Concurrent determination of anti-microbial and anti-inflammatory drugs in lachrymal fluid and tissue by LC-MS/MS: A potential treatment for microbial keratitis and its PK-PD evaluation

Pharmaceutical Emulsions: A Viable Approach for Ocular Drug Delivery

Ocular disorders can lead to serious sight impairment and irreversible blindness. Generally simple topical and systemic treatments are recommended for treating these vision-threatening illnesses. The distinctive architecture of the eye complicates ocular drug delivery. The ophthalmic emulsion formulations have been found to increase bioavailability in the eye by prolonging residence time and improving permeability through the cornea. Therefore, this study highlights ophthalmic emulsions meant for both the anterior and posterior parts of the eye while examining a wide range of ocular disorders that affect individuals globally. This review presents, in brief, recent emulsion-based patented innovations, clinical trials, and marketed emulsion formulations for ocular drug delivery, which are strengthening development of the new ophthalmic drug products for managing different ocular diseases and disorders.

Polymers and their engineered analogues for ocular drug delivery: Enhancing therapeutic precision

Ocular drug delivery is constrained by anatomical and physiological barriers, necessitating innovative solutions for effective therapy. Natural polymers like hyaluronic acid, chitosan, and gelatin, alongside synthetic counterparts such as PLGA and PEG, have gained prominence for their biocompatibility and controlled release profiles. Recent strides in polymer conjugation strategies have enabled targeted delivery through ligand integration, facilitating tissue specificity and cellular uptake. This versatility accommodates combined drug delivery, addressing diverse anterior (e.g., glaucoma, dry eye) and posterior segment (e.g., macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy) afflictions. The review encompasses an in-depth exploration of each natural and synthetic polymer, detailing their individual advantages and disadvantages for ocular drug delivery. By transcending ocular barriers and refining therapeutic precision, these innovations promise to reshape the management of anterior and posterior segment eye diseases.

Pirfenidone: A Promising Drug in Ocular Therapeutics

Pirfenidone, initially indicated for lung fibrosis, has gone beyond its original purpose, and shown promise in eye care. This detailed review tracks its evolution from lung treatment to aiding eye healing as evidenced by published literature. Pirfenidone's multifaceted attributes extend to mitigating corneal fibrosis, inflammation, and trauma. Through rigorous investigations, its efficacy emerges in diabetic retinopathy, macular degeneration, and postoperative glaucoma interventions. As an unheralded protagonist, pirfenidone reshapes ocular care paradigms, inviting renewed research opportunities.

Ocular bioanalysis of moxifloxacin and ketorolac tromethamine in rabbit lacrimal matrix using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry

Aim: The fixed-dose combination of moxifloxacin (MOXI) and ketorolac tromethamine (KTR) is widely used for the treatment of bacterial keratitis. Thus, a new LC-MS/MS method was developed to determine MOXI and KTR in lacrimal fluid. Methods: Bioanalysis was performed using a Shimadzu 8050 LC-MS/MS in electrospray ionization-positive mode and the method was validated per US FDA guidelines. Isocratic separation was performed with a Waters Symmetry C18 column using methanol and 0.1% formic acid containing deionized water (85:15, v/v). Results & conclusion: An easy, quick and selective method was established and applied to assess the ocular pharmacokinetic profile of a commercially available formulation containing MOXI and KTR. Based on the pharmacokinetic data, this work describes pharmacokinetics-based dosage regimen calculations and their clinical significance.