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Rosen RH, Epee-Bounya A, Curran D, Chung S, Hoffmann R, Lee LK, Marcus C, Mateo CM, Miller JE, Nereim C, Silberholz E, Shah SN, Theodoris CV, Wardell H, Winn AS, Toomey S, Finkelstein JA, Ward VL, Starmer A. Race, Ethnicity, and Ancestry in Clinical Pathways: A Framework for Evaluation. Pediatrics 2023; 152:e2022060730. [PMID: 37974460 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2022-060730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Clinical algorithms, or "pathways," promote the delivery of medical care that is consistent and equitable. Race, ethnicity, and/or ancestry terms are sometimes included in these types of guidelines, but it is unclear if this is appropriate for clinical decision-making. At our institution, we developed and applied a structured framework to determine whether race, ethnicity, or ancestry terms identified in our clinical pathways library should be retained, modified, or removed. First, we reviewed all text and associated reference documents for 132 institutionally-developed clinical pathways and identified 8 pathways that included race, ethnicity, or ancestry terms. Five pathways had clear evidence or a change in institutional policy that supported removal of the term. Multispecialty teams conducted additional in-depth evaluation of the 3 remaining pathways (Acute Viral Illness, Hyperbilirubinemia, and Weight Management) by applying the framework. In total, based on these reviews, race, ethnicity, or ancestry terms were removed (n = 6) or modified (n = 2) in all 8 pathways. Application of the framework established several recommended practices, including: (1) define race, ethnicity, and ancestry rigorously; (2) assess the most likely mechanisms underlying epidemiologic associations; (3) consider whether inclusion of the term is likely to mitigate or exacerbate existing inequities; and (4) exercise caution when applying population-level data to individual patient encounters. This process and framework may be useful to other institutional programs and national organizations in evaluating the inclusion of race, ethnicity, and ancestry in clinical guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert H Rosen
- Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Alexandra Epee-Bounya
- Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Dorothy Curran
- Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Sarita Chung
- Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Robert Hoffmann
- Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Lois K Lee
- Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Carolyn Marcus
- Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Camila M Mateo
- Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | - Cameron Nereim
- Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, Florida
| | - Elizabeth Silberholz
- Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Snehal N Shah
- Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Christina V Theodoris
- Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Hanna Wardell
- Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Ariel S Winn
- Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Sara Toomey
- Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | - Valerie L Ward
- Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Amy Starmer
- Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Baystate Children's Hospital, Springfield, Massachusetts
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Shanmugavadivel D, Buonsenso D, Chantiluke K, Arora M. Importance and impact of diversity in paediatric medical education. Arch Dis Child Educ Pract Ed 2022; 107:455-457. [PMID: 34489326 PMCID: PMC9685732 DOI: 10.1136/archdischild-2020-320796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Despite the increasing diversity of the UK population, we continue to see inequalities in health outcomes in patients of ethnic minorities. Unfortunately, this increasing diversity is not reflected in educational resources, which often continue to feature few images of patients with darker skin tones. Given the lack of diversity in these resources, it is unsurprising that healthcare professionals find it challenging recognising, diagnosing and managing presentations of clinical conditions in darker skinned patients. The development of new online, accessible image banks of medical conditions in different skin tones, such as Skin Deep, aims to facilitate increasing diversity in educational materials and hence improve delivery of equal standards of care to all patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Danilo Buonsenso
- Department of Woman and Child Health and Public Health, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Kaylita Chantiluke
- Deparment of Paediatric Emergency Medicine, Sunshine Hospital, Saint Albans, Victoria, Australia
| | - Michelle Arora
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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Abstract
This Viewpoint discusses the complexities of race-conscious medicine and the importance of more explicit and attentive guidance in treatment recommendations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon Ostfeld-Johns
- Section of Hospital Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut.,Section of General Internal Medicine Program in Hospital Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Elena Aragona
- Section of Hospital Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Louis Hart
- Section of Hospital Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut.,Office of Health Equity, Yale New Haven Health System, New Haven, Connecticut
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Neonatal hyperbilirubinemia and bilirubin neurotoxicity in hospitalized neonates: analysis of the US Database. Pediatr Res 2022; 91:1662-1668. [PMID: 34429513 DOI: 10.1038/s41390-021-01692-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to assess the prevalence and trends for neonatal hyperbilirubinemia, and the development of bilirubin neurotoxicity in the USA. STUDY DESIGN We used a de-identified national dataset for the years 2002-2017. The study included all newborn inpatients with postnatal age ≤28 days. Cochran-Armitage trend test was used for trend analyses. Regression analyses were performed and adjusted odds ratios (aOR) were reported. RESULTS The study included 57,989,476 infants; of them 53,259,758 (91.8%) were term infants and 4,725,178 (8.2%) were preterm infants. Bilirubin neurotoxicity decreased over the years in term infants (Z = 0.36, p = 0.03) without change in preterm infants (Z = 42.5, p = 0.12). Black neonates were less likely to be diagnosed with hyperbilirubinemia than White neonates (aOR = 0.77, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.77-0.78, p < 0.001) and more likely to develop bilirubin neurotoxicity than White neonates (aOR = 3.0.5, 95% CI: 2.13-4.36, p < 0.001). Bilirubin neurotoxicity rate in the overall population was 2.4 per 100,000 live births. CONCLUSIONS Bilirubin neurotoxicity has significantly decreased in term infants and did not change in preterm infants. Despite the less diagnosis of hyperbilirubinemia in Black newborns, they are disproportionately at increased risk of developing bilirubin neurotoxicity when compared to White newborns. IMPACT In this article, we analyzed the National Inpatient Database. This is the largest study of its kind using data on 57,989,476 neonates. The article has multiple novel findings: (1) it demonstrated that utilization of phototherapy has increased significantly over the years, (2) the rate of kernicterus for neonates decreased in term infants and did not change in preterm babies, (3) kernicterus was mostly encountered in infants without isoimmunization jaundice, and (4) there is a clear racial disparity in neonatal jaundice; although Black newborns have less neonatal jaundice, they are at increased risk of developing kernicterus.
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Bahr TM, Henry E, Christensen RD, Minton SD, Bhutani VK. A New Hour-Specific Serum Bilirubin Nomogram for Neonates ≥35 Weeks of Gestation. J Pediatr 2021; 236:28-33.e1. [PMID: 34023346 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2021.05.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To develop a statistically rigorous, hour-specific bilirubin nomogram for newborns based on a very large data set; and use it prospectively as a replacement for the 1999 Bhutani nomogram. STUDY DESIGN This was a retrospective analysis of first total serum bilirubin (TSB) measurements from 15 years of universal bilirubin screening during birth hospitalizations at 20 Intermountain Healthcare hospitals. Hour-specific TSB values were assembled into a nomogram by percentile, and subgroups were compared. RESULTS The information obtained included robust data in the first 12 hours after birth (which was not included in the 1999 nomogram), general agreement with the 1999 nomogram for values in the first 60 hours, but higher 75th and 95th percentile TSB values thereafter in the new version, no difference in TSB between male and female infants, higher TSB values among earlier gestation neonates (350/7-366/7 weeks vs ≥37 weeks, P < .0001), and lower TSB values in neonates of Black race (P < .0001) and higher values in neonates of Asian race (P < .001). CONCLUSIONS An updated and more informative Bhutani neonatal bilirubin nomogram, based on 140 times the number of subjects included the 1999 version, is now in place in our health care system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy M Bahr
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah Health, Salt Lake City, UT.
| | - Erick Henry
- Women and Newborn's Clinical Program, Intermountain Healthcare, Salt Lake Cit, UT
| | - Robert D Christensen
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah Health, Salt Lake City, UT; Women and Newborn's Clinical Program, Intermountain Healthcare, Salt Lake Cit, UT; Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah Health, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - Stephen D Minton
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah Health, Salt Lake City, UT; Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Utah Valley Regional Medical Center, Provo, UT
| | - Vinod K Bhutani
- Division of Neonatal and Developmental Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford Medicine, and Lucile Packard Children's Hospital, Stanford, CA
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Abstract
This article attempts to highlight contemporary issues relating to term neonatal hyperbilirubinemia and to focus attention on controversial issues and concepts with the potential to effect change in clinical approach. On the one hand, the focus is bilirubin neurotoxicity, which is now known to encompass a wide, diverse spectrum of features. The various aspects of this spectrum are outlined and defined. On the other hand, bilirubin also possesses antioxidant properties. As such, mild hyperbilirubinemia is suggested as actually offering the neonate some protective advantage.
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Dantas AVVC, Guedes NG, da Silva LA, Lopes MVDO, da Silva VM. Nursing diagnosis neonatal hyperbilirubinemia: A survival analysis. Int J Nurs Knowl 2021; 33:108-115. [PMID: 34302723 DOI: 10.1111/2047-3095.12340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To analyze the short-term survival of the nursing diagnosis of neonatal hyperbilirubinemia in hospitalized neonates within the first 24 h of life and over a maximum of 7 days. METHODS A prospective open cohort study with a longitudinal design was developed with 120 newborns during the first 24 h of life. The survival rate after a nursing diagnosis of neonatal hyperbilirubinemia was analyzed for 7 days. FINDINGS The number of new cases of neonatal hyperbilirubinemia during the follow-up was 82 (RR: 90.1%, daily incidence rate: 34.17%). The greatest manifestation of the diagnosis occurred in the first three days (n = 97). The median diagnostic survival time was 2 days (95% CI: 2-2). Yellow-orange skin color (RR = 8.08), yellow mucous membranes (RR = 2.05), yellow sclera (RR = 1.99), and female gender (RR = 1.36) had the highest risk ratios. CONCLUSIONS A rapid impairment of neonatal hyperbilirubinemia in hospitalized neonates was observed. Some clinical indicators were associated with an increased risk for this diagnosis. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING PRACTICE Studies on the prognostic capacity of the clinical indicators of nursing diagnoses like neonatal hyperbilirubinemia strengthen the clinical reasoning of nurses and subsidize diagnostic inferences and accurate clinical decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nirla G Guedes
- Department of Nursing, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
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Singh A, Francis HW, Smith PB, Clark RH, Greenberg RG. Association between Hyperbilirubinemia and Hearing Screen Failure in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit in Infants Born Preterm. J Pediatr 2021; 231:68-73. [PMID: 33359471 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2020.12.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 12/12/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To characterize the association between hyperbilirubinemia and a failed newborn hearing screen in infants born at 22-32 weeks of gestation. STUDY DESIGN We included infants with gestational ages of 22-32 weeks who were discharged from neonatal intensive care units in the US from 2002 to 2017 with available newborn hearing screen results obtained after 34 weeks postmenstrual age. We excluded infants with severe birth asphyxia or craniofacial abnormalities. We identified 95 672 infants from 313 neonatal intensive care units. We used multivariable logistic regression to examine the association between maximum total bilirubin at <21 days postnatal age with failed hearing screen, adjusting for important demographic and clinical risk factors. RESULTS The median gestational age and birth weight were 30 weeks (IQR, 28-32 weeks) and 1330 g (IQR, 1010-1630 g), respectively. The median maximum total bilirubin was 8.3 mg/dL (IQR, 6.7-10.0 mg/dL), and 5275 infants (6%) failed their newborn hearing screen. On adjusted analysis, each 1 mg/dL increase in maximum total bilirubin was associated with a small, but significant, increase in odds of a failed hearing screen (OR, 1.03; 95% CI, 1.02-1.04). CONCLUSIONS An increased maximum total bilirubin level was independently associated with hearing screen failure. Further prospective studies are needed to understand whether this increased risk of hearing screen failure translates to increased risk of hearing loss.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Howard W Francis
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery & Communication Sciences, Duke University, Durham, NC
| | - P Brian Smith
- Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, Durham, NC; Duke Clinical Research Institute, Durham, NC
| | - Reese H Clark
- MEDNAX Center for Research, Education, Quality, and Safety, Sunrise, FL
| | - Rachel G Greenberg
- Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, Durham, NC; Duke Clinical Research Institute, Durham, NC.
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Vidavalur R, Bhutani VK. Economic evaluation of point of care universal newborn screening for glucose-6-Phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency in United States. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2021; 35:5745-5753. [PMID: 33627013 DOI: 10.1080/14767058.2021.1892067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency is frequent inherited enzymopathy that poses potentially preventable risk for extreme hyperbilirubinemia (EHB) which can, rarely, lead to acute bilirubin encephalopathy, childhood kernicterus and death. We aimed to estimate quality adjusted life years (QALY) lost due to G6PD deficiency associated with EHB and economic costs to best estimate value of universal pre-discharge screening. METHODS We did a cost utility analysis for US birth cohort utilizing pre-discharge screening decision tree model to estimate population burden and EHB outcomes, based on literature search and expert opinions. Employing human capital approach, we measured health benefits in terms of QALYs and economic losses. QALYs and costs were discounted at 3%; one-way sensitivity analysis was used for decision variables. RESULTS We determined for USA live births of 3.86 million in 2017, 1464 cases of EHB were estimated to be due to G6PD deficiency (CI 95%; range: 1270-1656) and contributed 2 deaths (CI 95%; range 1.3-3.2) and 14 (CI 95%; range: 9.1-21.5) cases of kernicterus. Over lifetime horizon, the model predicted undiscounted and discounted gains of 165 (102-252) life years; 241 (183-433) QALYs and 16 (9.9-24.5) life years; 89 (67.9-160.5) QALYs, respectively. Assuming 50% effectiveness, benefit cost ratios ranged from 0.19 to 3.42 for diverse operational settings. The cost to prevent a single case of kernicterus was $2.7 to 6.8 million per annum with cost per QALY gained at $35,946 to $89,159. CONCLUSION At incremental cost-effective threshold of $100,000/life year, pre-discharge screening would be expected to prove cost effective in preventing EHB related morbidities and mortality attributed to G6PD deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramesh Vidavalur
- Department of Neonatology, Cayuga Medical Center, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Vinod K Bhutani
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatal and Developmental Medicine, Stanford Children's Health, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
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Okolie F, South-Paul JE, Watchko JF. Combating the Hidden Health Disparity of Kernicterus in Black Infants: A Review. JAMA Pediatr 2020; 174:1199-1205. [PMID: 32628268 DOI: 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2020.1767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Kernicterus is a devastating, permanently disabling neurologic condition resulting from bilirubin neurotoxicity. Black neonates account for more than 25% of kernicterus cases in the US, despite making up only approximately 14% of all births. This is a largely overlooked health disparity. OBSERVATIONS The black kernicterus health disparity exists despite a lower overall incidence of clinically significant hyperbilirubinemia among black neonates, a paradox recently explained by a previously unrecognized risk for hazardous hyperbilirubinemia. Aligned with national and global health initiatives to reduce or eliminate health disparities, this review highlights the multiple biologic and nonbiologic factors contributing to kernicterus risk in black infants and approaches to reduce this health disparity. This includes both parent-level and clinician-level kernicterus prevention strategies, with an emphasis on improving parental health literacy on neonatal jaundice and acute bilirubin encephalopathy and clinician awareness of the key factors that contribute to hazardous hyperbilirubinemia risk in this vulnerable group. Parent-level prevention strategies include efforts to improve their health literacy on neonatal jaundice and acute bilirubin encephalopathy and empower care seeking for jaundice. Clinician-level prevention strategies include efforts to eliminate community and institutional barriers that impede access to care, heighten clinician awareness of the factors that contribute to kernicterus risk in this vulnerable patient group, and strengthen newborn hyperbilirubinemia management and bilirubin surveillance. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE There are multiple opportunities for intervention to reduce black kernicterus risk. Although kernicterus is a rare disorder, the incidence among black infants is not a trivial matter nor are efforts to prevent kernicterus. While the multiple interacting biologic and nonbiologic contributors to increased kernicterus risk among black infants pose a considerable challenge to clinicians, there are opportunities for intervention to reduce this risk and health disparity. Continued study is imperative to understand the current scope of kernicterus and its occurrence in black neonates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Okolie
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Jeannette E South-Paul
- Department of Family Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Jon F Watchko
- Division of Newborn Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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Variation in Transcutaneous Bilirubin Nomograms across Population Groups. J Pediatr 2019; 208:273-278.e1. [PMID: 30853197 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2019.01.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2018] [Revised: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Heme oxygenase-1 genetic variants and the conundrum of hyperbilirubinemia in African-American newborns. J Perinatol 2018; 38:345-350. [PMID: 29302043 DOI: 10.1038/s41372-017-0039-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Revised: 12/05/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND African-American (AA) infants are known to have, overall, lower bilirubin levels than infants of other ethnicities during their birth hospitalization. However, they are known to have a higher incidence of severe hyperbilirubinemia and are over represented in the US Kernicterus Registry. Heme oxygenase-1 (HO) is the rate limiting enzyme in heme metabolism leading to the equimolar production of bilirubin, carbon monoxide (CO) and free iron (Fe). Short (S) (GT)n repeats (<25) in the promoter region of the gene encoding the inducible HO-1 isozyme augment its expression, while long (L) repeats (>33) lead to an attenuation, modulating the production of bilirubin and CO. The impact of HO-1 promoter polymorphisms on bilirubin levels has not been well studied in (AA) infants. OBJECTIVE The objectives of this study were to compare the distribution of (GT)n repeat lengths in the HO-1 promoter region in a cohort of AA infants to those found in other ethnicities and to evaluate the contribution of this polymorphism to the degree of hyperbilirubinemia and the level of COHbc in this cohort. METHODS We prospectively studied a cohort of term AA infants with O+ mothers. Per hospital routine, infants' blood type, Rh status, direct antiglobulin test (DAT), and total bilirubin (TB) levels were checked prior to discharge. After parental consent, blood was collected for DNA extraction and carboxyhemoglobin (COHbc) measurements at the same time as the infants' newborn screen. An infant's TB percentile risk based on the Bhutani nomogram was used to determine need for phototherapy or follow-up. (GT)n repeat length in the HO-1 promoter was determined for each allele using PCR after DNA extraction from dried bloodspots. Size of allele lengths were typed as short (S, <25), medium (M, 25-33) or long (L, >33). RESULTS One hundred eighty infants were studied for a total of 360 separate alleles. 12.2% (44/360) of alleles were S which was significantly less than all other ethnicities reviewed. Carboxyhemoglobin (COHbc) levels and bilirubin percentiles were higher among infants who had at least one S allele when compared to those who had at least one L allele in the cohort as a whole: COHbc 0.92 ± 0.35 vs. 0.85 ± 0.37; p = 0.28 and Bilirubin percentile 48.6 ± 34.0 vs. 44.9 ± 31.6; p = 0.51. This relationship remained when only those infants who were DAT neg were examined: COHbc 0.81 ± 0.26 vs. 0.74 ± 0.21; p = 0.11 and Bilirubin percentile 43.6 ± 29.9 vs. 37.5 ± 28.7; p = 0.28. CONCLUSIONS The presence of L alleles of this variant is significantly greater among infants who are either African or of African descent. There was a trend toward lower COHbc levels among infants with at least one L allele as opposed to at least one S allele, although this did not have a statistically significant impact on TB risk percentile.
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Dantas AVVC, Farias LJR, de Paula SJ, Moreira RP, da Silva VM, Lopes MVDO, Guedes NG. Nursing Diagnosis of Neonatal Jaundice: Study of Clinical Indicators. J Pediatr Nurs 2018; 39:e6-e10. [PMID: 29248302 DOI: 10.1016/j.pedn.2017.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Revised: 12/01/2017] [Accepted: 12/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed to identify the defining characteristics of, and examine their association with, the nursing diagnosis (ND) of Neonatal Jaundice (00194) in sample of hospitalized newborns. DESIGN AND METHODS A cross-sectional study developed with 100 newborns aged between 24h and ten days. Data collection was performed in a public hospital of tertiary health care between March and June of 2016. RESULTS The ND of Neonatal jaundice was present in 31% of the sample. The most frequent defining characteristics were yellow-orange skin color (65%) and abnormal blood profile (75%). Yellow mucous membranes, yellow-orange skin color and bruised skin showed statistically significant sensitivity and specificity. Yellow mucous membranes, yellow sclera and yellow-orange skin color were statistically associated with Neonatal jaundice. Yellow mucous membranes showed the best diagnostic accuracy measurements. CONCLUSIONS The clinical indicators that best predicted and increased the probability of developing jaundice were identified. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS These clinical indicators increase the ability of nurses to clinically infer nursing diagnoses. This allows nurses to identify signs and symptoms of health conditions in a sensible and definitive manner, decreasing the possibility of errors.
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Golden WC. The African-American neonate at risk for extreme hyperbilirubinemia: a better management strategy is needed. J Perinatol 2017; 37:321-322. [PMID: 28400613 DOI: 10.1038/jp.2017.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- W C Golden
- Division of Neonatology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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15
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Schutzman DL, Baudhuin LM, Gatien E, Ajayi S, Wong RJ. Effect of genetic variants of bilirubin metabolism on the degree of hyperbilirubinemia in African-American newborns. J Perinatol 2017; 37:432-435. [PMID: 27977017 DOI: 10.1038/jp.2016.232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Revised: 09/23/2016] [Accepted: 11/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of our study was to measure the effect of genetic variants of these two enzymes, UGT1A1 and SLCO1B1, in the bilirubin metabolic pathway on the degree of hyperbilirubinemia in a cohort of African-American (AA) infants from our well-baby nursery. In addition, a second objective was to document the types and frequencies of genetic variations of these enzymes in our cohort. STUDY DESIGN A prospective study of 180 AA infants from the Well Baby Nursery of an inner city community hospital, all of whose mothers were type O pos. Sixty infants were ABO-incompatible direct antiglobulin test (DAT) pos, 60 were ABO-incompatible DAT neg and 60 were type O+. Blood for carboxyhemoglobin (COHb) and variants of the enzymes uridine diphosphoglucuronosyltransferase 1A1 and hepatic solute carrier organic anion transporter 1B1 (SLCO1B1) was drawn at the time of the infants' initial bilirubin, and the infants' precise percentile on the Bhutani nomogram was calculated. RESULTS Variants in the two enzymes studied were quite common. In total, 21.1% were positive for a Gilbert phenotype, whereas an additional 42.4% were heterozygous for the *28 or *37 variant of UGT1A1. In total, 67.2% were homozygous for the *60 variant of the phenobarbital responsive enhancer module. In total, 41.1% were homozygous for the *1b variant of SLCO1B1, whereas an additional 12.7% were positive for the *4 variant of this gene. In total, 20.6% of infants had variations in both genes. Using logistic regression when COHbc was assessed with each of the different variants, only COHbc (P<0.0001 to 0.0004) was significantly associated with the level of hyperbilirubinemia as defined by the Bhutani nomogram. CONCLUSION Although we have found quite a large number of genetic variants of the UGT1A1 and SLCO1B1 genes in the AA population, it does not appear that they have a significant impact on the incidence of hyperbilirubinemia among this group of infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- D L Schutzman
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Einstein Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - L M Baudhuin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - E Gatien
- Department of Pediatrics, Michigan State University, Lansing, MI, USA
| | - S Ajayi
- Division of Neonatology, Saint Christopher's Hospital for Children, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - R J Wong
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
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16
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Olusanya BO, Imosemi DO, Emokpae AA. Differences Between Transcutaneous and Serum Bilirubin Measurements in Black African Neonates. Pediatrics 2016; 138:peds.2016-0907. [PMID: 27577578 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2016-0907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Transcutaneous bilirubin (TcB) correlates positively with total serum bilirubin (TSB) across different racial populations. However, little is known about the pattern of divergence between TcB and TSB at individual patient-level and the relationship with TcB measuring techniques among African neonates. This study, therefore, investigates TcB-TSB discrepancies and the contribution of 2 models of transcutaneous bilirubinometers to the observed divergence in a black African population. METHODS Medical records were retrieved for late preterm and term infants with 1 to 3 pairs of TcB and TSB measurements between December 2011 to June 2015 in Nigeria. Divergence between TcB and TSB values for each infant was determined and the associated factors explored with generalized estimating equations for logistic regression. Contributions of BiliChek and JM-103 transcutaneous bilirubinometers to the divergence were further explored through linear regression and Bland-Altman analysis. RESULTS Overall, 2107 TcB/TSB measurements from 1553 infants were analyzed. TSB was overestimated by ≥2 mg/dL in 64.5%, ≥3 mg/dL in 42.7%, and ≥4 mg/dL in 25.7% of all measurements. In contrast, TSB was underestimated by ≥2 mg/dL in 1.1%, ≥3 mg/dL in 0.5%, and ≥4 mg/dL in 0.3% of all recordings. Postnatal age, feeding mode, and type of TcB instrument were predictive of TSB overestimation. The JM-103 was associated with greater imprecision than BiliChek at all TSB levels. CONCLUSIONS BiliChek and JM-103 bilirubinometers significantly overestimate TSB in black African neonates and may result in unnecessary or excessive treatments. Additional development of appropriate bilirubin determination devices for this racial group, especially in resource-limited settings, is warranted.
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Abstract
"Common red blood cell disorders encountered in the normal newborn nursery include hemolytic disease of the newborn and resultant hyperbilirubinemia, anemia, and polycythemia. A less frequent clinically relevant hematologic issue in newborns to be covered herein is thrombocytopenia."
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon F Watchko
- Division of Newborn Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Magee-Womens Hospital, 300 Halket Street and Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 4401 Penn Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
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18
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Olusanya BO, Emokpae AA, Zamora TG, Slusher TM. Addressing the burden of neonatal hyperbilirubinaemia in countries with significant glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency. Acta Paediatr 2014; 103:1102-9. [PMID: 24990658 DOI: 10.1111/apa.12735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2014] [Revised: 03/03/2014] [Accepted: 07/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency is an established worldwide risk factor for severe hyperbilirubinaemia. This literature review examined the pattern and management of severe hyperbilirubinaemia in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) where G6PD deficiency was 10% or more and found that it was frequently associated with neonatal mortality and, or, neurodevelopmental disorders. CONCLUSION Low- and middle-income countries need to pay urgent attention to G6PD deficiency to curtail the preventable burden of jaundice-related morbidity, mortality and disability.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Tara G. Zamora
- Department of Paediatrics; University of Minnesota; Minneapolis MN USA
| | - Tina M. Slusher
- Department of Paediatrics; University of Minnesota & Hennepin County Medical Center; Minneapolis MN USA
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19
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Olusanya BO, Neumann KJ, Saunders JE. The global burden of disabling hearing impairment: a call to action. Bull World Health Organ 2014; 92:367-73. [PMID: 24839326 PMCID: PMC4007124 DOI: 10.2471/blt.13.128728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 274] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2013] [Revised: 12/01/2013] [Accepted: 01/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
At any age, disabling hearing impairment has a profound impact on interpersonal communication, psychosocial well-being, quality of life and economic independence. According to the World Health Organization's estimates, the number of people with such impairment increased from 42 million in 1985 to about 360 million in 2011. This last figure includes 7.5 million children less than 5 years of age. In 1995, a "roadmap" for curtailing the burden posed by disabling hearing impairment was outlined in a resolution of the World Health Assembly. While the underlying principle of this roadmap remains valid and relevant, some updating is required to reflect the prevailing epidemiologic transition. We examine the traditional concept and grades of disabling hearing impairment - within the context of the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health - as well as the modifications to grading that have recently been proposed by a panel of international experts. The opportunity offered by the emerging global and high-level interest in promoting disability-inclusive post-2015 development goals and disability-free child survival is also discussed. Since the costs of rehabilitative services are so high as to be prohibitive in low- and middle-income countries, the critical role of primary prevention is emphasized. If the goals outlined in the World Health Assembly's 1995 resolution on the prevention of hearing impairment are to be reached by Member States, several effective country-level initiatives - including the development of public-private partnerships, strong leadership and measurable time-bound targets - will have to be implemented without further delay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bolajoko O Olusanya
- Centre for Healthy Start Initiative, 286A Corporation Drive, Dolphin Estate, Ikoyi, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Katrin J Neumann
- Department of Phoniatrics and Pediatric Audiology, St Elisabeth Hospital, Bochum, Germany
| | - James E Saunders
- Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, United States of America
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20
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Olusanya BO. Letter to the Editor regarding 'Investigating the burden of hyperbilirubinemia in resource-constrained settings'. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2013; 77:1626-7. [PMID: 23931987 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijporl.2013.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2013] [Accepted: 07/09/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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21
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Kaplan M, Hammerman C. Hyperbilirubinemia in black infants. J Pediatr 2013; 163:611. [PMID: 23751760 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2013.04.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2013] [Accepted: 04/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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