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Wang L, Li J, Zhao J, Li H, Feng J, Zhang P, Pan B. Photodegradation of clindamycin by the dissolved black carbon is simultaneously regulated by ROS generation and the binding effect. WATER RESEARCH 2023; 233:119784. [PMID: 36863283 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2023.119784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2022] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
As an essential source of the natural dissolved organic matter (DOM), dissolved black carbon (DBC) plays a vital role in the photodegradation of organics; however, there is rare information about the DBC-induced photodegradation mechanism of clindamycin (CLM), one of the widely used antibiotics. Herein, we discovered DBC-generated reactive oxygen species (ROS) stimulated CLM photodegradation. Hydroxy radical (•OH) could directly attack CLM by OH-addition reaction, the singlet oxygen (1O2) and superoxide (O2•-) contributed to the CLM degradation by transforming to •OH. In addition, the binding between CLM and DBCs inhibited the photodegradation of CLM by decreasing the concentration of freely dissolved CLM. Binding process inhibited CLM photodegradation by 0.25-1.98% at pH 7.0 and 6.1-41.77% at pH 8.5. These findings suggest that the photodegradation of CLM by DBC is simultaneously regulated by the ROS production and binding effect between CLM and DBC, benefiting the exact evaluation of the environmental impact of DBCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Wang
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil Carbon Sequestration and Pollution Control, Faculty of Environmental Science & Engineering, Kunming University of Science & Technology, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Jing Li
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil Carbon Sequestration and Pollution Control, Faculty of Environmental Science & Engineering, Kunming University of Science & Technology, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Jing Zhao
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil Carbon Sequestration and Pollution Control, Faculty of Environmental Science & Engineering, Kunming University of Science & Technology, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Hao Li
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil Carbon Sequestration and Pollution Control, Faculty of Environmental Science & Engineering, Kunming University of Science & Technology, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Jing Feng
- Faculty of Material Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming,650500, China.
| | - Peng Zhang
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil Carbon Sequestration and Pollution Control, Faculty of Environmental Science & Engineering, Kunming University of Science & Technology, Kunming, 650500, China.
| | - Bo Pan
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil Carbon Sequestration and Pollution Control, Faculty of Environmental Science & Engineering, Kunming University of Science & Technology, Kunming, 650500, China
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2
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Sun Q, Li Y, Qin L. Isolation and identification of two unknown impurities from the raw material of clindamycin hydrochloride. J Sep Sci 2014; 37:2682-7. [PMID: 25044425 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201400166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2014] [Revised: 05/22/2014] [Accepted: 07/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Clindamycin hydrochloride belongs to the antibiotic family of lincomycin. It has the same antibacterial spectrum as lincomycin, but the antibacterial activity is four to eight times stronger than that of lincomycin. There have been some adverse reactions in clinical use of clindamycin hydrochloride and its finished drug products. The impurities in drugs are directly related to their safety. In this study, two unknown impurities were isolated from the raw material of clindamycin hydrochloride through various chromatographic methods. Their structures were identified as clindamycin isomer (impurity 1) and dehydroclindamycin (impurity 2) by mass spectrometry and NMR spectroscopy. Both of them were found for the first time. The two impurities exhibit a similar but lower antibacterial activity compared with clindamycin hydrochloride.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiushi Sun
- Shanghai Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, Shanghai, P.R. China
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3
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Cho HE, Ahn SY, Kim DW, Woo SH, Park SH, Hwang K, Moon DC, Kim S. Development of a liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method for the determination of Grayanotoxins in rat blood and its application to toxicokinetic study. Biomed Chromatogr 2014; 28:1624-32. [PMID: 24782399 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.3190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2013] [Revised: 02/10/2014] [Accepted: 02/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hwang Eui Cho
- College of Pharmacy; Chungbuk National University; Cheongju 361-763 Republic of Korea
| | - Su Youn Ahn
- Central District Office; National Forensic Service; Daejon 305-348 Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Woo Kim
- Central District Office; National Forensic Service; Daejon 305-348 Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Hee Woo
- Central District Office; National Forensic Service; Daejon 305-348 Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Hyeok Park
- College of Pharmacy; Chungbuk National University; Cheongju 361-763 Republic of Korea
| | - Kyunghwa Hwang
- Analytical Reserch Center; Korea Institute of Toxicology; Daejeon 305-343 Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Cheul Moon
- College of Pharmacy; Chungbuk National University; Cheongju 361-763 Republic of Korea
| | - Suncheun Kim
- Central District Office; National Forensic Service; Daejon 305-348 Republic of Korea
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4
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Frank D, Montskó G, Juricskay I, Borsiczky B, Cseh G, Kocsis B, Nagy T, Nagy ÁK, Kovács G, Miseta A. Clindamycin Release Determined by High Performance Liquid Chromatography from a Novel low-Cost Local Drug Delivery System: A New Potential Treatment Option for Chronic Osteomyelitis. J Chemother 2013; 23:282-4. [DOI: 10.1179/joc.2011.23.5.282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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5
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Kowalski P, Konieczna L, Olędzka I, Plenis A, Bączek T. Development and Validation of Electromigration Technique for the Determination of Lincomycin and Clindamycin Residues in Poultry Tissues. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-013-9624-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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6
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Kilicarslan M, Ozkan SA, Baykara T. LC Determination of Clindamycin Phosphate from Chitosan Microspheres. Chromatographia 2010. [DOI: 10.1365/s10337-010-1730-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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7
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Liu YM, Shi YM, Liu ZL, Peng LF. Sensitive determination of tilmicosin, erythromycin ethylsuccinate and clindamycin by CE with electrochemiluminescence detection using azithromycin as internal standard and its applications. J Sep Sci 2010; 33:1305-11. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200900843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Wang SM, Bu SS, Liu HM, Li HY, Liu W, Wang YD. Separation and characterization of clindamycin phosphate and related impurities in injection by liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2009; 23:899-906. [PMID: 19222030 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.3935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
A simple high-performance liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometric (HPLC/ESI-MS/MS) method has been developed for the rapid identification of clindamycin phosphate and its degradation products or related impurities in clindamycin phosphate injection. Detection was performed by quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (Q-TOFMS) via an ESI source in positive mode. Clindamycin phosphate and its related substances lincomycin, 7-epilincomycin-2-phosphate, lincomycin-2-phosphate, clindamycin B, clindamycin B-2-phosphate, and clindamycin were identified simultaneously by HPLC/ESI-MS/MS results. Based on the MS/MS spectra of their quasi-molecular ions, the fragmentation pathways of clindamycin phosphate and its related substances were compared and proposed, which are specific and useful for the identification of the lincosamide antibiotics and related impurities. The method was rapid, sensitive and specific and can be used to identify clindamycin phosphate and its related impurities in clindamycin phosphate injection without control compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shao-Min Wang
- Department of Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, 100 Science Road, 450001 Zhengzhou, China
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Bharathi C, Jayaram P, Sunder Raj J, Saravana Kumar M, Bhargavi V, Handa VK, Dandala R, Naidu A. Identification, isolation and characterization of impurities of clindamycin palmitate hydrochloride. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2008; 48:1211-8. [PMID: 18947955 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2008.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2008] [Revised: 08/12/2008] [Accepted: 08/12/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Clindamycin palmitate hydrochloride is a water soluble hydrochloride salt of the ester of clindamycin and palmitic acid. It is inactive in vitro, rapid in vivo hydrolysis converts this compound to the antibacterially active clindamycin. Total 12 impurities at levels ranging from 0.05% to 0.5% were detected by isocratic reverse-phase high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) using RI detector. The molecular weights of impurities were determined by LC-MS analysis. Two impurities were starting materials and the remaining impurities were isolated from crude samples/enriched mother liquors using reverse-phase preparative HPLC. Based on the spectral data the structures of these impurities were characterized as, clindamycin palmitate sulphoxides alpha-/beta-isomers (impurity I); clindamycin laurate (impurity II); lincomycin palmitate (impurity III); clindamycin myristate (impurity IV); epiclindamycin palmitate (impurity V); clindamycin palmitate 3-isomer (impurity VI); clindamycin pentadecanoate (impurity VII); clindamycin B-palmitate (impurity VIII); clindamycin heptadecanoate (impurity IX) and clindamycin stearate (impurity X). Structural elucidation of all impurities by spectral data ((1)H NMR, (13)C NMR, MS and IR) and formation of these impurities have been discussed in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ch Bharathi
- A.P.L. Research Centre, 313 Bachupally, Hyderabad 500072, India
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Lee H, Shen S, Grinberg N. Identification and Control of Impurities for Drug Substance Development using LC/MS and GC/MS. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2008. [DOI: 10.1080/10826070802279426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Heewon Lee
- a Chemical Development Department , Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc. , Ridgefield, Connecticut, USA
| | - Sherry Shen
- a Chemical Development Department , Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc. , Ridgefield, Connecticut, USA
| | - Nelu Grinberg
- a Chemical Development Department , Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc. , Ridgefield, Connecticut, USA
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11
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Affiliation(s)
- R K Gilpin
- Brehm Research Laboratory, University Park, Wright State University, Fairborn, Ohio 45324-2031, USA
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12
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Current literature in mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2007; 42:407-418. [PMID: 17326037 DOI: 10.1002/jms.1072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
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