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Chen CI, Lin KH, Lin TC, Huang MY, Chen YC, Huang CC, Wang CW. Responses of photosynthesis and chlorophyll fluorescence during light induction in different seedling ages of Mahonia oiwakensis. BOTANICAL STUDIES 2023; 64:5. [PMID: 36890306 PMCID: PMC9995626 DOI: 10.1186/s40529-023-00369-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to determine the actual state of the photosynthetic apparatus and exhibit distinguishable differences in the chlorophyll fluorescence (ChlF) components in different seedling ages of M. oiwakensis plants subjected to different light intensity (LI). Potted 6-month-old greenhouse seedlings and field collected 2.4-year-old seedlings with 5 cm heights were selected and randomly separated into seven groups for photosynthesis measurements illuminated with 50, 100 (assigned as low LI), 300, 500, 1,000 (as moderate LI), 1,500 and 2,000 (as high LI) μmol m-2 s-1 photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) treatments. RESULTS n 6-month-old seedlings, as LI increased from 50 to 2,000 PPFD, the values of non-photochemical quenching and photo-inhibitory quenching (qI) increased but potential quantum efficiency of PSII (Fv/Fm) and photochemical efficiency of photosystem II (ΦPSII) values decreased. High electron transport rate and percentage of actual PSII efficiency by Fv/Fm values were observed in 2.4-year-old seedlings at high LI conditions. Furthermore, higher ΦPSII was detected under low LI conditions, with lower energy-dependent quenching (qE) and qI values and photo-inhibition % decreased as well. However, qE and qI increased as ΦPSII decreased and photo-inhibition% increased under high LI treatments. CONCLUSIONS These results could be useful for predicting the changes in growth and distribution of Mahonia species grown in controlled environments and open fields with various combinations of varying light illuminations, and ecological monitoring of their restoration and habitat creation is important for provenance conservation and helps to formulate better conservation strategies for the seedlings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chung-I Chen
- Department of Forestry, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, 91201, Taiwan
| | - Kuan-Hung Lin
- Department of Horticulture and Biotechnology, Chinese Culture University, Taipei, 11114, Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Chao Lin
- Endemic Species Research Institute, Jiji Township, No.1, Minsheng E. Rd, Nantou County, 55244, Taiwan
| | - Meng-Yuan Huang
- Department of Life Sciences and Innovation and Development Center of Sustainable Agriculture, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, 40227, Taiwan
| | - Yung-Chih Chen
- College of Bio-Resources and Agriculture, The Experimental Forest, National Taiwan University, Nantou, 557, Taiwan
| | - Chau-Ching Huang
- Endemic Species Research Institute, Jiji Township, No.1, Minsheng E. Rd, Nantou County, 55244, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Wen Wang
- Endemic Species Research Institute, Jiji Township, No.1, Minsheng E. Rd, Nantou County, 55244, Taiwan.
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Matos P, Batista MT, Figueirinha A. A review of the ethnomedicinal uses, chemistry, and pharmacological properties of the genus Acanthus (Acanthaceae). JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 293:115271. [PMID: 35430290 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2022.115271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Revised: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE The Acanthus genus belongs to the Acanthaceae family, and its species are distributed in all continents, mainly in tropical and subtropical regions. Several traditional applications are referred to, but few scientific studies validate them. Despite this, studies in animal models corroborate some of its uses in folk medicine, such as anticancer, antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, and antinociceptive, which encourages the research on plants of this genus. AIM OF THE REVIEW To our knowledge, this document is the first comprehensive review study that provides information on the geographic distribution, botanical characteristics, ethnomedicinal uses, phytochemicals, and pharmacological activities of some Acanthus species to understand the correlation between traditional uses, phytochemical, and pharmacological activities, providing perspectives for future studies. RESULTS In traditional medicine, Acanthus species are mainly used for diseases of respiratory, nervous and reproductive system, gastrointestinal and urinary tract, and skin illness. The most used species are A. montanus, A. ilicifolius, and A. ebracteatus. Chemical compounds (125) from different chemical classes were isolated and identified in seven species, mainly from A. ilicifolius, about 80, followed by A. ebracteatus and A. montanus, appearing with a slightly lower number with fewer phytochemical profile studies. Isolated phytoconstituents have been mainly alkaloids, phenylpropanoid glycosides, and phenylethanoids. In addition, aliphatic glycosides, flavonoids, lignan glycosides, megastigmane derivatives, triterpenoids, steroids, fatty acids, alcohols, hydroxybenzoic acids, simple phenols were also cited. Scientific studies from Acanthus species extracts and their phytoconstituents support their ethnomedical uses. Antimicrobial activity that is the most studied, followed by the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer properties, underlie many Acanthus species activities. A. dioscoridis, A. ebracteatus, A. hirsutus, A. ilicifolius, A. mollis, A. montanus, and A. polystachyus have studies on these activities, A. ilicifolius being the one with the most publications. Most studies were essentially performed in vitro. However, the anticancer, antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive properties have been studied in vivo. CONCLUSION Acanthus species have remarkable phytoconstituents with different biological activities, such as antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antinociceptive, hepatoprotective, and leishmanicidal, supporting traditional uses of some species. However, many others remain unexplored. Future studies should focus on these species, especially pharmacological properties, toxicity, and action mechanisms. This review provides a comprehensive report on Acanthus genus plants, evidencing their therapeutic potential and prospects for discovering new safe and effective drugs from Acanthus species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrícia Matos
- University of Coimbra, Faculty of Pharmacy of University of Coimbra, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548, Coimbra, Portugal; REQUIMTE/LAQV, R. D. Manuel II, Apartado, 55142, Oporto, Portugal
| | - Maria Teresa Batista
- Center for Pharmaceutical Studies, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548, Coimbra, Portugal; University of Coimbra, CIEPQPF, FFUC, Pólo das Ciências da Saúde, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Artur Figueirinha
- University of Coimbra, Faculty of Pharmacy of University of Coimbra, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548, Coimbra, Portugal; REQUIMTE/LAQV, R. D. Manuel II, Apartado, 55142, Oporto, Portugal.
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Mining Therapeutic Efficacy from Treasure Chest of Biodiversity and Chemodiversity: Pharmacophylogeny of Ranunculales Medicinal Plants. Chin J Integr Med 2022; 28:1111-1126. [PMID: 35809180 PMCID: PMC9282152 DOI: 10.1007/s11655-022-3576-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Ranunculales, comprising of 7 families that are rich in medicinal species frequently utilized by traditional medicine and ethnomedicine, represents a treasure chest of biodiversity and chemodiversity. The phylogenetically related species often have similar chemical profile, which makes them often possess similar therapeutic spectrum. This has been validated by both ethnomedicinal experiences and pharmacological investigations. This paper summarizes molecular phylogeny, chemical constituents, and therapeutic applications of Ranunculales, i.e., a pharmacophylogeny study of this representative medicinal order. The phytochemistry/metabolome, ethnomedicine and bioactivity/pharmacology data are incorporated within the phylogenetic framework of Ranunculales. The most studied compounds of this order include benzylisoquinoline alkaloid, flavonoid, terpenoid, saponin and lignan, etc. Bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloids are especially abundant in Berberidaceae and Menispermaceae. The most frequent ethnomedicinal uses are arthritis, heat-clearing and detoxification, carbuncle-abscess and sore-toxin. The most studied bioactivities are anticancer/cytotoxic, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory activities, etc. The pharmacophylogeny analysis, integrated with both traditional and modern medicinal uses, agrees with the molecular phylogeny based on chloroplast and nuclear DNA sequences, in which Ranunculales is divided into Ranunculaceae, Berberidaceae, Menispermaceae, Lardizabalaceae, Circaeasteraceae, Papaveraceae, and Eupteleaceae families. Chemical constituents and therapeutic efficacy of each taxonomic group are reviewed and the underlying connection between phylogeny, chemodiversity and clinical uses is revealed, which facilitate the conservation and sustainable utilization of Ranunculales pharmaceutical resources, as well as developing novel plant-based pharmacotherapy.
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Yin C, Zhang S, Liu L, Liu X, Zhang Y. First Report of Powdery Mildew Caused by Erysiphe berberidis on Berberis fortunei in China. PLANT DISEASE 2020; 105:222. [PMID: 32748723 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-06-20-1300-pdn] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Berberis fortune (Lindl.) is commonly used in Chinese traditional medicine (Liu et al. 2020). In April 2020, white powdery colonies covering up to 100% of both upper leaf surfaces and calyces were observed on this species growing on Anhui Agricultural University campus (31°51'51″N; 117°15'31″E) in Hefei City, Anhui Province, China. Sporulating mycelia were white and effuse. Conidiophores were erect, with straight, cylindrical foot cells, 20 to 26 × 9 to 12 μm (average: 24 × 11 µm) (n = 30), followed by one to three shorter cells, and producing conidia in chains. Conidia were ellipsoid-ovoid, subcylindrical, and measured 27 to 36 × 12 to 16.5 µm (average: 32.4 × 14.1 µm) (n = 50). For accurate identification, DNA was extracted from the mycelia, which were collected by scraping symptomatic leaves. The internal transcribed spacer (ITS) was amplified and sequenced using primers ITS1/ITS4. The 623-bp ITS (GenBank accession no. MT449013) showed 99% identity with those of Erysiphe berberidis LC010057 (Takamatsu et al. 2015), KY661153 and KY660920. Based on morphological characteristics and phylogenetic analysis, the powdery mildew fungus on B. fortunei was identified as E. berberidis (Glawe, D. A. 2003). Ten leaves on an asymptomatic B. fortunei were inoculated by gently pressing diseased leaves against the surface of healthy leaves. Ten non-inoculated plants served as controls. All plants were maintained in a greenhouse at 22 to 25°C and >80% relative humidity. Inoculated plants developed powdery mildew colonies after 14 days, whereas uninoculated plants remained healthy. Morphological and molecular characters of the powdery mildew fungus on artificially inoculated plants were identical to those on naturally infected B. fortune. Previously in Siberia, Russia, powdery mildew on woody plants has been reported to be caused by E. berberidis (Tomoshevich M. A. 2019). However, this is the first report of powdery mildew caused by E. berberidis on B. fortunei in China. Its identification will establish a foundation for controlling the disease in China.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Yinglao Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural UniversityHefei, China, 230036;
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Wang K, Liu L, Yang Y, Liu X, Zhang L, Xu W, Zhang Y, Yang X, Zhang P, Peng K, Gong Y, Liu N. An effective UFLC-MS/MS method used to study pharmacokinetics of major constituents of Fukeqianjin formula in rat plasma. Chin Med 2020; 15:74. [PMID: 32724332 PMCID: PMC7382147 DOI: 10.1186/s13020-020-00347-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fukeqianjin formula (FKQJF) is a Chinese medicine prescription, which has been widely used individually or in combination with other western medicine for the treatment of various gynecological inflammatory diseases, including chronic cervicitis, chronic pelvic inflammatory disease and endometritis, so on and so force. METHODS The ultra-fast liquid chromatography coupled with triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry (UFLC-MS/MS), a quick and efficient method was established and applied to quantify the major constituents of Fukeqianjin formula in rat plasma, and its pharmacokinetics of oral absorption was studied. Nineteen components in Fukeqianjin formula were detected and identified as the major compounds absorbed into the blood according to their chromatographic behavior, molecular weight, ion fragments and other information of these compounds. Furthermore, the plasma drug concentration-time curves were established and the related kinetic parameters were analyzed. RESULTS The results showed that all the 19 compounds could be rapidly absorbed by the gastrointestinal tract, the plasma drug concentration of most compounds could reach a peak at around 1-2 h, and the double-peaks on behalf of the enterohepatic circulation were found in most drug concentration-time curves. The method used in this experiment was validated comprehensively including specificity, linearity, precision, accuracy, stability, matrix effect, and recovery. CONCLUSIONS These results showed that the developed method was suitable for pharmacokinetic analysis of the main components of Fukeqianjin formula in rat plasma, and may provide useful information for the subsequent distribution studies in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanghua Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Department of Natural Medicines, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Peking University, No. 38, Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100191 China
| | - Lu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Department of Natural Medicines, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Peking University, No. 38, Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100191 China
| | - Yanfang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Department of Natural Medicines, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Peking University, No. 38, Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100191 China
| | - Xiaoyan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Department of Natural Medicines, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Peking University, No. 38, Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100191 China
| | - Lei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Department of Natural Medicines, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Peking University, No. 38, Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100191 China
| | - Wei Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Department of Natural Medicines, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Peking University, No. 38, Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100191 China
| | - Yingtao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Department of Natural Medicines, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Peking University, No. 38, Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100191 China
| | - Xiuwei Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Department of Natural Medicines, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Peking University, No. 38, Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100191 China
| | - Peng Zhang
- Zhuzhou Qianjin Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Zhuzhou, 412000 China
| | - Kaifeng Peng
- Zhuzhou Qianjin Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Zhuzhou, 412000 China
| | - Yun Gong
- Zhuzhou Qianjin Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Zhuzhou, 412000 China
| | - Nifu Liu
- Zhuzhou Qianjin Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Zhuzhou, 412000 China
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Lin Y, Yu R, Yin G, Chen Z, Lin H. Syringic acid delivered via mPEG-PLGA-PLL nanoparticles enhances peripheral nerve regeneration effect. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2020; 15:1487-1499. [PMID: 32552485 DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2020-0042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: To deliver syringic acid (SA) with a nanocarrier and enhance its function. Materials & methods: mPEG-PLGA-PLL (PEAL) nanoparticles were used to deliver SA. The characterization, storage stability, drug release, blood-compatibility and biocompatibility of SA-PEAL were detected by in vitro and in vivo assays. Cellular phenotypic experiments and rat sciatic nerve injury models were used to evaluate the function of SA-PEALs. Results: SA-PEAL had good storage stability, blood-compatibility and biocompatibility and could slowly release SA. SA-PEAL significantly enhanced the proliferation and migration ability of Schwann cells and function recovery of injured sciatic nerves. Conclusion: Our study provides an effective nano-delivery system for enhancing the neural repair function of SA and promoting further applications of SA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaofa Lin
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200080, PR China
| | - Ronghua Yu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Tongren Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200336, PR China
| | - Gang Yin
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200080, PR China
| | - Zixian Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, PR China
| | - Haodong Lin
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200080, PR China
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Adnan M, Chy MNU, Kamal AM, Chowdhury KAA, Rahman MA, Reza ASMA, Moniruzzaman M, Rony SR, Nasrin MS, Azad MOK, Park CH, Lim YS, Cho DH. Intervention in Neuropsychiatric Disorders by Suppressing Inflammatory and Oxidative Stress Signal and Exploration of In Silico Studies for Potential Lead Compounds from Holigarna caustica (Dennst.) Oken leaves. Biomolecules 2020; 10:E561. [PMID: 32268590 PMCID: PMC7226598 DOI: 10.3390/biom10040561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Revised: 03/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Holigarna caustica (Dennst.), a popular plant used in folk medicine in Bangladesh, is often used by the local folk practitioner to treat a variety of chronic diseases. The present research is an attempt to find out an innovative therapeutic prospect for the management of neuropsychiatric disorders. The methanol extract of H. caustica leaves (MEHC) were utilized on various behavioral tests for assessing anxiolytic, anti-depressant, and anti-inflammatory activities. The antioxidant potentials and quantitative phytochemicals were evaluated through spectrophotometric methods. Results revealed that treatment of MEHC (200 and 400 mg/kg) significantly reduced anxiety like behaviors in mice, particularly, 400 mg/kg efficiently improved % of entries and time spent (p < 0.05) in the open arms in elevated plus maze test, whereas, superior head dipping tendency (p < 0.05) was observed in hole-board test. In contrast, mice treated with 200 mg/kg revealed better anxiolytic effect in both open field and hole-cross tests. During antidepressant evaluation, mice administrated with MEHC exhibited active behaviors (swimming and struggling) in forced swimming and tail suspension tests. In parallel, MEHC manifested a noteworthy (p < 0.001) suppression of inflammatory response induced by histamine. The MEHC also showed strong antioxidant activities in 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH) (IC50: 57.64 μg/mL) scavenging, H2O2 (IC50: 51.60 μg/mL) scavenging, and ferric reducing power assay. The levels of total phenol, flavonoid, flavonol, condensed tannin, and antioxidant were estimated as higher in MEHC. Moreover, 11 compounds were documented as bioactive, displayed good binding affinities to potassium channel receptor, human serotonin receptor, cyclooxygenase (COX-1 and 2), and xanthine oxidoreductase enzyme targets in molecular docking experiments. Furthermore, ADME/T and Prediction of Activity Spectra for Substances (PASS) analyses exposed their drug-likeness, nontoxic upon consumption, and likely pharmacological actions. Overall, the H. caustica is potentially bioactive as evident by in vivo, in vitro, and computational analysis. Our findings support the folkloric value of this plant, which may provide a potential source towards developing drug leads.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md. Adnan
- Department of Bio-Health Technology, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea; (M.A.); (M.O.K.A.); (C.H.P.)
| | - Md. Nazim Uddin Chy
- Department of Pharmacy, International Islamic University Chittagong, Chittagong 4318, Bangladesh; (M.N.U.C.); (K.A.A.C.); (A.S.M.A.R.); (M.S.N.)
- Drug Discovery, GUSTO A Research Group, Chittagong 4000, Bangladesh
| | - A.T.M. Mostafa Kamal
- Department of Pharmacy, International Islamic University Chittagong, Chittagong 4318, Bangladesh; (M.N.U.C.); (K.A.A.C.); (A.S.M.A.R.); (M.S.N.)
| | - Kazi Asfak Ahmed Chowdhury
- Department of Pharmacy, International Islamic University Chittagong, Chittagong 4318, Bangladesh; (M.N.U.C.); (K.A.A.C.); (A.S.M.A.R.); (M.S.N.)
| | - Md. Atiar Rahman
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Chittagong, Chittagong 4331, Bangladesh;
| | - A. S. M. Ali Reza
- Department of Pharmacy, International Islamic University Chittagong, Chittagong 4318, Bangladesh; (M.N.U.C.); (K.A.A.C.); (A.S.M.A.R.); (M.S.N.)
| | - Md. Moniruzzaman
- Designated Reference Institute for Chemical Measurement (DRiCM), Bangladesh Council of Scientific & Industrial Research (BCSIR), Dhaka 1205, Bangladesh;
| | - Satyajit Roy Rony
- BCSIR Laboratories, Chittagong, Bangladesh Council of Scientific & Industrial Research (BCSIR), Chittagong 4220, Bangladesh;
| | - Mst. Samima Nasrin
- Department of Pharmacy, International Islamic University Chittagong, Chittagong 4318, Bangladesh; (M.N.U.C.); (K.A.A.C.); (A.S.M.A.R.); (M.S.N.)
| | - Md Obyedul Kalam Azad
- Department of Bio-Health Technology, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea; (M.A.); (M.O.K.A.); (C.H.P.)
| | - Cheol Ho Park
- Department of Bio-Health Technology, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea; (M.A.); (M.O.K.A.); (C.H.P.)
| | - Young Seok Lim
- Department of Bio-Health Technology, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea; (M.A.); (M.O.K.A.); (C.H.P.)
| | - Dong Ha Cho
- Department of Bio-Health Technology, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea; (M.A.); (M.O.K.A.); (C.H.P.)
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