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Kawase K, Nomura K, Tominaga R, Iwase H, Ogawa T, Shibasaki I, Shimada M, Taguchi T, Takeshita E, Tomizawa Y, Nomura S, Hanazaki K, Hanashi T, Yamashita H, Kokudo N, Maeda K. Analysis of gender-based differences among surgeons in Japan: results of a survey conducted by the Japan Surgical Society. Part 1: Working style. Surg Today 2017. [PMID: 28634729 DOI: 10.1007/s00595-017-1556-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To assess the working styles of men and women working as surgeons in Japan. METHODS In July, 2014, the Japan Surgical Society invited all their members (n = 29,861), through an internet campaign, to participate in a nationwide survey of surgeons. The items investigated in this descriptive study included demographic information and working styles, based on a questionnaire. RESULTS In total, 6211 surgeons participated (response rate 20.8%, 5586 men and 625 women). The largest age stratum was 40-49 years for men and 30-39 years for women. Overall, respondents identified their labor contract, including salary and work hours, as the highest priority for improvement. Women with children were more likely to be part-time employees, work fewer hours, and take fewer house calls/on-calls than their male counterparts. Moreover, women of all ages earned a lower annual income than men, irrespective of whether they had children. Perception scores for discrimination related to work and promotion were significantly higher among women than men (p < 0.01 and p = 0.011, respectively). CONCLUSIONS A significant difference in working style was observed between men and women working as surgeons in Japan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazumi Kawase
- Department of Surgery, The Jikei University School of Medicine Katsushika Medical Center, 6-41-2 Aoto, Katsushika-ku, Tokyo, 125-8506, Japan.
| | - Kyoko Nomura
- Department of Hygiene and Public Health, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Kaga 2-11-1, Itabashi, Tokyo, 173-8606, Japan
| | - Ryuji Tominaga
- Fukuoka Wajiro Hospital, 2-2-75 Wajirogaoka, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 811-0213, Japan
| | - Hirotaka Iwase
- Department of Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, 860-8556, Japan
| | - Tomoko Ogawa
- Department of Breast Surgery, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-174 Edobashi, Tsu, Mie, 514-8507, Japan
| | - Ikuko Shibasaki
- Department of Cardiac and Vascular Surgery, Dokkyo Medical University, 880 Kitakobayashi, Mibu, Tochigi, 321-0293, Japan
| | - Mitsuo Shimada
- Department of Surgery, Tokushima University, Kuramoto 3-18-15, Tokushima, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan
| | - Tomoaki Taguchi
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Emiko Takeshita
- Department of Surgery, Toho University Ohashi Medical Center, 2-17-6 Ohashi, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 153-8585, Japan
| | - Yasuko Tomizawa
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Tokyo Women's Medical University, 8-1 Kawada, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8666, Japan
| | - Sachiyo Nomura
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Hanazaki
- Department of Surgery, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, Kohasu, Okocho, Nankoku, Kochi, 783-8505, Japan
| | - Tomoko Hanashi
- Department of Surgery, Tokai University Tokyo Hospital, 1-2-5 Yoyogi, Shibuya-ku, Tokyo, 151-0053, Japan
| | - Hiroko Yamashita
- Breast Surgery, Hokkaido University Hospital, Kita 14 Nishi 5, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-8648, Japan
| | - Norihiro Kokudo
- Hepatobiliary Pancreatic Surgery Division, Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Kotaro Maeda
- Department of Surgery, Fujita Health University, 1-98 Denngakugakubo, Kutsukake, Toyoake, Aichi, 470-1192, Japan
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Pediatric surgical trainees worldwide face pressures from expansion of programs and training positions, subspecialization, regionalization, restrictions of working hours, and rigid training criteria. The era of apprenticeship training has long gone, and surgical education needs to be responsive and adapt to newer challenges. The aim of this study was to examine the teaching provision component of pediatric surgical training in the UK. METHOD A national teaching survey was sent to UK pediatric surgery trainees in 2010 and compared to results of a repeat survey in 2015. Analysis was carried out to compare type of teaching, trends in teaching delivery, quality, and attendance over time. RESULTS Regional variability was noted in teaching programs. Both provision of educational activities and ability to attend teaching improved between 2010 and 2015. Despite this, overall trainee satisfaction remained low, with 50% and 52% of respondents describing their teaching as "good" or "excellent" in 2010 and 2015, respectively (P=0.84). Seventy-five percent of centers provided simulation training, and 25% of respondents had regional teaching provided. Survey response rate was comparable between 2010 and 2015. CONCLUSION Variability in national educational provision was observed. We suggest regular national audit of educational activity and responsive adaption to external pressures on training if competent surgeons are to be the product of contemporary pediatric surgery training programs.
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Bowhay AR. An investigation into how the European Working Time Directive has affected anaesthetic training. BMC MEDICAL EDUCATION 2008; 8:41. [PMID: 18700001 PMCID: PMC2518917 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6920-8-41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2008] [Accepted: 08/12/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The European Working Time Directive (EWTD) became law in 1993 but only applied to doctors in training in the United Kingdom in 2004. The trainees have in consequence had a reduction in their working hours but also a change to a shift pattern of working. For craft specialities, such as anaesthesia, there are concerns that a reduction in working hours has also led to a reduction in the time available for learning and that ultimately this may affect patient care. However, there is scant research on the perceptions of trainees concerning the impact of the EWTD on their training and working lives. This study investigated what the anaesthetic Specialist Registrars (SpRs) on the Mersey Deanery SpR rotation perceived to be training and also what effect the EWTD has had on that training and their quality of life, both within and outside work. METHODS The project was a cross sectional survey, using a quantitative questionnaire with qualitative free text comments which were aggregated into overarching themes and sub themes. RESULTS 117 SpRs were sent questionnaires in April 2005; 73 completed questionnaires were returned (response rate 62.4%). Hierarchies of training opportunities emerged with training by consultants being most valued. 71.8% (95% CI 60.7-81.3) of trainees believed the EWTD has had a deleterious effect on their training and experience and 74.3% (95% CI 63.2-83.4) thought that they will be less prepared for a consultant post. 69.9% (95% CI 58.7-79.5) considered that their quality of life outside work had deteriorated, with only 15% (95% CI 8.3-24.6) finding improvement. 38.6% (95% CI 27.8-50.3) felt that they were not functioning as well as doctors, only 14.3% (95% CI 7.6-23.9) noting improvement. The trainees were still positive about anaesthesia and 73.2% (95% CI 62.2-82.5) would recommend this specialty to a student. CONCLUSION The majority of anaesthetic SpRs in the Mersey Deanery have not welcomed the changes brought by the EWTD to their training, experience and quality of life outside work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew R Bowhay
- Jackson Rees Department of Paediatric Anaesthesia, Royal Liverpool Children's Hospital, Alder Hey, Eaton Road, Liverpool, L12 2 AP, UK.
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Corrigan MA, Shields CJ, Redmond HP. Factors Influencing Surgical Career Choices and Advancement in Ireland and Britain. World J Surg 2007; 31:1921-9. [PMID: 17676377 DOI: 10.1007/s00268-007-9175-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to analyze the factors that influence the advancement and the career choices of doctors and medical students. METHODS Using the combined databases of the iformix and surgent websites, 450 doctors and medical students were invited to complete an internet-based survey. Surgent (http://www.surgent.ie) and iformix (http://www.iformix.com) are two free internet services administered by the authors. Surgent is a medical educational website, while iformix facilitates the online submission of abstracts to surgical and medical conferences across Britain and Ireland. The combined database of these two websites is approximately 4500 entries. Four hundred and fifty users represented a 10% sample based on an expected 40%-45% response rate. This was anticipated to yield between 180 and 202 respondents, statistically sufficient to analyze the data. A detailed Likert scale assessed the importance of "academic," "clinical," and "lifestyle" factors in determining career choice and progression. Analysis included descriptive statistics and inferential testing. RESULTS Fifty percent (N = 222) of surveys were returned; 142 men and 78 women. Thirty-seven percent of respondents were Irish, 28% British, and 35% non-European. Fifteen percent were undergraduates, 4% interns, 12% had 2-4 years of clinical experience, while 69% had completed more than 4 years. Fifty-six percent had decided upon a career in general surgery. Overall, the most important factors for career choice were intellectual challenge (95%), academic opportunities (61%), and research opportunities(54%). Doctors with more than 4 years of experience deemed duration of training (p = 0.002), lifestyle during training (p = 0.02), and stress (0.005) as less important factors when considering career choice. Correlation analyses demonstrated that prestige (p = 0.002), patient relationships (p = 0.006), and advice from friends or family (p = 0.01) were more important influencing factors for interns. In terms of career advancement, 66% of non-Europeans considered family contacts important as opposed to 20% of British and 45% of Irish doctors (p < 0.001). In addition, 47% of females felt gender was important for career advancement as opposed to 31% of males (p = 0.01). CONCLUSIONS Academic and clinical factors play an important role in career choice. However, it is clear that lifestyle factors predominate in determining an individual's career decisions in surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A Corrigan
- Department of Academic Surgery, Cork University Hospital, Cork, Ireland.
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