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Saha M, Dhiman S, Gupta GD, Asati V. An Investigative Review for Pharmaceutical Analysis of Fenofibrate. J Chromatogr Sci 2022:6695458. [PMID: 36097790 DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bmac072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors (statins), lipoprotein lipase activators (PPARα agonists) or fibrates are commonly used for controlling increased lipid levels in hyperlipidemia. Fenofibrate (FEN) belongs to the second generation prodrug fibric acid (isobutyric acid) derivative belonging to lipoprotein lipase activator class of drug. Results of clinical studies suggest that FEN can substantially reduce severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2. alpha and beta variant infection in human cell efficiently. This review article provides an in-depth examination of critical analytical methodologies used in the pharmaceutical analysis of FEN in pure forms, biological samples and pharmaceuticals. According to literature study reports several analytical techniques have been used for determination of FEN alone or in the combined dosage forms. Based on the literature, it was determined that high-performance liquid chromatography and UV/vis-spectrophotometry are the most widely used methods for FEN analysis. Sahoo et al. have developed the best HPLC method in bulk and pharmaceutical dosage form with the retention time of 19.268 min using phosphate buffer (pH 3.0): acetonitrile in the ratio of 30:70 (% v/v) as mobile phase. The information presented here may provide a solid foundation for future research on FEN in the field of drug analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moumita Saha
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, ISF College of Pharmacy, GT Road, Moga, 142001, Punjab, India
| | - Shubham Dhiman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, ISF College of Pharmacy, GT Road, Moga, 142001, Punjab, India
| | - G D Gupta
- Department of Pharmaceutics, ISF College of Pharmacy, GT Road, Moga, 142001, Punjab, India
| | - Vivek Asati
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, ISF College of Pharmacy, GT Road, Moga, 142001, Punjab, India
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2
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Homšek A, Marković B, Bogavac-Stanojević N, Vladimirov S, Karljiković-Rajić K. Method Transfer Evaluation for Digital Derivative Spectrophotometry Through its Resolution Parameter Comparison of Different Computer Programs. APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY 2020; 74:525-535. [PMID: 32167375 DOI: 10.1177/0003702819889374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The application assessment of different programs was performed with equivalence tests for method transfer pro second-order derivative spectrophotometry. The digital second-order derivative spectra were calculated on different instruments; GBC Scientific Equipment Cintra 20 (Cintral v.2.6 and Spectral v.1.70 software programs) and Thermo Scientific Evolution 300 (VISIONPro software) were analyzed using the amplitude A/B ratio (A = 2D265,263; B = 2D263,261). Amplitude A/B ratio is the resolution parameter for derivative spectrophotometry prescribed in European Pharmacopoeia. The obtained values for A/B ratio were either very similar or significantly different among programs: 0.669 (Cintral v.2.6), 0.549 (Spectral v.1.70), 0.556 (medium indirect VISIONPro), 0.557 (one-step Savitzky-Golay 7 VISIONPro), 0.689 (two-step Savitzky-Golay 7 VISIONPro). Method transfer was possible between Spectral v.1.70 and VISIONPro (medium indirect and one-step Savitzky-Golay 7), but the values obtained in Cintral v.2.6 were not comparable to the other programs. The absorbance data exported from both instruments were additionally calculated in OriginPro8 which provided almost the same mean A/B values (0.627 Cintral v.2.6; 0.624 VISIONPro), confirming that the two instruments recorded the same zero-order spectra. The calculation of resolution parameter could be used for verification of program comparison, which would enable transfer between sender and receiver laboratory. The accordance between program algorithms was confirmed when acceptable differences for values of resolution parameter (A/B ratios) were achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Homšek
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Bojan Marković
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | | | - Sote Vladimirov
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
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3
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Varenne F, Rustique E, Botton J, Coty JB, Lanusse G, Ait Lahcen M, Rio L, Zandanel C, Lemarchand C, Germain M, Negri L, Couffin AC, Barratt G, Vauthier C. Towards quality assessed characterization of nanomaterial: Transfer of validated protocols for size measurement by dynamic light scattering and evaluation of zeta potential by electrophoretic light scattering. Int J Pharm 2017; 528:299-311. [PMID: 28596143 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2017.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Revised: 06/01/2017] [Accepted: 06/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Quality control analysis of nanomaterials has been identified as a major issue to pursue their development in different industrial fields including nanomedicine. One difficulty is the lack of standardized and validated protocols suitable to achieve their characterization. In a previous work, we have developed standardized protocols for the evaluation of the size and zeta potential of nanomaterials based on methods described in the ISO standard and have performed validation of each one. The present work was aimed to transfer these protocols in three independent receiving laboratories. No official guideline was described in the literature to achieve such a transfer. A comparative study for receiving laboratories equipped with the same instrument as the sending laboratory was designed based on the Code of Federal Regulation edited by the Food and Drug Administration. For the receiving laboratory equipped with an instrument working at a different wavelength, a new validation was designed and applied. Corresponding statistical methods were used for the analysis of the results. A successful transfer of the protocols in all receiving laboratories was achieved. All laboratories recorded consistent results applying in blind the protocol of size measurements on two samples of nanomaterials from which included one reference.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Varenne
- Institut Galien Paris-Sud, CNRS, Univ. Paris-Sud, University Paris-Saclay, Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - E Rustique
- University Grenoble Alpes, 34054 Grenoble, France; CEA, LETI, MINATEC Campus, 34054 Grenoble, France
| | - J Botton
- Univ Paris-Sud, Faculty of Pharmacy, 92296 Châtenay-Malabry, France; INSERM UMR 1153, Epidemiology and Biostatistics Sorbonne Paris Cité Center (CRESS), Team « Early Origin of the Child's Health and Development » (ORCHAD), University Paris Descartes, 94807 Villejuif, France
| | - J-B Coty
- Institut Galien Paris-Sud, CNRS, Univ. Paris-Sud, University Paris-Saclay, Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - G Lanusse
- Amatsigroup (site Idron), 64320 Idron, France
| | | | - L Rio
- Nanobiotix, 75012 Paris, France
| | | | | | | | - L Negri
- Amatsigroup (site Idron), 64320 Idron, France
| | - A-C Couffin
- University Grenoble Alpes, 34054 Grenoble, France; CEA, LETI, MINATEC Campus, 34054 Grenoble, France
| | - G Barratt
- Institut Galien Paris-Sud, CNRS, Univ. Paris-Sud, University Paris-Saclay, Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - C Vauthier
- Institut Galien Paris-Sud, CNRS, Univ. Paris-Sud, University Paris-Saclay, Châtenay-Malabry, France.
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4
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Alamri RG, Mohsin K, Ahmad A, Raish M, Alanazi FK. Development and validation of bioanalytical UHPLC-UV method for simultaneous analysis of unchanged fenofibrate and its metabolite fenofibric acid in rat plasma: Application to pharmacokinetics. Saudi Pharm J 2016; 25:128-135. [PMID: 28223873 PMCID: PMC5310137 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2016.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Accepted: 05/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
A simple, precise, selective and fast ultra-high performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC-UV) method has been developed and validated for the simultaneous determination of a lipid regulating agent fenofibrate and its metabolite fenofibric acid in rat plasma. The chromatographic separation was carried out on a reversed-phase Acquity® BEH C18 column using methanol–water (65:35, v/v) as the mobile phase. The isocratic flow was 0.3 ml/min with rapid run time of 2.5 min and UV detection was at 284 nm. The method was validated over a concentration range of 100–10000 ng/ml (r2 ⩾ 0.9993). The selectivity, specificity, recovery, accuracy and precision were validated for determination of fenofibrate/fenofibric acid in rat plasma. The lower limits of detection and quantitation of the method were 30 and 90 ng/ml for fenofibrate and 40 and 100 ng/ml for fenofibric acid, respectively. The within and between-day coefficients of variation were less than 5%. The validated method has been successfully applied to measure the plasma concentrations in pharmacokinetics study of fenofibrate in an animal model to illustrate the scope and application of the method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rayan G Alamri
- Kayyali Chair for Pharmaceutical Industries, Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Kazi Mohsin
- Kayyali Chair for Pharmaceutical Industries, Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ajaz Ahmad
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad Raish
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fars K Alanazi
- Kayyali Chair for Pharmaceutical Industries, Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
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5
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Robust method optimization strategy—A useful tool for method transfer: The case of SFC. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2014; 88:519-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2013.09.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2013] [Revised: 09/02/2013] [Accepted: 09/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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6
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Rozet E, Ziemons E, Marini R, Hubert P. Usefulness of Information Criteria for the Selection of Calibration Curves. Anal Chem 2013; 85:6327-35. [DOI: 10.1021/ac400630k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- E. Rozet
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry,
Institute of Pharmacy, CIRM, University of Liege (ULg), CHU, B 36,
B-4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - E. Ziemons
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry,
Institute of Pharmacy, CIRM, University of Liege (ULg), CHU, B 36,
B-4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - R.D. Marini
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry,
Institute of Pharmacy, CIRM, University of Liege (ULg), CHU, B 36,
B-4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Ph. Hubert
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry,
Institute of Pharmacy, CIRM, University of Liege (ULg), CHU, B 36,
B-4000 Liège, Belgium
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7
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Methodology for the validation of analytical methods involved in uniformity of dosage units tests. Anal Chim Acta 2013; 760:46-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2012.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2012] [Revised: 11/05/2012] [Accepted: 11/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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8
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Bouabidi A, Talbi M, Bourichi H, Bouklouze A, El Karbane M, Boulanger B, Brik Y, Hubert P, Rozet E. Flexibility and applicability of β-expectation tolerance interval approach to assess the fitness of purpose of pharmaceutical analytical methods. Drug Test Anal 2012; 4:1014-27. [PMID: 22615163 DOI: 10.1002/dta.1345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2011] [Revised: 02/06/2012] [Accepted: 02/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
An innovative versatile strategy using Total Error has been proposed to decide about the method's validity that controls the risk of accepting an unsuitable assay together with the ability to predict the reliability of future results. This strategy is based on the simultaneous combination of systematic (bias) and random (imprecision) error of analytical methods. Using validation standards, both types of error are combined through the use of a prediction interval or β-expectation tolerance interval. Finally, an accuracy profile is built by connecting, on one hand all the upper tolerance limits, and on the other hand all the lower tolerance limits. This profile combined with pre-specified acceptance limits allows the evaluation of the validity of any quantitative analytical method and thus their fitness for their intended purpose. In this work, the approach of accuracy profile was evaluated on several types of analytical methods encountered in the pharmaceutical industrial field and also covering different pharmaceutical matrices. The four studied examples depicted the flexibility and applicability of this approach for different matrices ranging from tablets to syrups, different techniques such as liquid chromatography, or UV spectrophotometry, and for different categories of assays commonly encountered in the pharmaceutical industry i.e. content assays, dissolution assays, and quantitative impurity assays. The accuracy profile approach assesses the fitness of purpose of these methods for their future routine application. It also allows the selection of the most suitable calibration curve, the adequate evaluation of a potential matrix effect and propose efficient solution and the correct definition of the limits of quantification of the studied analytical procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Bouabidi
- Analytical Chemistry Laboratory, CIRM, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Liège, Belgium
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9
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AL-Kamarany MA, EL Karbane M, Ridouan K, Alanazi FK, Hubert P, Cherrah Y, Bouklouze A. Transfer of drug dissolution testing by statistical approaches: Case study. Saudi Pharm J 2012; 20:93-101. [PMID: 24109204 PMCID: PMC3792628 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2011.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2011] [Accepted: 08/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The analytical transfer is a complete process that consists in transferring an analytical procedure from a sending laboratory to a receiving laboratory. After having experimentally demonstrated that also masters the procedure in order to avoid problems in the future. Method of transfers is now commonplace during the life cycle of analytical method in the pharmaceutical industry. No official guideline exists for a transfer methodology in pharmaceutical analysis and the regulatory word of transfer is more ambiguous than for validation. Therefore, in this study, Gauge repeatability and reproducibility (R&R) studies associated with other multivariate statistics appropriates were successfully applied for the transfer of the dissolution test of diclofenac sodium as a case study from a sending laboratory A (accredited laboratory) to a receiving laboratory B. The HPLC method for the determination of the percent release of diclofenac sodium in solid pharmaceutical forms (one is the discovered product and another generic) was validated using accuracy profile (total error) in the sender laboratory A. The results showed that the receiver laboratory B masters the test dissolution process, using the same HPLC analytical procedure developed in laboratory A. In conclusion, if the sender used the total error to validate its analytical method, dissolution test can be successfully transferred without mastering the analytical method validation by receiving laboratory B and the pharmaceutical analysis method state should be maintained to ensure the same reliable results in the receiving laboratory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Amood AL-Kamarany
- Research Team of Pharmaceutical and Toxicological Analysis, Laboratory of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Mohammed V University, Soussi, Rabat, Morocco
- Physicochemical Service, Drugs Quality Control Laboratory, Direction of Drugs and Pharmacy, Ministry of Health, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Miloud EL Karbane
- Research Team of Pharmaceutical and Toxicological Analysis, Laboratory of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Mohammed V University, Soussi, Rabat, Morocco
- Physicochemical Service, Drugs Quality Control Laboratory, Direction of Drugs and Pharmacy, Ministry of Health, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Khadija Ridouan
- Research Team of Pharmaceutical and Toxicological Analysis, Laboratory of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Mohammed V University, Soussi, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Fars K. Alanazi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
- Center of Excellence in Biotechnology Research, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
- Kayyali Chair for Pharmaceutical Industry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Philippe Hubert
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Liège, B-36, B-4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Yahia Cherrah
- Research Team of Pharmaceutical and Toxicological Analysis, Laboratory of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Mohammed V University, Soussi, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Abdelaziz Bouklouze
- Research Team of Pharmaceutical and Toxicological Analysis, Laboratory of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Mohammed V University, Soussi, Rabat, Morocco
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10
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Rozet E, Ziemons E, Marini R, Boulanger B, Hubert P. Quality by Design Compliant Analytical Method Validation. Anal Chem 2011; 84:106-12. [DOI: 10.1021/ac202664s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- E. Rozet
- Analytical Chemistry Laboratory,
CIRM, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - E. Ziemons
- Analytical Chemistry Laboratory,
CIRM, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - R.D. Marini
- Analytical Chemistry Laboratory,
CIRM, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | | | - Ph. Hubert
- Analytical Chemistry Laboratory,
CIRM, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
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11
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Transfer of analytical procedures: A panel of strategies selected for risk management, with emphasis on an integrated equivalence-based comparative testing approach. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2011; 56:293-303. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2011.05.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2010] [Revised: 05/25/2011] [Accepted: 05/26/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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12
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Models to estimate overall analytical measurements uncertainty: Assumptions, comparisons and applications. Anal Chim Acta 2011; 702:160-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2011.06.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2010] [Revised: 06/16/2011] [Accepted: 06/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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13
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Nikalje AG, Choudhari VP. Validated TLC method for simultaneous quantitation of atorvastatin, ezetimibe, and fenofibrate in bulk drug and formulations. ACTA CHROMATOGR 2011. [DOI: 10.1556/achrom.23.2011.2.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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14
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Liu R, Schofield TL, Liao JJ. Transfer of Methods Supporting Biologics and Vaccines. Stat Biopharm Res 2009. [DOI: 10.1198/sbr.2009.0045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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15
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Rozet E, Dewé W, Ziemons E, Bouklouze A, Boulanger B, Hubert P. Methodologies for the transfer of analytical methods: A review. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2009; 877:2214-23. [PMID: 19144574 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2008.12.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2008] [Revised: 12/05/2008] [Accepted: 12/19/2008] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- E Rozet
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, CIRM, Department of Pharmacy, University of Liège, B-4000 Liège, Belgium
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16
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Risk-based approach for the transfer of quantitative methods: Bioanalytical applications. J Chromatogr A 2008; 1189:32-41. [PMID: 18068176 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2007.11.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2007] [Revised: 10/19/2007] [Accepted: 11/09/2007] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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17
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de Fontenay G. Analytical method transfer: New descriptive approach for acceptance criteria definition. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2008; 46:104-12. [PMID: 17961955 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2007.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2007] [Revised: 09/06/2007] [Accepted: 09/07/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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18
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Feinberg M. Validation of analytical methods based on accuracy profiles. J Chromatogr A 2007; 1158:174-83. [PMID: 17343863 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2007.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2006] [Revised: 02/03/2007] [Accepted: 02/06/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Validation is a very living field in analytical chemistry as illustrated by the numerous publications addressing this topic. But, there is some ambiguity in this concept and the abundant vocabulary often does not help the analytical chemist. This paper presents a new method based on the fitness-for-purpose approach of the validation. It consists in building a graphical decision-making tool, called the accuracy profile. Using measurements collected under reproducibility or intermediate precision condition, it allows computing an interval where a known proportion of future measurements will be located. When comparing this interval to an acceptability interval defined by the result end-user it is possible to simply decide whether a method is valid or not. The fundamentals of this method are presented starting from an accepted definition of validation. An example of application illustrates how validation can be experimentally organized and conclusion made.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max Feinberg
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Met@risk, 16 rue Claude Bernard, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France.
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