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Chi X, Zhang Z, Chen N, Zhang X, Wang M, Chen M, Wang T, Pan L, Chen J, Yang Z, Guan X, Yu S. Isolation and functional analysis of fatty acid desaturase genes from peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.). PLoS One 2017; 12:e0189759. [PMID: 29244878 PMCID: PMC5731756 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0189759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2016] [Accepted: 12/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fatty acid desaturases are enzymes that introduce double bonds into fatty acyl chains. Extensive studies of fatty acid desaturases have been done in many plants. However, less is known about the diversity of this gene family in peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.), an important oilseed crop that is cultivated worldwide. RESULTS In this study, twelve novel AhFADs genes were identified and isolated from peanut. Quantitative real-time PCR analysis indicated that the transcript abundances of AhFAB2-2 and AhFAD3-1 were higher in seeds than in other tissues examined, whereas the AhADS and AhFAD7-1 transcripts were more abundant in leaves. AhFAB2-3, AhFAD3-2, AhFAD4, AhSLD-4, and AhDES genes were highly expressed in flowers, whereas AhFAD7-2, AhSLD-2, and AhSLD-3 were expressed most strongly in stems. During seed development, the expressions of AhFAB2-2, AhFAD3-1, AhFAD7-1, and AhSLD-3 gradually increased in abundance, reached a maximum expression level, and then decreased. The AhFAB2-3, AhFAD3-2, AhFAD4, AhADS, and AhDES transcript levels remained relatively high at the initial stage of seed development, but decreased thereafter. The AhSLD-4 transcript level remained relatively low at the initial stage of seed development, but showed a dramatic increase in abundance at the final stage. The AhFAD7-2 and AhSLD-2 transcript levels remained relatively high at the initial stage of seed development, but then decreased, and finally increased again. The AhFAD transcripts were differentially expressed following exposure to abiotic stresses or abscisic acid. Moreover, the functions of one AhFAD6 and four AhSLD genes were confirmed by heterologous expression in Synechococcus elongates or Saccharomyces cerevisiae. CONCLUSIONS The present study provides valuable information that improves understanding of the biological roles of FAD genes in fatty acid synthesis, and will help peanut breeders improve the quality of peanut oil via molecular design breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyuan Chi
- Shandong Peanut Research Institute, Qingdao, Shandong, P. R. China
| | - Zhimeng Zhang
- Shandong Peanut Research Institute, Qingdao, Shandong, P. R. China
| | - Na Chen
- Shandong Peanut Research Institute, Qingdao, Shandong, P. R. China
| | - Xiaowen Zhang
- Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong, P. R. China
| | - Mian Wang
- Shandong Peanut Research Institute, Qingdao, Shandong, P. R. China
| | - Mingna Chen
- Shandong Peanut Research Institute, Qingdao, Shandong, P. R. China
| | - Tong Wang
- Shandong Peanut Research Institute, Qingdao, Shandong, P. R. China
| | - Lijuan Pan
- Shandong Peanut Research Institute, Qingdao, Shandong, P. R. China
| | - Jing Chen
- Shandong Peanut Research Institute, Qingdao, Shandong, P. R. China
| | - Zhen Yang
- Shandong Peanut Research Institute, Qingdao, Shandong, P. R. China
| | - Xiangyu Guan
- School of Ocean Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Shanlin Yu
- Shandong Peanut Research Institute, Qingdao, Shandong, P. R. China
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Li SF, Zhang GJ, Zhang XJ, Yuan JH, Deng CL, Hu ZM, Gao WJ. Genes encoding Δ(8)-sphingolipid desaturase from various plants: identification, biochemical functions, and evolution. JOURNAL OF PLANT RESEARCH 2016; 129:979-987. [PMID: 27294968 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-016-0838-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2015] [Accepted: 04/13/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
∆(8)-sphingolipid desaturase catalyzes the C8 desaturation of a long chain base, which is the characteristic structure of various complex sphingolipids. The genes of 20 ∆(8)-sphingolipid desaturases from 12 plants were identified and functionally detected by using Saccharomyces cerevisiae system to elucidate the relationship between the biochemical function and evolution of this enzyme. Results showed that the 20 genes all can encode a functional ∆(8)-sphingolipid desaturase, which catalyzes different ratios of two products, namely, 8(Z) and 8(E)-C18-phytosphingenine. The coded enzymes could be divided into two groups on the basis of biochemical functions: ∆(8)-sphingolipid desaturase with a preference for an E-isomer product and ∆(8)-sphingolipid desaturase with a preference for a Z-isomer product. The conversion rate of the latter was generally lower than that of the former. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the 20 desaturases could also be clustered into two groups, and this grouping is consistent with that of the biochemical functions. Thus, the biochemical function of ∆(8)-sphingolipid desaturase is correlated with its evolution. The two groups of ∆(8)-sphingolipid desaturases could arise from distinct ancestors in higher plants. However, they might have initially evolved from ∆(8)-sphingolipid desaturases in lower organisms, such as yeasts, which can produce E-isomer products only. Furthermore, almost all of the transgenic yeasts harboring ∆(8)-sphingolipid desaturase genes exhibit an improvement in aluminum tolerance. Our study provided new insights into the biochemical function and evolution of ∆(8)-sphingolipid desaturases in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Fen Li
- College of Life Sciences, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, China
| | - Guo-Jun Zhang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, China
| | - Xue-Jin Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, China
| | - Jin-Hong Yuan
- College of Life Sciences, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, China
| | - Chuan-Liang Deng
- College of Life Sciences, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, China
| | - Zan-Min Hu
- Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Wu-Jun Gao
- College of Life Sciences, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, China.
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Derbyshire MC, Michaelson L, Parker J, Kelly S, Thacker U, Powers SJ, Bailey A, Hammond-Kosack K, Courbot M, Rudd J. Analysis of cytochrome b(5) reductase-mediated metabolism in the phytopathogenic fungus Zymoseptoria tritici reveals novel functionalities implicated in virulence. Fungal Genet Biol 2015; 82:69-84. [PMID: 26074495 PMCID: PMC4557397 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2015.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2014] [Revised: 05/19/2015] [Accepted: 05/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Septoria tritici blotch (STB) caused by the Ascomycete fungus Zymoseptoria tritici is one of the most economically damaging diseases of wheat worldwide. Z. tritici is currently a major target for agricultural fungicides, especially in temperate regions where it is most prevalent. Many fungicides target electron transfer enzymes because these are often important for cell function. Therefore characterisation of genes encoding such enzymes may be important for the development of novel disease intervention strategies. Microsomal cytochrome b5 reductases (CBRs) are an important family of electron transfer proteins which in eukaryotes are involved in the biosynthesis of fatty acids and complex lipids including sphingolipids and sterols. Unlike the model yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae which possesses only one microsomal CBR, the fully sequenced genome of Z. tritici bears three possible microsomal CBRs. RNA sequencing analysis revealed that ZtCBR1 is the most highly expressed of these genes under all in vitro and in planta conditions tested, therefore ΔZtCBR1 mutant strains were generated through targeted gene disruption. These strains exhibited delayed disease symptoms on wheat leaves and severely limited asexual sporulation. ΔZtCBR1 strains also exhibited aberrant spore morphology and hyphal growth in vitro. These defects coincided with alterations in fatty acid, sphingolipid and sterol biosynthesis observed through GC-MS and HPLC analyses. Data is presented which suggests that Z. tritici may use ZtCBR1 as an additional electron donor for key steps in ergosterol biosynthesis, one of which is targeted by azole fungicides. Our study reports the first functional characterisation of CBR gene family members in a plant pathogenic filamentous fungus. This also represents the first direct observation of CBR functional ablation impacting upon fungal sterol biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark C Derbyshire
- Department of Plant Biology and Crop Science, Rothamsted Research, West Common, Harpenden, Hertfordshire AL5 2JQ, UK.
| | - Louise Michaelson
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Crop Protection, Rothamsted Research, West Common, Harpenden, Hertfordshire AL5 2JQ, UK
| | - Josie Parker
- Centre for Cytochrome P450 Diversity, Institute of Life Science, College of Medicine, Swansea University Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, Wales, UK
| | - Steven Kelly
- Centre for Cytochrome P450 Diversity, Institute of Life Science, College of Medicine, Swansea University Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, Wales, UK
| | | | - Stephen J Powers
- Department of Computational and Systems Biology, Rothamsted Research, West Common, Harpenden, Hertfordshire AL5 2JQ, UK
| | - Andy Bailey
- Bristol University, Senate House, Tyndall Avenue, Bristol BS8 1TH, UK
| | - Kim Hammond-Kosack
- Department of Plant Biology and Crop Science, Rothamsted Research, West Common, Harpenden, Hertfordshire AL5 2JQ, UK
| | - Mikael Courbot
- Syngenta, Syngenta AG, Schaffhauserstrasse, CH-4332 Stein, Switzerland
| | - Jason Rudd
- Department of Plant Biology and Crop Science, Rothamsted Research, West Common, Harpenden, Hertfordshire AL5 2JQ, UK.
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Liu W, Li W, He Q, Daud MK, Chen J, Zhu S. Characterization of 19 Genes Encoding Membrane-Bound Fatty Acid Desaturases and their Expression Profiles in Gossypium raimondii Under Low Temperature. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0123281. [PMID: 25894196 PMCID: PMC4404247 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0123281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2014] [Accepted: 02/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
To produce unsaturated fatty acids, membrane-bound fatty acid desaturases (FADs) can be exploited to introduce double bonds into the acyl chains of fatty acids. In this study, 19 membrane-bound FAD genes were identified in Gossypium raimondii through database searches and were classified into four different subfamilies based on phylogenetic analysis. All 19 membrane-bound FAD proteins shared three highly conserved histidine boxes, except for GrFAD2.1, which lost the third histidine box in the C-terminal region. In the G. raimondii genome, tandem duplication might have led to the increasing size of the FAD2 cluster in the Omega Desaturase subfamily, whereas segmental duplication appeared to be the dominant mechanism for the expansion of the Sphingolipid and Front-end Desaturase subfamilies. Gene expression analysis showed that seven membrane-bound FAD genes were significantly up-regulated and that five genes were greatly suppressed in G. raimondii leaves exposed to low temperature conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Liu
- Department of Agronomy, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Agronomy, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Qiuling He
- Department of Agronomy, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Muhammad Khan Daud
- Department of Agronomy, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Kohat University of Science and Technology, Kohat, 26000, Pakistan
| | - Jinhong Chen
- Department of Agronomy, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Shuijin Zhu
- Department of Agronomy, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production, Nanjing, 210095, China
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González-Thuillier I, Venegas-Calerón M, Garcés R, von Wettstein-Knowles P, Martínez-Force E. Sunflower (Helianthus annuus) fatty acid synthase complex: enoyl-[acyl carrier protein]-reductase genes. PLANTA 2015; 241:43-56. [PMID: 25204631 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-014-2162-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2014] [Accepted: 08/22/2014] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Enoyl-[acyl carrier protein]-reductases from sunflower. A major factor contributing to the amount of fatty acids in plant oils are the first steps of their synthesis. The intraplastidic fatty acid biosynthetic pathway in plants is catalysed by type II fatty acid synthase (FAS). The last step in each elongation cycle is carried out by the enoyl-[ACP]-reductase, which reduces the dehydrated product of β-hydroxyacyl-[ACP] dehydrase using NADPH or NADH. To determine the mechanisms involved in the biosynthesis of fatty acids in sunflower (Helianthus annuus) seeds, two enoyl-[ACP]-reductase genes have been identified and cloned from developing seeds with 75 % identity: HaENR1 (GenBank HM021137) and HaENR2 (HM021138). The two genes belong to the ENRA and ENRB families in dicotyledons, respectively. The genetic duplication most likely originated after the separation of di- and monocotyledons. RT-qPCR revealed distinct tissue-specific expression patterns. Highest expression of HaENR1 was in roots, stems and developing cotyledons whereas that of H a ENR2 was in leaves and early stages of seed development. Genomic DNA gel blot analyses suggest that both are single-copy genes. In vivo activity of the ENR enzymes was tested by complementation experiments with the JP1111 fabI(ts) E. coli strain. Both enzymes were functional demonstrating that they interacted with the bacterial FAS components. That different fatty acid profiles resulted infers that the two Helianthus proteins have different structures, substrate specificities and/or reaction rates. The latter possibility was confirmed by in vitro analysis with affinity-purified heterologous-expressed enzymes that reduced the crotonyl-CoA substrate using NADH with different V max.
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Three homologous genes encoding functional ∆8-sphingolipid desaturase in Populus tomentosa. Genes Genomics 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s13258-013-0167-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Li SF, Song LY, Yin WB, Chen YH, Chen L, Li JL, Wang RRC, Hu ZM. Isolation and functional characterisation of the genes encoding Δ(8)-sphingolipid desaturase from Brassica rapa. J Genet Genomics 2012; 39:47-59. [PMID: 22293117 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgg.2011.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2011] [Revised: 12/16/2011] [Accepted: 12/23/2011] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Δ(8)-Sphingolipid desaturase is the key enzyme that catalyses desaturation at the C8 position of the long-chain base of sphingolipids in higher plants. There have been no previous studies on the genes encoding Δ(8)-sphingolipid desaturases in Brassica rapa. In this study, four genes encoding Δ(8)-sphingolipid desaturases from B. rapa were isolated and characterised. Phylogenetic analyses indicated that these genes could be divided into two groups: BrD8A, BrD8C and BrD8D in group I, and BrD8B in group II. The two groups of genes diverged before the separation of Arabidopsis and Brassica. Though the four genes shared a high sequence similarity, and their coding desaturases all located in endoplasmic reticulum, they exhibited distinct expression patterns. Heterologous expression in Saccharomyces cerevisiae revealed that BrD8A/B/C/D were functionally diverse Δ(8)-sphingolipid desaturases that catalyse different ratios of the two products 8(Z)- and 8(E)-C18-phytosphingenine. The aluminium tolerance of transgenic yeasts expressing BrD8A/B/C/D was enhanced compared with that of control cells. Expression of BrD8A in Arabidopsis changed the ratio of 8(Z):8(E)-C18-phytosphingenine in transgenic plants. The information reported here provides new insights into the biochemical functional diversity and evolutionary relationship of Δ(8)-sphingolipid desaturase in plants and lays a foundation for further investigation of the mechanism of 8(Z)- and 8(E)-C18-phytosphingenine biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Fen Li
- Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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Salas JJ, Markham JE, Martínez-Force E, Garcés R. Characterization of sphingolipids from sunflower seeds with altered fatty acid composition. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2011; 59:12486-12492. [PMID: 22034947 DOI: 10.1021/jf203366z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Sphingolipids are a group of lipids that are derived from long-chain 1,3-dihydroxy-2-amino bases and that are involved in important processes in plants. Long-chain bases are usually found bound to long-chain fatty acids forming ceramides, the lipophilic moiety of the most common sphingolipid classes found in plant tissues: glucosyl-ceramides and glucosyl inositol phosphoryl-ceramides (GIPCs). The developing sunflower seed kernel is a tissue rich in sphingolipids, although, importantly, its glycerolipid composition can vary if some steps of the fatty acid synthesis are altered. Here, the sphingolipid composition of the seed from different sunflower mutants with altered fatty acid compositions was studied. The long-chain base composition and content were analyzed, and it was found to be similar in all of the mutants studied. The sphingolipid species were also determined by mass spectrometry, and some differences were found in highly saturated sunflower mutants, which contained higher levels of GIPC, ceramides, and hydroxyl-ceramides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joaquín J Salas
- Instituto de Grasa (CSIC), Av. Padre García Tejero, 4, 41012, Sevilla, Spain.
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Li SF, Song LY, Zhang GJ, Yin WB, Chen YH, Wang RRC, Hu ZM. Newly identified essential amino acid residues affecting Δ8-sphingolipid desaturase activity revealed by site-directed mutagenesis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2011; 416:165-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2011.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2011] [Accepted: 11/04/2011] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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