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Yabré M, Ferey L, Somé TI, Sivadier G, Gaudin K. Development of a green HPLC method for the analysis of artesunate and amodiaquine impurities using Quality by Design. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2020; 190:113507. [PMID: 32846400 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2020.113507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Revised: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Greening analytical methods has become of great interest in the field of pharmaceutical analysis to protect both the operators' health and the environment. In this work, an innovative methodology combining Quality-by-Design (QbD) and Green Chemistry principles was followed to develop a single, green and robust RP-HPLC method for the quantitative analysis of impurities of both artesunate and amodiaquine drugs. Ethanol was selected as the best ecofriendly alternative solvent in substitution to the commonly used organic solvents such as acetonitrile and methanol. To achieve method objectives, resolutions between the 10 peaks were chosen as critical method attributes (CMAs) to be optimized through QbD approach. Based on a quality risk assessment, pH, temperature, and gradient slope were then selected as critical method parameters (CMPs) and a three level full factorial design was used to model the CMAs as function of the CMPs. Response surface methodology associated to Monte Carlo simulations allowed to determine the method operable domain region (MODR), i.e., the multidimensional combination of CMPs where CMAs simultaneously satisfied specifications (Rs ≥ 1.5) with a probability at least equal to 95 %. Inside the MODR, the working point was chosen based on green criteria, involving a mobile phase composed of ethanol and 10 mM acetic acid only as pH modifier. The method was successfully validated for all impurities using accuracy profile methodology, which was fully compliant with the ICH Q2(R1) requirements. Finally, the method was applied to the analysis of amodiaquine and artesunate impurities in raw materials and formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moussa Yabré
- ChemBioPharm Team, ARNA Laboratory, INSERM U1212, CNRS UMR 5320, Bordeaux University, F-33000, Bordeaux, France; Laboratoire de Toxicologie, Environnement et Santé (LATES), Université Joseph Ki-Zerbo, Ouaga, 03 BP 7021, Burkina Faso
| | - Ludivine Ferey
- ChemBioPharm Team, ARNA Laboratory, INSERM U1212, CNRS UMR 5320, Bordeaux University, F-33000, Bordeaux, France
| | - Touridomon Issa Somé
- Laboratoire de Toxicologie, Environnement et Santé (LATES), Université Joseph Ki-Zerbo, Ouaga, 03 BP 7021, Burkina Faso
| | - Guilhem Sivadier
- Centre Humanitaire des Métiers de la Pharmacie, 4 voie militaire des gravanches, 63100, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Karen Gaudin
- ChemBioPharm Team, ARNA Laboratory, INSERM U1212, CNRS UMR 5320, Bordeaux University, F-33000, Bordeaux, France.
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Synthesis, characterization, and in vitro evaluation of artesunate-β-cyclodextrin conjugates as novel anti-cancer prodrugs. Carbohydr Res 2014; 400:19-25. [PMID: 25457606 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2014.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2014] [Revised: 08/06/2014] [Accepted: 08/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A novel series of artesunate-β-cyclodextrin (ATS-β-CD) conjugates, in which artesunate (ATS) was coupled covalently to one of the primary hydroxyl groups of β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) through amino bond formation, were synthesized and characterized by (1)H NMR, HRMS, 2D NMR (ROESY), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The results showed that the aqueous solubility of ATS-β-CD conjugates was 26-45 times better than that of free ATS. The cytotoxicity of the ATS-β-CD conjugates was evaluated on human colon cancer cell lines HCT116, LOVO, SW480, and HT-29, and the results indicated that ATS-2NβCD exhibited a very high cytotoxicity against HCT116, LOVO, and HT-29 with IC50 values of 0.58, 1.62, and 5.18μmol/L, respectively. In addition, the supposition of better cytotoxicity was further supported by the control experiment of fluorescent cyclodextrin.
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Nogueira FHA, Reis NFA, Chellini PR, César IDC, Pianetti GA. Development and validation of an HPLC method for the simultaneous determination of artesunate and mefloquine hydrochloride in fixed-dose combination tablets. BRAZ J PHARM SCI 2013. [DOI: 10.1590/s1984-82502013000400024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study developed and validated an HPLC method for the simultaneous determination of artesunate (AS) and mefloquine hydrochloride (MQ) in fixed-dose combination tablets, according to ICH guidelines. The chromatographic separation was carried out on an XBridge C18 (250 x 4.6 mm i.d., 5 µm particle size, Waters) analytical column. The mobile phase included a 0.05 M monobasic potassium phosphate buffer (pH adjusted to 3.0 with phosphoric acid) and acetonitrile (50 + 50, v/v). The flow rate was 1.0 mL/min, and the run time was 13 minutes. A dual-wavelength approach was employed: AS detection was performed at 210 nm and MQ was detected at 283 nm, using a diode array detector. Stability of sample solutions was evaluated for 8 hours after preparation, during which time the solutions remained stable. Youden's test was employed to evaluate robustness. The method proved to be linear (r²>0.99), precise (RSD<2.0%), accurate, selective, and robust, proving to be appropriate for routine drug quality control analysis.
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Amin NC, Blanchin MD, Aké M, Montels J, Fabre H. Capillary electrophoresis for the assay of fixed-dose combination tablets of artesunate and amodiaquine. Malar J 2012; 11:149. [PMID: 22554086 PMCID: PMC3459704 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2875-11-149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2012] [Accepted: 05/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Quality control of drugs in formulations is still a major challenge in developing countries. For the quality control of artesunate and amodiaquine tablets in fixed-dose combination, only liquid chromatographic methods have been proposed in the literature. There are no capillary electrophoretic methods reported for the determination of these active substances, although this technique presents several advantages over liquid chromatography (long lifetime, low price of the capillary, low volumes of electrolyte consumption) in addition to simplicity. In this paper, a reliable capillary electrophoresis method has been developed and validated for the quality control of these drugs in commercial fixed-dose combination tablets. Methods Artesunate and amodiaquine hydrochloride in bilayer tablets were determined by micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography (MEKC). Analytes were extracted from tablets by sonication with a solvent mixture phosphate buffer pH 7.0-acetonitrile containing benzoic acid as internal standard. Separation was carried out on Beckman capillary electrophoresis system equipped with fused silica capillary, 30 cm long (20 cm to detector) × 50 μm internal diameter, using a 25 mM borate buffer pH 9.2 containing 30 mM sodium dodecyl sulfate as background electrolyte, a 500 V cm−1 electric field and a detection wavelength of 214 nm. Results Artesunate, amodiaquine and benzoic acid were separated in 6 min. The method was found to be reliable with respect to specificity,linearity of the calibration line (r2 > 0.995), recovery from synthetic tablets (in the range 98–102%), repeatability (RSD 2–3%, n = 7 analytical procedures). Application to four batches of commercial formulations with different dosages gave content in good agreement with the declared content. Conclusion The MEKC method proposed is reliable for the determination of artesunate and amodiaquine hydrochloride in fixed-dose combination tablets. The method is well-suited for drug quality control and detection of counterfeit or substandard medicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- N'Cho Christophe Amin
- Laboratoire de Chimie Analytique, Contrôle Physico-Chimique des Médicaments, Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron, UMR 5247, Faculté de Pharmacie, Montpellier, BP 14491-34093, France
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Kauss T, Fawaz F, Guyot M, Lagueny AM, Dos Santos I, Bonini F, Olliaro P, Caminiti A, Millet P. Fixed artesunate-amodiaquine combined pre-formulation study for the treatment of malaria. Int J Pharm 2010; 395:S0378-5173(10)00400-X. [PMID: 20685236 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2010.05.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2010] [Revised: 05/20/2010] [Accepted: 05/21/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Artemisinin-based combination therapies, including artesunate (AS)+amodiaquine (AQ), are the currently recommended first-line treatment of uncomplicated falciparum malaria. Fixed-dose co-formulations offer logistic and adherence advantages. This paper reports the initial research phase of the pre-development process of an AS-AQ formulation, further developed by the Drug for Neglected Diseases Initiative (DNDi). Results demonstrate that AS and AQ are not compatible, and AS degradation is related to three main parameters: water content (>1%), elevated temperature (80 degrees C in dry condition) and possibly the 4-aminoquinoline moiety. Furthermore, AS and AQ incompatibility led to AS degradation and pharmaco-technical changes in classical wet granulation tablets. Both active principles are stable as dry powders. These investigations led to further development of various co-formulations, including the bilayer tablet currently on the market.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina Kauss
- Laboratory of Galenic Pharmacy and Biopharmacy, Bordeaux 2 University, France
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Okwelogu C, Clark B, de Matas M, Ifudu D, Igwilo C, Silva B, York P. Design of a fixed-dose paediatric combination of artesunate and amodiaquine hydrochloride. Int J Pharm 2010; 387:19-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2009.11.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2009] [Revised: 11/24/2009] [Accepted: 11/27/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Investigation of porous graphitic carbon at high-temperature liquid chromatography with evaporative light scattering detection for the analysis of the drug combination artesunate—Azithromycin for the treatment of severe malaria. J Chromatogr A 2010; 1217:75-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2009.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2009] [Revised: 10/29/2009] [Accepted: 11/02/2009] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Stringham RW, Lynam KG, Mrozinski P, Kilby G, Pelczer I, Kraml C. High performance liquid chromatographic evaluation of artemisinin, raw material in the synthesis of artesunate and artemether. J Chromatogr A 2009; 1216:8918-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2009.10.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2009] [Revised: 08/14/2009] [Accepted: 10/22/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Gaudin K, Kauss T, Lagueny AM, Millet P, Fawaz F, Dubost JP. Determination of artesunate using reversed-phase HPLC at increased temperature and ELSD detection. J Sep Sci 2008; 32:231-7. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200800437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Lindegårdh N, Dondorp AM, Singhasivanon P, White NJ, Day NPJ. Validation and application of a liquid chromatographic-mass spectrometric method for determination of artesunate in pharmaceutical samples. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2007; 45:149-153. [PMID: 17553648 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2007.04.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2007] [Revised: 04/20/2007] [Accepted: 04/20/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
A simple and rapid liquid chromatographic-mass spectrometric assay for the evaluation of artesunate in vials for injection has been developed and validated. The content of each vial was dissolved in 3.0 mL of methanol using a SGE analytical syringe (1.0 mL). Each sample was diluted to a theoretical concentration of 1000 ng/mL and analysed in triplicate. Three replicates of calibration standards at concentrations 500, 1000 and 1500 ng/mL were used to construct a calibration curve. Artesunate was analysed by liquid chromatography with atmospheric pressure chemical ionisation (APCI) mass spectrometric (MS) detection on a Hypersil Gold column (100 mm x 4.6 mm) using a mobile phase containing methanol-ammonium acetate 10 mM pH 5.3 (70:30, v/v) at a flow rate of 1 mL/min. The assay was implemented for the analysis of artesunate for injection purchased from Guilin Pharmaceutical Company in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Lindegårdh
- Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand; Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Centre for Tropical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
| | - A M Dondorp
- Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand; Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Centre for Tropical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - P Singhasivanon
- Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - N J White
- Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand; Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Centre for Tropical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - N P J Day
- Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand; Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Centre for Tropical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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