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Khalikova M, Jireš J, Horáček O, Douša M, Kučera R, Nováková L. What is the role of current mass spectrometry in pharmaceutical analysis? MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2024; 43:560-609. [PMID: 37503656 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
The role of mass spectrometry (MS) has become more important in most application domains in recent years. Pharmaceutical analysis is specific due to its stringent regulation procedures, the need for good laboratory/manufacturing practices, and a large number of routine quality control analyses to be carried out. The role of MS is, therefore, very different throughout the whole drug development cycle. While it dominates within the drug discovery and development phase, in routine quality control, the role of MS is minor and indispensable only for selected applications. Moreover, its role is very different in the case of analysis of small molecule pharmaceuticals and biopharmaceuticals. Our review explains the role of current MS in the analysis of both small-molecule chemical drugs and biopharmaceuticals. Important features of MS-based technologies being implemented, method requirements, and related challenges are discussed. The differences in analytical procedures for small molecule pharmaceuticals and biopharmaceuticals are pointed out. While a single method or a small set of methods is usually sufficient for quality control in the case of small molecule pharmaceuticals and MS is often not indispensable, a large panel of methods including extensive use of MS must be used for quality control of biopharmaceuticals. Finally, expected development and future trends are outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Khalikova
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Králové, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Jakub Jireš
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Engineering, UCT Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
- Department of Development, Zentiva, k. s., Praha, Praha, Czech Republic
| | - Ondřej Horáček
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Douša
- Department of Development, Zentiva, k. s., Praha, Praha, Czech Republic
| | - Radim Kučera
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Lucie Nováková
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
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Horne S, Vera MD, Nagavelli LR, Sayeed VA, Heckman L, Johnson D, Berger D, Yip YY, Krahn CL, Sizukusa LO, Rocha NFM, Bream RN, Ludwig J, Keire DA, Condran G. Regulatory Experiences with Root Causes and Risk Factors for Nitrosamine Impurities in Pharmaceuticals. J Pharm Sci 2023; 112:1166-1182. [PMID: 36599405 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2022.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
N-Nitrosamines (also referred to as nitrosamines) are a class of substances, many of which are highly potent mutagenic agents which have been classified as probable human carcinogens. Nitrosamine impurities have been a concern within the pharmaceutical industry and by regulatory authorities worldwide since June 2018, when regulators were informed of the presence of N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) in the angiotensin-II receptor blocker (ARB) medicine, valsartan. Since that time, regulatory authorities have collaborated to share information and knowledge on issues related to nitrosamines with a goal of promoting convergence on technical issues and reducing and mitigating patient exposure to harmful nitrosamine impurities in human drug products. This paper shares current scientific information from a quality perspective on risk factors and potential root causes for nitrosamine impurities, as well as recommendations for risk mitigation and control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Matthew D Vera
- US Food and Drug Administration (US FDA), Silver Spring, MD, 20993, USA
| | - Laxma R Nagavelli
- US Food and Drug Administration (US FDA), Silver Spring, MD, 20993, USA
| | - Vilayat A Sayeed
- US Food and Drug Administration (US FDA), Silver Spring, MD, 20993, USA
| | - Laurel Heckman
- US Food and Drug Administration (US FDA), Silver Spring, MD, 20993, USA
| | - Deborah Johnson
- US Food and Drug Administration (US FDA), Silver Spring, MD, 20993, USA
| | - Dan Berger
- US Food and Drug Administration (US FDA), Silver Spring, MD, 20993, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Robert N Bream
- European Medicines Agency (EMA, EU), Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Joachim Ludwig
- Bundesinstitut für Arzneimittel und Medizinprodukte (BfArM), Bonn, Germany
| | - David A Keire
- US Food and Drug Administration (US FDA), St Louis, MO, 63110, USA
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Jireš J, Douša M, Gibala P, Kubelka T. N-Nitrosation in the absence of nitrosating agents in pharmaceuticals? J Pharm Biomed Anal 2022; 218:114872. [PMID: 35696937 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2022.114872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Revised: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The possibility of N-Nitrosation in the absence of nitrosating agents was studied on model solutions and film coated tablets containing metformin. N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) and N-nitrosation precursors (dimethylamine and nitrites) were determined using previously published fully validated analytical methods. Alternative routes to N-nitrosation were found. Dimethylamine can undergo an oxidation to nitrite in the presence of strong oxidants (e.g., H2O2), as was observed during wastewater treatment in several published works. The resulting nitrite can consecutively act as a nitrosating agent. We proved that the described reaction indeed leads to N-nitrosation (NDMA formation in case of dimethylamine precursor) in model solutions made of dimethylamine and H2O2. An experiment was designed in order to prove those reactions take place in dosage forms. Film coated tablets present a highly heterogenous system with several solid phases and low water activity, which is in stark contrast to the liquid wastewater, where this reaction was originally studied. Despite that, the described reaction took place even in the tablets, but only to a small degree. The amount formed via this alternative route corresponds to less than 10 % of the total formed NDMA. The pH optimum of this alternative route lies in the alkaline range which was confirmed by the determined NDMA concentration in model solutions. The solid phase system (i.e., tablets) was found to behave differently. The addition of Na2CO3 into the tablets during manufacture resulted in tablets without NDMA (cNDMA < LOQ) even in batches spiked with both dimethylamine and H2O2. Thus, adjusting the pH of the solid dosage forms remains a sufficient measure of controlling N-nitrosamines in the product, even in product with limit amounts of oxidating agent (H2O2) and N-nitrosation precursor (dimethylamine).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Jireš
- Department of Analytical chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Engineering, UCT Prague, Technická 5, Prague 6 166 28, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Douša
- Zentiva, k.s. Praha, U Kabelovny 130, Prague 10 102 37, Czech Republic.
| | - Petr Gibala
- Zentiva, k.s. Praha, U Kabelovny 130, Prague 10 102 37, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Kubelka
- Zentiva, k.s. Praha, U Kabelovny 130, Prague 10 102 37, Czech Republic
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Zeng X, Lan Y, Xiao J, Hu L, Tan L, Liang M, Wang X, Lu S, Peng T, Long F. Advances in phosphoproteomics and its application to COPD. Expert Rev Proteomics 2022; 19:311-324. [PMID: 36730079 DOI: 10.1080/14789450.2023.2176756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) was the third leading cause of global death in 2019, causing a huge economic burden to society. Therefore, it is urgent to identify specific phenotypes of COPD patients through early detection, and to promptly treat exacerbations. The field of phosphoproteomics has been a massive advancement, compelled by the developments in mass spectrometry, enrichment strategies, algorithms, and tools. Modern mass spectrometry-based phosphoproteomics allows understanding of disease pathobiology, biomarker discovery, and predicting new therapeutic modalities. AREAS COVERED In this article, we present an overview of phosphoproteomic research and strategies for enrichment and fractionation of phosphopeptides, identification of phosphorylation sites, chromatographic separation and mass spectrometry detection strategies, and the potential application of phosphorylated proteomic analysis in the diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of COPD disease. EXPERT OPINION The role of phosphoproteomics in COPD is critical for understanding disease pathobiology, identifying potential biomarkers, and predicting new therapeutic approaches. However, the complexity of COPD requires the more comprehensive understanding that can be achieved through integrated multi-omics studies. Phosphoproteomics, as a part of these multi-omics approaches, can provide valuable insights into the underlying mechanisms of COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyin Zeng
- Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, School of Basic Medical Science, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yanting Lan
- Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, School of Basic Medical Science, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jing Xiao
- Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, School of Basic Medical Science, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Longbo Hu
- Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, School of Basic Medical Science, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Long Tan
- Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, School of Basic Medical Science, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mengdi Liang
- Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, School of Basic Medical Science, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xufei Wang
- Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, School of Basic Medical Science, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shaohua Lu
- Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, School of Basic Medical Science, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tao Peng
- Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, School of Basic Medical Science, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong South China Vaccine Co. Ltd, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fei Long
- Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, School of Basic Medical Science, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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Nitrites as precursors of N-nitrosation in pharmaceutical samples – A trace level analysis. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2022; 213:114677. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2022.114677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Revised: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Design of Experiment (DoE) for Optimization of HPLC Conditions for the Simultaneous Fractionation of Seven α-Amylase/Trypsin Inhibitors from Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Processes (Basel) 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/pr10020259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Wheat alpha-amylase/trypsin inhibitors remain a subject of interest considering the latest findings showing their implication in wheat-related non-celiac sensitivity (NCWS). Understanding their functions in such a disorder is still unclear and for further study, the need for pure ATI molecules is one of the limiting problems. In this work, a simplified approach based on the successive fractionation of ATI extracts by reverse phase and ion exchange chromatography was developed. ATIs were first extracted from wheat flour using a combination of Tris buffer and chloroform/methanol methods. The separation of the extracts on a C18 column generated two main fractions of interest F1 and F2. The response surface methodology with the Doehlert design allowed optimizing the operating parameters of the strong anion exchange chromatography. Finally, the seven major wheat ATIs namely P01083, P17314, P16850, P01085, P16851, P16159, and P83207 were recovered with purity levels (according to the targeted LC-MS/MS analysis) of 98.2 ± 0.7; 98.1 ± 0.8; 97.9 ± 0.5; 95.1 ± 0.8; 98.3 ± 0.4; 96.9 ± 0.5, and 96.2 ± 0.4%, respectively. MALDI-TOF-MS analysis revealed single peaks in each of the pure fractions and the mass analysis yielded deviations of 0.4, 1.9, 0.1, 0.2, 0.2, 0.9, and 0.1% between the theoretical and the determined masses of P01083, P17314, P16850, P01085, P16851, P16159, and P83207, respectively. Overall, the study allowed establishing an efficient purification process of the most important wheat ATIs. This paves the way for further in-depth investigation of the ATIs to gain more knowledge related to their involvement in NCWS disease and to allow the absolute quantification in wheat samples.
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Determination of dimethylamine and nitrite in pharmaceuticals by ion chromatography to assess the likelihood of nitrosamine formation. Heliyon 2021; 7:e06179. [PMID: 33665410 PMCID: PMC7907779 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e06179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Since July 2018 several drugs have been recalled due to contamination with N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA), a probable human carcinogen. Dimethylamine (DMA) and nitrite are precursors in the formation of NDMA. In this study, ion chromatography (IC) methods were developed for the determination of these two precursors in drug substances and drug products. Two methods were developed to determine DMA in two drug products using a cation exchange separation coupled to suppressed conductivity detection. The limit of detection of DMA is < 1 μg/g of active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) for both methods. Nitrite was determined using an anion exchange separation coupled with UV absorbance detection. The limit of detection of nitrite was 0.918 μg/g API. The developed methods were successfully applied to DMA and nitrite determinations in five drug products including metformin, losartan, ranitidine, Nytol, and Benadyrl, and two drug substances (APIs), losartan potassium and metformin hydrochloride. Some samples contained nitrite and DMA at detectable levels. Dimethylamine and nitrite recovery from pharmaceutical samples ranged from 96.0-104 %. The developed methods should be useful for the rapid screening and quantification of nitrite and DMA in pharmaceuticals and in-process samples to assess the likelihood of NDMA formation. The methods for DMA should be applicable to other amines to assess the likelihood of the formation of other nitrosamines in pharmaceutical products.
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