods were applied successfully to the pharmaceutical preparation and were validated according to ICH guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia T Hassib
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr El- Aini 11562, Cairo, Egypt
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Streel B, Cahay B, Klinkenberg R. Using total error concept for the validation of a liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry method for the determination of budesonide epimers in human plasma. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2009; 877:2290-300. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2009.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2008] [Revised: 01/16/2009] [Accepted: 02/03/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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21
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Furlanetto S, Orlandini S, Giannini I, Beretta G, Pinzauti S. Pitfalls and success of experimental design in the development of a mixed MEKC method for the analysis of budesonide and its impurities. Electrophoresis 2009; 30:633-43. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.200800626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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22
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Nadarassan DK, Chrystyn H, Clark BJ, Assi KH. Validation of high-performance liquid chromatography assay for quantification of formoterol in urine samples after inhalation using UV detection technique. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2007; 850:31-7. [PMID: 17126087 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2006.10.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2006] [Revised: 09/08/2006] [Accepted: 10/31/2006] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
A novel high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) assay for the estimation of formoterol in urine samples was developed and validated. A solid phase extraction (SPE) using Oasis HLB was optimised to isolate formoterol from a urine matrix followed by HPLC with UV detection. This extraction procedure concentrated the final analyte forty times so that UV detection can be used to determine even a low concentration of formoterol in urine samples. The urinary assay was performed in accordance with FDA and ICH regulations for the validation of bioanalytical samples. The samples were injected onto a C18 Spherisorb (250 mm x 4.6 mm x 5 microm) analytical column maintained at 30 degrees C. The mobile phase consisted of 5 mM of potassium dihydrogen orthophosphate buffer (adjusted to pH 3 with ortho phosphoric acid):acetonitrile (ACN) (70:30, v/v), and the formoterol peak was detected at wavelength 214 nm. The extraction recovery of formoterol from the urine sample was >95%. The calibration curve was linear (r2=0.99) over formoterol concentrations ranging from 1.5 to 25 ng/mL (n=6). The method had an accuracy of >92% and intra and inter-day precision CV% of <3.9% and <2.2%, respectively, at three different concentrations low, medium and high (10, 15, 20 ng/mL). The limit of quantification (LOQ) for formoterol was found to be 1.50 ng/mL. The accuracy and precision at the LOQ level were 95% and %CV <3.7% (n=10), respectively. The method reported is simple, reliable, precise, and accurate and has the capacity to be used for determination of formoterol in urine samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- D K Nadarassan
- School of Pharmacy and Institute of Pharmaceutical Innovation, Bradford, BD7 1DP, UK
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