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Uçar B, Gholami Z, Svobodová K, Hradecká I, Hönig V. A Comprehensive Study for Determination of Free Fatty Acids in Selected Biological Materials: A Review. Foods 2024; 13:1891. [PMID: 38928832 PMCID: PMC11203194 DOI: 10.3390/foods13121891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2024] [Revised: 06/13/2024] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The quality of oil is highly dependent on its free fatty acid (FFA) content, especially due to increased restrictions on renewable fuels. As a result, there has been a growing interest in free fatty acid determination methods over the last few decades. While various standard methods are currently available, such as the American Oil Chemists Society (AOCS), International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC), and Japan Oil Chemists' Society (JOCS), to obtain accurate results, there is a pressing need to investigate a fast, accurate, feasible, and eco-friendly methodology for determining FFA in biological materials. This is owing to inadequate characteristics of the methods, such as solvent consumption and reproducibility, among others. This study aims to investigate FFA determination methods to identify suitable approaches and introduce a fresh perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beyza Uçar
- ORLEN UniCRE a.s., Revoluční 1521/84, 400 01 Ústí nad Labem, Czech Republic; (Z.G.); (I.H.)
| | - Zahra Gholami
- ORLEN UniCRE a.s., Revoluční 1521/84, 400 01 Ústí nad Labem, Czech Republic; (Z.G.); (I.H.)
| | - Kateřina Svobodová
- ORLEN UniCRE a.s., Revoluční 1521/84, 400 01 Ústí nad Labem, Czech Republic; (Z.G.); (I.H.)
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, 165 00 Prague, Czech Republic;
| | - Ivana Hradecká
- ORLEN UniCRE a.s., Revoluční 1521/84, 400 01 Ústí nad Labem, Czech Republic; (Z.G.); (I.H.)
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, 165 00 Prague, Czech Republic;
| | - Vladimír Hönig
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, 165 00 Prague, Czech Republic;
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Meng W, Sun H, Mu T, Garcia-Vaquero M. Spray-drying and rehydration on β-carotene encapsulated Pickering emulsion with chitosan and seaweed polyphenol. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 268:131654. [PMID: 38641273 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.131654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Revised: 04/07/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/21/2024]
Abstract
The spray-drying process to generate microcapsules from Pickering emulsions needs high temperatures, leading to instability of emulsions and degradation of encapsulated thermosensitive compounds (β-carotene). However, these effects may be attenuated by the introduction of seaweed polyphenols into the emulsion interfacial layers, although the effects underlying this protective mechanism have not been explored. This study evaluates the effects of spray-drying/rehydration on the morphology, encapsulation efficiency, redispersibility, and stability of β-carotene loaded Pickering emulsions stabilized by chitosan (PESC) and Pickering emulsions stabilized by chitosan/seaweed polyphenols (PESCSP). The encapsulation efficiency of β-carotene in PESCSP microcapsules (61.13 %) was higher than PESC (53.91 %). Rehydrated PESCSP exhibited more regular droplet size distribution, higher stability, stronger 3D network morphology, and lower redispersibility index (1.5) compared to rehydrated PESC. Analyses of interfacial layers of emulsions revealed that chitosan covalently bound fatty acids at their hydrophobic side. Polyphenols were linked to chitosan at the hydrophilic side of emulsions through hydrogen bonds, providing 3D network between droplets and antioxidant activities to inhibit the degradation of β-carotene. This study emphasized the role of polyphenols in the interfacial layers of Pickering emulsions for the development of efficient delivery systems and protection of β-carotene and other thermosensitive bioactive compounds during spray-drying and rehydration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weihao Meng
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Nutrition Science, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, No.2 Yuan Ming Yuan West Road, Haidian District, P.O. Box 5109, Beijing 100193, PR China; School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Belfield Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Hongnan Sun
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Nutrition Science, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, No.2 Yuan Ming Yuan West Road, Haidian District, P.O. Box 5109, Beijing 100193, PR China.
| | - Taihua Mu
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Nutrition Science, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, No.2 Yuan Ming Yuan West Road, Haidian District, P.O. Box 5109, Beijing 100193, PR China.
| | - Marco Garcia-Vaquero
- School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Belfield Dublin 4, Ireland.
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Amarante JF, da Costa MM, da Silva Almeida JRG, de Oliveira HP. Synergistic interaction of clove, cinnamon, and eucalyptus essential oils impregnated in cellulose acetate electrospun fibers as antibacterial agents against Staphylococcus aureus. Braz J Microbiol 2023; 54:1635-1643. [PMID: 37391674 PMCID: PMC10485187 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-023-01048-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of antibiotic-free antibacterial strategies applied in the control of bacterial and biofilm proliferation on surfaces is an important topic in discussion in the literature. Essential oils have been explored as isolated and combined components to act as an antibacterial material that inhibits bacterial proliferation, avoiding the contamination of surfaces. Herein, cellulose acetate electrospun fibers impregnated with essential oils of clove, cinnamon and eucalyptus and their combination (clove + cinnamon, cinnamon + eucalyptus and clove + eucalyptus) were explored against the standard strain of Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923). As isolated components, the best performance follows the order clove>cinnamon>eucalyptus essential oil. The association of clove and cinnamon into cellulose acetate electrospun fibers returned a promising and fast antibacterial and antibiofilm activity (improvement in 65%), as a piece of evidence that synergism is observed for the association of essential oils incorporated into electrospun fibers that preserves the antibacterial activity by encapsulation of components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jarbas Freitas Amarante
- Institute of Materials Science, Universidade Federal do Vale do São Francisco, Av. José de Sá Maniçoba S/N, Petrolina, PE, Brazil
| | - Mateus Matiuzzi da Costa
- Institute of Materials Science, Universidade Federal do Vale do São Francisco, Av. José de Sá Maniçoba S/N, Petrolina, PE, Brazil
| | | | - Helinando Pequeno de Oliveira
- Institute of Materials Science, Universidade Federal do Vale do São Francisco, Av. José de Sá Maniçoba S/N, Petrolina, PE, Brazil.
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Colella MF, Marino N, Oliviero Rossi C, Seta L, Caputo P, De Luca G. Triacylglycerol Composition and Chemical-Physical Properties of Cocoa Butter and Its Derivatives: NMR, DSC, X-ray, Rheological Investigation. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24032090. [PMID: 36768417 PMCID: PMC9916945 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, the food industry has become increasingly involved in researching vegetable fats and oils with appropriate mechanical properties (ease of transport, processing, and storage) and a specific lipidic composition to ensure healthy products for consumers. The chemical-physical behavior of these matrices depends on their composition in terms of single fatty acids (FA). However, as we demonstrate in this work, these properties, as well as the absorption, digestion and uptake in humans of specific FAs, are also largely determined by their regiosomerism within the TriAcylGlycerols (TAG) moieties (sn-1,2,3 positions). The goal of this work is to study for the first time vegetable fats obtained directly from a sample of natural cocoa butter (CB) through a process that manipulates the distribution of FAs but not their nature. Even if the initial percentage of each FA in the mixture remains the same, CB derivatives seem to show improved chemical-physical features. In order to understand which factors account for their physical and chemical characteristics, and to check whether or not the obtained new matrices could be considered as valid alternatives to other vegetable fats (e.g., palm oil (PO)), we carried out an experimental investigation at both the macroscopic and molecular level including: (i) Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) analyses to examine thermal features; (ii) rheological testing to explore mechanical properties; (iii) powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) to evaluate the solid-state phases of the obtained fats; and (iv) 1H and 13C Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR, 1D and 2D) spectroscopy to rapidly analyze fatty acid composition including regioisomeric distribution on the glycerol backbone. These last results open up the possibility of using NMR spectroscopy as an alternative to the chromatographic techniques routinely employed for the investigation of similar matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Francesca Colella
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Technologies (CTC), University of Calabria—UNICAL, Via P. Bucci, Arcavacata di Rende, 87036 Rende, Italy
| | - Nadia Marino
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Technologies (CTC), University of Calabria—UNICAL, Via P. Bucci, Arcavacata di Rende, 87036 Rende, Italy
| | - Cesare Oliviero Rossi
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Technologies (CTC), University of Calabria—UNICAL, Via P. Bucci, Arcavacata di Rende, 87036 Rende, Italy
| | - Lucia Seta
- Reolì S.r.l., Zona Industriale, Settore 3, 87064 Corigliano-Rossano, Italy
| | - Paolino Caputo
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Technologies (CTC), University of Calabria—UNICAL, Via P. Bucci, Arcavacata di Rende, 87036 Rende, Italy
- Correspondence: (P.C.); (G.D.L.)
| | - Giuseppina De Luca
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Technologies (CTC), University of Calabria—UNICAL, Via P. Bucci, Arcavacata di Rende, 87036 Rende, Italy
- Correspondence: (P.C.); (G.D.L.)
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Saponification Value of Fats and Oils as Determined from 1H-NMR Data: The Case of Dairy Fats. Foods 2022; 11:foods11101466. [PMID: 35627035 PMCID: PMC9140812 DOI: 10.3390/foods11101466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Revised: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The saponification value of fats and oils is one of the most common quality indices, reflecting the mean molecular weight of the constituting triacylglycerols. Proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-NMR) spectra of fats and oils display specific resonances for the protons from the structural patterns of the triacylglycerols (i.e., the glycerol backbone), methylene (-CH2-) groups, double bonds (-CH=CH-) and the terminal methyl (-CH3) group from the three fatty acyl chains. Consequently, chemometric equations based on the integral values of the 1H-NMR resonances allow for the calculation of the mean molecular weight of triacylglycerol species, leading to the determination of the number of moles of triacylglycerol species per 1 g of fat and eventually to the calculation of the saponification value (SV), expressed as mg KOH/g of fat. The algorithm was verified on a series of binary mixtures of tributyrin (TB) and vegetable oils (i.e., soybean and rapeseed oils) in various ratios, ensuring a wide range of SV. Compared to the conventional technique for SV determination (ISO 3657:2013) based on titration, the obtained 1H-NMR-based saponification values differed by a mean percent deviation of 3%, suggesting the new method is a convenient and rapid alternate approach. Moreover, compared to other reported methods of determining the SV from spectroscopic data, this method is not based on regression equations and, consequently, does not require calibration from a database, as the SV is computed directly and independently from the 1H-NMR spectrum of a given oil/fat sample.
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