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Jalili V, Ghanbari Kakavandi M, Ghiasvand A, Barkhordari A. Microextraction techniques for sampling and determination of polychlorinated biphenyls: A comprehensive review. Microchem J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2022.107442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Hašková P, Applová L, Jansová H, Homola P, Franz KJ, Vávrová K, Roh J, Šimůnek T. Examination of diverse iron-chelating agents for the protection of differentiated PC12 cells against oxidative injury induced by 6-hydroxydopamine and dopamine. Sci Rep 2022; 12:9765. [PMID: 35697900 PMCID: PMC9192712 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-13554-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Labile redox-active iron ions have been implicated in various neurodegenerative disorders, including the Parkinson's disease (PD). Iron chelation has been successfully used in clinical practice to manage iron overload in diseases such as thalassemia major; however, the use of conventional iron chelators in pathological states without systemic iron overload remains at the preclinical investigative level and is complicated by the risk of adverse outcomes due to systemic iron depletion. In this study, we examined three clinically-used chelators, namely, desferrioxamine, deferiprone and deferasirox and compared them with experimental agent salicylaldehyde isonicotinoyl hydrazone (SIH) and its boronate-masked prochelator BSIH for protection of differentiated PC12 cells against the toxicity of catecholamines 6-hydroxydopamine and dopamine and their oxidation products. All the assayed chelating agents were able to significantly reduce the catecholamine toxicity in a dose-dependent manner. Whereas hydrophilic chelator desferrioxamine exerted protection only at high and clinically unachievable concentrations, deferiprone and deferasirox significantly reduced the catecholamine neurotoxicity at concentrations that are within their plasma levels following standard dosage. SIH was the most effective iron chelator to protect the cells with the lowest own toxicity of all the assayed conventional chelators. This favorable feature was even more pronounced in prochelator BSIH that does not chelate iron unless its protective group is cleaved in disease-specific oxidative stress conditions. Hence, this study demonstrated that while iron chelation may have general neuroprotective potential against catecholamine auto-oxidation and toxicity, SIH and BSIH represent promising lead molecules and warrant further studies in more complex animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavlína Hašková
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Akademika Heyrovského 1203, 500 05, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Applová
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Akademika Heyrovského 1203, 500 05, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Hana Jansová
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Akademika Heyrovského 1203, 500 05, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Homola
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Akademika Heyrovského 1203, 500 05, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | | | - Kateřina Vávrová
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Akademika Heyrovského 1203, 500 05, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Jaroslav Roh
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Akademika Heyrovského 1203, 500 05, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Šimůnek
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Akademika Heyrovského 1203, 500 05, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic.
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Wu Z, Palanimuthu D, Braidy N, Salikin NH, Egan S, Huang MLH, Richardson DR. Novel multifunctional iron chelators of the aroyl nicotinoyl hydrazone class that markedly enhance cellular NAD + /NADH ratios. Br J Pharmacol 2020; 177:1967-1987. [PMID: 31895471 DOI: 10.1111/bph.14963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Revised: 11/17/2019] [Accepted: 11/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a multifactorial condition leading to cognitive decline and represents a major global health challenge in ageing populations. The lack of effective AD therapeutics led us to develop multifunctional nicotinoyl hydrazones to target several pathological characteristics of AD. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH We synthesised 20 novel multifunctional agents based on the nicotinoyl hydrazone scaffold, which acts as a metal chelator and a lipophilic delivery vehicle, donating a NAD+ precursor to cells, to target metal dyshomeostasis, oxidative stress, β-amyloid (Aβ) aggregation, and a decrease in the NAD+ /NADH ratio. KEY RESULTS The most promising compound, 6-methoxysalicylaldehyde nicotinoyl hydrazone (SNH6), demonstrated low cytotoxicity, potent iron (Fe)-chelation efficacy, significant inhibition of copper-mediated Aβ aggregation, oxidative stress alleviation, effective donation of NAD+ to NAD-dependent metabolic processes (PARP and sirtuin activity) and enhanced cellular NAD+ /NADH ratios, as well as significantly increased median Caenorhabditis elegans lifespan (to 1.46-fold of the control); partly decreased BACE1 expression, resulting in significantly lower soluble amyloid precursor protein-β (sAPPβ) and Aβ1-40 levels; and favourable blood-brain barrier-permeation properties. Structure-activity relationships demonstrated that the ability of these nicotinoyl hydrazones to increase NAD+ was dependent on the electron-withdrawing or electron-donating substituents on the aldehyde- or ketone-derived moiety. Aldehyde-derived hydrazones containing the ONO donor set and electron-donating groups were required for NAD+ donation and low cytotoxicity. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS The nicotinoyl hydrazones, particularly SNH6, have the potential to act as multifunctional therapeutic agents and delivery vehicles for NAD+ precursors for AD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhixuan Wu
- Molecular Pharmacology and Pathology Program, Department of Pathology and Bosch Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Duraippandi Palanimuthu
- Molecular Pharmacology and Pathology Program, Department of Pathology and Bosch Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Nady Braidy
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.,Schools of Medicine, Huzhou University, Huzhou Central Hospital, Huzhou, China
| | - Nor Hawani Salikin
- School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, Centre for Marine Science and Innovation, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Suhelen Egan
- School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, Centre for Marine Science and Innovation, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Michael L H Huang
- Molecular Pharmacology and Pathology Program, Department of Pathology and Bosch Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Des R Richardson
- Molecular Pharmacology and Pathology Program, Department of Pathology and Bosch Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Department of Pathology and Biological Responses, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
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Jansová H, Šimůnek T. Cardioprotective Potential of Iron Chelators and Prochelators. Curr Med Chem 2019; 26:288-301. [DOI: 10.2174/0929867324666170920155439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2016] [Revised: 06/07/2017] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Heart is a particularly sensitive organ to iron overload and cardiomyopathy due to the excessive cardiac iron deposition causes most deaths in disorders such as beta-thalassemia major. Free or loosely bound iron ions readily cycle between ferrous and ferric states and catalyze Haber-Weiss reaction that yields highly reactive and toxic hydroxyl radicals. Treatment with iron chelators (desferrioxamine, deferiprone, and deferasirox) substantially improved cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in iron overloaded patients. Furthermore, iron chelators have been studied in various cardiovascular disorders with known or presumed oxidative stress roles (e.g., ischemia/reperfusion injury) also in patients with normal body iron contents. The pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties of these chelators are critical for effective therapy. For example, the widely clinically used but hydrophilic chelator desferrioxamine suffers from poor plasma membrane permeability, which means that high and clinically unachievable concentrations/doses must be employed to obtain cardioprotection. Therefore, small-molecular and lipophilic chelators with oral availability are more suitable for this purpose, particularly in states without systemic iron overload. Apart from agents that are already used in clinical practice, aroylhydrazone iron chelators, namely salicylaldehyde isonicotinoyl hydrazone (SIH), have provided promising results. However, the use of classical iron-chelating agents is associated with a risk of toxicity due to indiscriminate iron depletion. Recent studies have therefore focused on "masked" prochelators that have little or no affinity for iron until site-specific activation by reactive oxygen species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hana Jansová
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Kralove, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáś Šimůnek
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Kralove, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
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Wang Q, Franz KJ. Modifying aroylhydrazone prochelators for hydrolytic stability and improved cytoprotection against oxidative stress. Bioorg Med Chem 2018; 26:5962-5972. [PMID: 30429096 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2018.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Revised: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 11/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BSIH ((E)-N'-(2-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)benzylidene)isonicotinohydrazide) is a prodrug version of the metal chelator SIH ((E)-N'-(2-hydroxybenzylidene)isonicotinohydrazide) in which a boronate group prevents metal chelation until reaction with hydrogen peroxide releases SIH, which is then available for sequestering iron(III) and inhibiting iron-catalyzed oxidative damage. While BSIH has shown promise for conditionally targeting iron sequestration in cells under oxidative stress, the yield of SIH is limited by the fact that BSIH exists in cell culture media as an equilibrium mixture with its hydrolysis products isoniazid and 2-formylphenyl boronic acid. In the current study, several BSIH analogs were evaluated for their hydrolytic stability, reaction outcomes with H2O2, and prochelator-to-chelator conversion efficiency. Notably, the para-methoxy derivative (p-OMe)BSIH ((E)-N'-(5-methoxy-2-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)benzylidene)isonicotinohydrazide) and the meta-, para-double substituted (MD)BSIH ((E)-N'-((6-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)benzo[d][1,3]dioxol-5-yl)methylene)isonicotinohydrazide) showed 1.3- and 1.9-fold improved hydrolytic stability compared to BSIH, respectively, leading to a 22 and 50% increase in chelator released. Moreover, both prochelators were found to protect retinal pigment epithelial cells stressed with either H2O2 or paraquat insult.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Wang
- Duke University, Department of Chemistry, 124 Science Dr., Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Katherine J Franz
- Duke University, Department of Chemistry, 124 Science Dr., Durham, NC 27708, USA.
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N-Acylhydrazones as drugs. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2018; 28:2797-2806. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2018.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2018] [Revised: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 07/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Wang Q, Franz KJ. The hydrolytic susceptibility of prochelator BSIH in aqueous solutions. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2017; 27:4165-4170. [PMID: 28734582 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2017.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The prochelator BSIH ((E)-N'-(2-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)benzylidene)isonicotinohydrazide) contains a boronate group that prevents metal coordination until reaction with peroxide releases the iron chelator SIH ((E)-N'-(2-hydroxybenzylidene)isonicotinohydrazide). BSIH exists in aqueous buffer and cell culture media in equilibrium with its hydrolysis products isoniazid and (2-formylphenyl)boronic acid (FBA). The relative concentrations of these species limit the yield of intact SIH available for targeted iron chelation. While the hydrolysis fragments are nontoxic to retinal pigment epithelial cells, these results suggest that modifications to BSIH that improve its hydrolytic stability yet maintain its low inherent cytotoxicity are desirable for creating more efficient prochelators for protection against cellular oxidative damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Wang
- Duke University, Department of Chemistry, 124 Science Dr., Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Katherine J Franz
- Duke University, Department of Chemistry, 124 Science Dr., Durham, NC 27708, USA.
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Hašková P, Jansová H, Bureš J, Macháček M, Jirkovská A, Franz KJ, Kovaříková P, Šimůnek T. Cardioprotective effects of iron chelator HAPI and ROS-activated boronate prochelator BHAPI against catecholamine-induced oxidative cellular injury. Toxicology 2016; 371:17-28. [PMID: 27744045 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2016.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2016] [Revised: 09/30/2016] [Accepted: 10/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Catecholamines may undergo iron-promoted oxidation resulting in formation of reactive intermediates (aminochromes) capable of redox cycling and reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation. Both of them induce oxidative stress resulting in cellular damage and death. Iron chelation has been recently shown as a suitable tool of cardioprotection with considerable potential to protect cardiac cells against catecholamine-induced cardiotoxicity. However, prolonged exposure of cells to classical chelators may interfere with physiological iron homeostasis. Prochelators represent a more advanced approach to decrease oxidative injury by forming a chelating agent only under the disease-specific conditions associated with oxidative stress. Novel prochelator (lacking any iron chelating properties) BHAPI [(E)-Ń-(1-(2-((4-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,2,3-dioxoborolan-2-yl)benzyl)oxy)phenyl)ethylidene) isonicotinohydrazide] is converted by ROS to active chelator HAPI with strong iron binding capacity that efficiently inhibits iron-catalyzed hydroxyl radical generation. Our results confirmed redox activity of oxidation products of catecholamines isoprenaline and epinephrine, that were able to activate BHAPI to HAPI that chelates iron ions inside H9c2 cardiomyoblasts. Both HAPI and BHAPI were able to efficiently protect the cells against intracellular ROS formation, depletion of reduced glutathione and toxicity induced by catecholamines and their oxidation products. Hence, both HAPI and BHAPI have shown considerable potential to protect cardiac cells by both inhibition of deleterious catecholamine oxidation to reactive intermediates and prevention of ROS-mediated cardiotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavlína Hašková
- Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Heyrovského 1203, 500 05 Hradec Králové, Czechia
| | - Hana Jansová
- Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Heyrovského 1203, 500 05 Hradec Králové, Czechia
| | - Jan Bureš
- Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Heyrovského 1203, 500 05 Hradec Králové, Czechia
| | - Miloslav Macháček
- Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Heyrovského 1203, 500 05 Hradec Králové, Czechia
| | - Anna Jirkovská
- Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Heyrovského 1203, 500 05 Hradec Králové, Czechia
| | - Katherine J Franz
- Duke University, Department of Chemistry, 124 Science Dr., Durham, NC, 22708, USA
| | - Petra Kovaříková
- Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Heyrovského 1203, 500 05 Hradec Králové, Czechia
| | - Tomáš Šimůnek
- Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Heyrovského 1203, 500 05 Hradec Králové, Czechia.
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Jansová H, Bureš J, Macháček M, Hašková P, Jirkovská A, Roh J, Wang Q, Franz KJ, Kovaříková P, Šimůnek T. Characterization of cytoprotective and toxic properties of iron chelator SIH, prochelator BSIH and their degradation products. Toxicology 2016; 350-352:15-24. [PMID: 27046792 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2016.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2016] [Revised: 03/24/2016] [Accepted: 03/31/2016] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Free cellular iron catalyzes the formation of toxic hydroxyl radicals and therefore chelation of iron could be a promising therapeutic approach in pathological states associated with oxidative stress. Salicylaldehyde isonicotinoyl hydrazone (SIH) is a strong intracellular iron chelator with well documented potential to protect against oxidative damage both in vitro and in vivo. Due to the short biological half-life of SIH and risk of toxicity due to iron depletion, boronate prochelator BSIH has been designed. BSIH cannot bind iron until it is activated by certain reactive oxygen species to active chelator SIH. The aim of this study was to examine the toxicity and cytoprotective potential of BSIH, SIH, and their decomposition products against hydrogen peroxide-induced injury of H9c2 cardiomyoblast cells. Using HPLC, we observed that salicylaldehyde was the main decomposition products of SIH and BSIH, although a small amount of salicylic acid was also detected. In the case of BSIH, the concentration of formed salicylaldehyde consistently exceeded that of SIH. Isoniazid and salicylic acid were not toxic nor did they provide any antioxidant protective effect in H9c2 cells. In contrast, salicylaldehyde was able to chelate intracellular iron and significantly preserve cellular viability and mitochondrial inner membrane potential induced by hydrogen peroxide. However it was consistently less effective than SIH. The inherent toxicities of salicylaldehyde and SIH were similar. Hence, although SIH - the active chelating agent formed following the BSIH activation - undergoes rapid hydrolysis, its principal decomposition product salicylaldehyde accounts markedly for both cytoprotective and toxic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hana Jansová
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University in Prague, 500 05 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Bureš
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University in Prague, 500 05 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Miloslav Macháček
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University in Prague, 500 05 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Pavlína Hašková
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University in Prague, 500 05 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Anna Jirkovská
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University in Prague, 500 05 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Jaroslav Roh
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University in Prague, 500 05 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Qin Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, NC 22708, USA
| | | | - Petra Kovaříková
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University in Prague, 500 05 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Šimůnek
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University in Prague, 500 05 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic.
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