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Yang G, Sun M, Brewer L, Tang Z, Nieuwenhuizen N, Cooney J, Xu S, Sheng J, Andre C, Xue C, Rebstock R, Yang B, Chang W, Liu Y, Li J, Wang R, Qin M, Brendolise C, Allan AC, Espley RV, Lin‐Wang K, Wu J. Allelic variation of BBX24 is a dominant determinant controlling red coloration and dwarfism in pear. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2024; 22:1468-1490. [PMID: 38169146 PMCID: PMC11123420 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.14280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Variation in anthocyanin biosynthesis in pear fruit provides genetic germplasm resources for breeding, while dwarfing is an important agronomic trait, which is beneficial to reduce the management costs and allow for the implementation of high-density cultivation. Here, we combined bulked segregant analysis (BSA), quantitative trait loci (QTL), and structural variation (SV) analysis to identify a 14-bp deletion which caused a frame shift mutation and resulted in the premature translation termination of a B-box (BBX) family of zinc transcription factor, PyBBX24, and its allelic variation termed PyBBX24ΔN14. PyBBX24ΔN14 overexpression promotes anthocyanin biosynthesis in pear, strawberry, Arabidopsis, tobacco, and tomato, while that of PyBBX24 did not. PyBBX24ΔN14 directly activates the transcription of PyUFGT and PyMYB10 through interaction with PyHY5. Moreover, stable overexpression of PyBBX24ΔN14 exhibits a dwarfing phenotype in Arabidopsis, tobacco, and tomato plants. PyBBX24ΔN14 can activate the expression of PyGA2ox8 via directly binding to its promoter, thereby deactivating bioactive GAs and reducing the plant height. However, the nuclear localization signal (NLS) and Valine-Proline (VP) motifs in the C-terminus of PyBBX24 reverse these effects. Interestingly, mutations leading to premature termination of PyBBX24 were also identified in red sports of un-related European pear varieties. We conclude that mutations in PyBBX24 gene link both an increase in pigmentation and a decrease in plant height.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangyan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of HorticultureNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
- Zhongshan Biological Breeding LaboratoryNanjingJiangsuChina
| | - Manyi Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of HorticultureNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
- Zhongshan Biological Breeding LaboratoryNanjingJiangsuChina
| | - Lester Brewer
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research LimitedAucklandNew Zealand
| | - Zikai Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of HorticultureNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Niels Nieuwenhuizen
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research LimitedAucklandNew Zealand
| | - Janine Cooney
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research LimitedAucklandNew Zealand
| | - Shaozhuo Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of HorticultureNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Jiawen Sheng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of HorticultureNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Christelle Andre
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research LimitedAucklandNew Zealand
| | - Cheng Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Horticulture Science and EngineeringShandong Agricultural UniversityTai'anChina
| | - Ria Rebstock
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research LimitedAucklandNew Zealand
| | - Bo Yang
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research LimitedAucklandNew Zealand
| | - Wenjing Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of HorticultureNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Yueyuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of HorticultureNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Jiaming Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of HorticultureNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
- Zhongshan Biological Breeding LaboratoryNanjingJiangsuChina
| | - Runze Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of HorticultureNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Mengfan Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of HorticultureNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Cyril Brendolise
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research LimitedAucklandNew Zealand
| | - Andrew C. Allan
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research LimitedAucklandNew Zealand
| | - Richard V. Espley
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research LimitedAucklandNew Zealand
| | - Kui Lin‐Wang
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research LimitedAucklandNew Zealand
| | - Jun Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of HorticultureNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
- Zhongshan Biological Breeding LaboratoryNanjingJiangsuChina
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Guo G, Liu L, Shen T, Wang H, Zhang S, Sun Y, Xiong G, Tang X, Zhu L, Jia B. Genome-wide identification of GA2ox genes family and analysis of PbrGA2ox1-mediated enhanced chlorophyll accumulation by promoting chloroplast development in pear. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 24:166. [PMID: 38433195 PMCID: PMC10910807 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-024-04842-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chlorophyll (Chl) is an agronomic trait associated with photosynthesis and yield. Gibberellin 2-oxidases (GA2oxs) have previously been shown to be involved in Chl accumulation. However, whether and how the PbrGA2ox proteins (PbrGA2oxs) mediate Chl accumulation in pear (Pyrus spp.) is scarce. RESULTS Here, we aimed to elucidate the role of the pear GA2ox gene family in Chl accumulation and the related underlying mechanisms. We isolated 13 PbrGA2ox genes (PbrGA2oxs) from the pear database and identified PbrGA2ox1 as a potential regulator of Chl accumulation. We found that transiently overexpressing PbrGA2ox1 in chlorotic pear leaves led to Chl accumulation, and PbrGA2ox1 silencing in normal pear leaves led to Chl degradation, as evident by the regreening and chlorosis phenomenon, respectively. Meanwhile, PbrGA2ox1-overexpressing (OE) tobacco plants discernably exhibited Chl built-up, as evidenced by significantly higher Pn and Fv/Fm. In addition, RNA sequencing (RNA-seq), physiological and biochemical investigations revealed an increase in abscisic acid (ABA), methyl jasmonate (MeJA), and salicylic acid (SA) concentrations and signaling pathways; a marked elevation in reducing and soluble sugar contents; and a marginal decline in the starch and sucrose levels in OE plants. Interestingly, PbrGA2ox1 overexpression did not prominently affect Chl synthesis. However, it indeed facilitated chloroplast development by increasing chloroplast number per cell and compacting the thylakoid granum stacks. These findings might jointly contribute to Chl accumulation in OE plants. CONCLUSION Overall, our results suggested that GA2oxs accelerate Chl accumulation by stimulating chloroplast development and proved the potential of PbrGA2ox1 as a candidate gene for genetically breeding biofortified pear plants with a higher yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoling Guo
- School of Horticulture, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Lun Liu
- School of Horticulture, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Taijing Shen
- School of Horticulture, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Haozhe Wang
- School of Horticulture, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Shuqin Zhang
- School of Horticulture, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Yu Sun
- School of Horticulture, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Guoyu Xiong
- School of Horticulture, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Xiaomei Tang
- School of Horticulture, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Liwu Zhu
- School of Horticulture, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Bing Jia
- School of Horticulture, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China.
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Agronomic Trait Analysis and Genetic Mapping of a New Wheat Semidwarf Gene Rht-SN33d. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 24:ijms24010583. [PMID: 36614025 PMCID: PMC9820066 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24010583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant height is a key agronomic trait that is closely to the plant morphology and lodging resistance in wheat. However, at present, the few dwarf genes widely used in wheat breeding have narrowed wheat genetic diversity. In this study, we selected a semi-dwarf wheat mutant dwarf33 that exhibits decreased plant height with little serious negative impact on other agronomic traits. Genetic analysis and mutant gene mapping indicated that dwarf33 contains a new recessive semi-dwarf gene Rht-SN33d, which was mapped into ~1.3 Mb interval on the 3DL chromosome. The gibberellin metabolism-related gene TraesCS3D02G542800, which encodes gibberellin 2-beta-dioxygenase, is considered a potential candidate gene of Rht-SN33d. Rht-SN33d reduced plant height by approximately 22.4% in mutant dwarf33. Further study revealed that shorter stem cell length may be the main factor causing plant height decrease. In addition, the coleoptile length of dwarf33 was just 9.3% shorter than that of wild-type Shaannong33. These results will help to expand our understanding of new mechanisms of wheat height regulation, and obtain new germplasm for wheat improvement.
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Liu X, Wang J, Sabir IA, Sun W, Wang L, Xu Y, Zhang N, Liu H, Jiu S, Liu L, Zhang C. PavGA2ox-2L inhibits the plant growth and development interacting with PavDWARF in sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.). PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2022; 186:299-309. [PMID: 35932654 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2022.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Revised: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Dwarf dense planting is helpful to improve the yield and quality of sweet cherry, which has enormous market demand. GA2oxs (GA oxidases) affect plant height, dormancy release, flower development, and seed germination by participating in the metabolic regulation and signal transduction of GA (Gibberellin). However, the research on GA2ox in sweet cherry is little and worthy of further investigation. Therefore, we identified the PavGA2ox-2L gene from sweet cherry, close to PynGA2ox-2 from Prunus yedoensis var. Nudiflora. The phylogenetic analysis indicated conserved functions with these evolutionarily closer GA2ox subfamily genes. Subcellular localization forecast analysis indicated that PavGA2ox-2L was localized in the nucleus or cytoplasm. The expression levels of PavGA2ox-2L were higher in winter, indicating that PavGA2ox-2L promoted maintained flower bud dormancy. The expression levels of PavGA2ox-2L were significantly increased after GA4+7 treatment while decreased after GR24 (a synthetic analog of SLs (Strigolactones)) or TIS108 (a triazole-type SL-biosynthesis inhibitor) treatments. Over-expression of PavGA2ox-2L resulted in decreased plant height, delayed flowering time, and low seed germination rate in Arabidopsis thaliana. Furthermore, the interaction between PavGA2ox-2L and PavDWARF was verified by Y2H and BiFC assays. In the current investigation, PavGA2ox-2L functions as a GA metabolic gene that promotes dwarf dense planting, delays flowering time, and inhibits seed germination. In addition, it also participates in regulating plant growth and development through the interaction with the critical negative regulator PavDWARF of Gibberellin. These results will help us better explore the molecular mechanism of GA2ox-mediated dwarf and late-maturing varieties for fruit trees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xunju Liu
- Department of Plant Science, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Minhang, Shanghai, 200240, China.
| | - Jiyuan Wang
- Department of Plant Science, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Minhang, Shanghai, 200240, China.
| | - Irfan Ali Sabir
- Department of Plant Science, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Minhang, Shanghai, 200240, China.
| | - Wanxia Sun
- Department of Plant Science, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Minhang, Shanghai, 200240, China.
| | - Li Wang
- Department of Plant Science, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Minhang, Shanghai, 200240, China.
| | - Yan Xu
- Department of Plant Science, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Minhang, Shanghai, 200240, China.
| | - Niangong Zhang
- Department of Plant Science, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Minhang, Shanghai, 200240, China.
| | - Haobo Liu
- Department of Plant Science, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Minhang, Shanghai, 200240, China.
| | - Songtao Jiu
- Department of Plant Science, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Minhang, Shanghai, 200240, China.
| | - Lu Liu
- Department of Plant Science, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Minhang, Shanghai, 200240, China.
| | - Caixi Zhang
- Department of Plant Science, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Minhang, Shanghai, 200240, China.
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Ahmad I, Zhu G, Zhou G, Song X, Hussein Ibrahim ME, Ibrahim Salih EG, Hussain S, Younas MU. Pivotal Role of Phytohormones and Their Responsive Genes in Plant Growth and Their Signaling and Transduction Pathway under Salt Stress in Cotton. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23137339. [PMID: 35806344 PMCID: PMC9266544 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23137339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The presence of phyto-hormones in plants at relatively low concentrations plays an indispensable role in regulating crop growth and yield. Salt stress is one of the major abiotic stresses limiting cotton production. It has been reported that exogenous phyto-hormones are involved in various plant defense systems against salt stress. Recently, different studies revealed the pivotal performance of hormones in regulating cotton growth and yield. However, a comprehensive understanding of these exogenous hormones, which regulate cotton growth and yield under salt stress, is lacking. In this review, we focused on new advances in elucidating the roles of exogenous hormones (gibberellin (GA) and salicylic acid (SA)) and their signaling and transduction pathways and the cross-talk between GA and SA in regulating crop growth and development under salt stress. In this review, we not only focused on the role of phyto-hormones but also identified the roles of GA and SA responsive genes to salt stress. Our aim is to provide a comprehensive review of the performance of GA and SA and their responsive genes under salt stress, assisting in the further elucidation of the mechanism that plant hormones use to regulate growth and yield under salt stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irshad Ahmad
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (I.A.); (M.E.H.I.); (E.G.I.S.)
| | - Guanglong Zhu
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (I.A.); (M.E.H.I.); (E.G.I.S.)
- Correspondence: (G.Z.); (G.Z.)
| | - Guisheng Zhou
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (I.A.); (M.E.H.I.); (E.G.I.S.)
- Key Lab of Crop Genetics & Physiology of Jiangsu Province, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Correspondence: (G.Z.); (G.Z.)
| | - Xudong Song
- Jiangsu Yanjiang Area Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Nantong 226541, China;
| | - Muhi Eldeen Hussein Ibrahim
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (I.A.); (M.E.H.I.); (E.G.I.S.)
- Department of Agronomy, College of Agricultural Studies, Sudan University of Science and Technology, Khartoum 13311, Sudan
| | - Ebtehal Gabralla Ibrahim Salih
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (I.A.); (M.E.H.I.); (E.G.I.S.)
| | - Shahid Hussain
- Institutes of Agricultural Science and Technology Development, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China;
| | - Muhammad Usama Younas
- Department of Crop Genetics and Breeding, College of Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China;
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Sankhuan D, Ji M, Takanashi S, Imamura Y, Sato S, Supaibulwatana K, Otani M, Nakano M. Induction of dwarf and early flowering phenotypes in Tricyrtis sp. by ectopic expression of LEAFY from Arabidopsis thaliana. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY (TOKYO, JAPAN) 2022; 39:205-208. [PMID: 35937540 PMCID: PMC9300431 DOI: 10.5511/plantbiotechnology.22.0118a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
LEAFY (LFY), which encodes a plant-specific transcription factor, plays an important role in the transition from vegetative to reproductive development. Ectopic expression of LFY has been reported to induce dwarfism and early flowering in some model plants. In order to examine the possibility of using LFY for molecular breeding of ornamental plants, we produced and characterized transgenic plants ectopically expressing LFY from Arabidopsis thaliana (AtLFY) in the liliaceous ornamental plant Tricyrtis sp. Nine independent transgenic plants have been obtained, and all of them exhibited dwarf phenotypes compared with the vector control. These transgenic plants could be classified into three types according to the degree of dwarfism: one showed an extreamly dwarf phenotype with smaller leaves (Type I); two showed moderately dwarf phenotypes (Type II); and six showed slightly dwarf phenotypes (Type III). All of Type I, Type II and Type III transgenic plants produced flower buds 1-3 weeks earlier than the vector control. Vector control and Type III transgenic plants produced 1-4 apical flower buds, whereas Type I and Type II transgenic plants produced only a single apical flower bud. Type I and Type II transgenic plants often produced non-fully-opened flowers. Quantitative real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction analysis showed that the AtLFY expression level generally correlated with the degree of dwarfism. These results indicate that morphological alterations observed in the transgenic plants was induced by ectopic expression of AtLFY. Lower levels of ectopic expression of LFY may be valuable for producing dwarf and early flowering ornamental plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darunmas Sankhuan
- Faculty of Agriculture, Niigata University, 2-8050 Ikarashi, Niigata 950-2181, Japan
- Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, 272 Rama VI Road, Ratchathewi, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Meiqiao Ji
- Faculty of Agriculture, Niigata University, 2-8050 Ikarashi, Niigata 950-2181, Japan
| | - Sota Takanashi
- Faculty of Agriculture, Niigata University, 2-8050 Ikarashi, Niigata 950-2181, Japan
| | - Yuto Imamura
- Faculty of Agriculture, Niigata University, 2-8050 Ikarashi, Niigata 950-2181, Japan
| | - Shoichi Sato
- Faculty of Agriculture, Niigata University, 2-8050 Ikarashi, Niigata 950-2181, Japan
| | | | - Masahiro Otani
- Faculty of Agriculture, Niigata University, 2-8050 Ikarashi, Niigata 950-2181, Japan
| | - Masaru Nakano
- Faculty of Agriculture, Niigata University, 2-8050 Ikarashi, Niigata 950-2181, Japan
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7
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Paciorek T, Chiapelli BJ, Wang JY, Paciorek M, Yang H, Sant A, Val DL, Boddu J, Liu K, Gu C, Brzostowski LF, Wang H, Allen EM, Dietrich CR, Gillespie KM, Edwards J, Goldshmidt A, Neelam A, Slewinski TL. Targeted suppression of gibberellin biosynthetic genes ZmGA20ox3 and ZmGA20ox5 produces a short stature maize ideotype. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2022; 20:1140-1153. [PMID: 35244326 PMCID: PMC9129074 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.13797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Maize is one of the world's most widely cultivated crops. As future demands for maize will continue to rise, fields will face ever more frequent and extreme weather patterns that directly affect crop productivity. Development of environmentally resilient crops with improved standability in the field, like wheat and rice, was enabled by shifting the architecture of plants to a short stature ideotype. However, such architectural change has not been implemented in maize due to the unique interactions between gibberellin (GA) and floral morphology which limited the use of the same type of mutations as in rice and wheat. Here, we report the development of a short stature maize ideotype in commercial hybrid germplasm, which was generated by targeted suppression of the biosynthetic pathway for GA. To accomplish this, we utilized a dominant, miRNA-based construct expressed in a hemizygous state to selectively reduce expression of the ZmGA20ox3 and ZmGA20ox5 genes that control GA biosynthesis primarily in vegetative tissues. Suppression of both genes resulted in the reduction of GA levels leading to inhibition of cell elongation in internodal tissues, which reduced plant height. Expression of the miRNA did not alter GA levels in reproductive tissues, and thus, the reproductive potential of the plants remained unchanged. As a result, we developed a dominant, short-stature maize ideotype that is conducive for the commercial production of hybrid maize. We expect that the new maize ideotype would enable more efficient and more sustainable maize farming for a growing world population.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Kang Liu
- Bayer Crop ScienceChesterfieldMOUSA
| | - Chiyu Gu
- Bayer Crop ScienceChesterfieldMOUSA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Alexander Goldshmidt
- Bayer Crop ScienceChesterfieldMOUSA
- Present address:
Department of Field Crops ScienceInstitute of Plant ScienceAgricultural Research OrganizationThe Volcani CenterP.O. Box 15159Rishon Lezion7528809Israel
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Transcriptome Profiling Provides New Insights into the Molecular Mechanism Underlying the Sensitivity of Cotton Varieties to Mepiquat Chloride. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23095043. [PMID: 35563437 PMCID: PMC9105546 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23095043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2022] [Revised: 04/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Mepiquat chloride (MC) is a plant growth regulator widely used in cotton production to control vegetative overgrowth of cotton plants to achieve ideal plant architecture required for high yielding. Cotton varieties respond differently to MC application, but there is little information about the molecular mechanisms underlying the varietal difference. In this study, comparative transcriptome analysis was conducted by using two Upland cotton varieties with different sensitivity (XLZ74, insensitive; SD1068, sensitive) to MC treatment, aiming to understand the molecular mechanisms responsible for varietal difference of MC sensitivity. RNA-seq data were generated from the two varieties treated with MC or water at three time points, 1, 3 and 6 days post-spray (dps). Genes differentially expressed between the MC and mock treatments of XLZ74 (6252) and SD1068 (6163) were subjected to Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analyses to compare the enriched GO terms and KEGG pathways between the two varieties. Signal transduction of phytohormones, biosynthesis of gibberellins (GAs) and brassinosteroids (BRs) and profiles of transcription factors (TFs) seemed to be differentially affected by MC in the two varieties. The transcriptomic results were further consolidated with the content changes of phytohormones in young stem. Several GA catabolic genes, GA2ox, were highly induced by MC in both varieties especially in SD1068, consistent with a more significant decrease in GA4 in SD1068. Several AUX/IAA and SAUR genes and CKX genes were induced by MC in both varieties, but with a more profound effect observed in SD1068 that showed a significant reduction in indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and a significant increase in cytokinin (CTK) at 6 days post-spray (dps). BR biosynthesis-related genes were downregulated in SD1068, but not in XLZ74. Additionally, more downregulated TFs were observed in MC-treated SD1068 than in MC-treated XLZ74, and the two varieties had very different profiles of genes involved in starch and sucrose metabolism, with those of SD1068 and XLZ74 being downregulated and upregulated by MC treatment, respectively. Together, these results indicate that although the same or similar biological pathways are affected by MC treatment in cotton varieties showing different MC sensitivity, the extent of effect is variable, leading to their different phenotypic outcomes. How the quantitative effect of MC on the biological processes associated with growth retardation is regulated is still an open question.
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Wang YR, Zhang JS, Wang R, Hou YM, Fu HA, Xie Y, Gao SJ, Wang JD. Unveiling sugarcane defense response to Mythimna separata herbivory by a combination of transcriptome and metabolic analyses. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2021; 77:4799-4809. [PMID: 34161652 DOI: 10.1002/ps.6526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sugarcane is the most important sugar crop in the world. Like other crops, sugarcane suffers from herbivorous insect attack. The oriental armyworm Mythimna separata is a devastating pest of various crops in northeast Asia and an outbreak of this pest can result in substantial yield loss for sugarcane. However, the plant defense response situation is widely acquisition in model crops, but there is little information about how sugarcane plants defend themselves against this herbivore at the molecular and biochemical levels. RESULTS We combined transcriptome and metabolomic analysis to investigate the changes in gene expression and metabolic processes that occurred in sugarcane plants after continuous feeding by M. separata larvae for 12 and 24 h. We identified 13 662 genes and 55 metabolites that were differentially regulated in sugarcane plants fed on by M. separata. The genes involved in phytohormones, transcription factors, and kinase-related were activated and metabolism compounds such as carbohydrate, amino acid, ferulic substances and glutathione were detected regulated in sugarcane defense response. Comparable analyses showed a close correspondence relationship among pathways of phenylalanine metabolism, phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, and flavonoid biosynthesis in transcript and metabolite profiles. Furthermore, a bioassay experiment was conducted to test the influence of up-regulated metabolites on M. separata growth and found chlorogenic acid had a lethal effect. CONCLUSION The results of our study greatly enhanced the understanding of the sugarcane-induced defense response mechanism against herbivore infestation at the transcriptional and metabolic levels. Also make contributions to provide clues for development of green pest control method. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Ru Wang
- National Engineering Research Center of Sugarcane, Fujian Agricultural and Forestry University, Fuzhou, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Key Lab of Biopesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education & Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Insect Ecology, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agricultural and Forestry University, Fuzhou, P. R. China
| | - Jia-Song Zhang
- National Engineering Research Center of Sugarcane, Fujian Agricultural and Forestry University, Fuzhou, P. R. China
| | - Ran Wang
- Institute of Plant and Environment Protection, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - You-Ming Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Key Lab of Biopesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education & Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Insect Ecology, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agricultural and Forestry University, Fuzhou, P. R. China
| | - Hu-Aying Fu
- National Engineering Research Center of Sugarcane, Fujian Agricultural and Forestry University, Fuzhou, P. R. China
| | - Yuan Xie
- National Engineering Research Center of Sugarcane, Fujian Agricultural and Forestry University, Fuzhou, P. R. China
| | - San-Ji Gao
- National Engineering Research Center of Sugarcane, Fujian Agricultural and Forestry University, Fuzhou, P. R. China
| | - Jin-da Wang
- National Engineering Research Center of Sugarcane, Fujian Agricultural and Forestry University, Fuzhou, P. R. China
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10
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Dong Y, Ye X, Xiong A, Zhu N, Jiang L, Qu S. The regulatory role of gibberellin related genes DKGA2ox1 and MIR171f_3 in persimmon dwarfism. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 310:110958. [PMID: 34315584 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2021.110958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
'Nantongxiaofangshi' (Diospyros kaki Thunb., D. kaki Thunb.) is a local cultivar of persimmon with dwarf-like traits in Jiangsu, China. Closely spaced planting afforded by dwarfism is usually one of the most important ways to promote fruit cultivation and production. However, the understanding of dwarfism in D. kaki Thunb. is very limited at the molecular level, which hinders the further increase of the fruit production. In this work, a persimmon transgenic system was successfully established, and the field experiments of grafting phenotype were carried out. The results showed that D. kaki Thunb. could be used as an interstock to induce dwarfing in grafted scions, and the dwarf character was better when interstock lengths were between 20 and 25 cm. Furthermore, the key genes related to dwarfism in D. kaki Thunb. were screened and verified, and subsequently, the regulatory role of related genes in persimmon dwarfism was figured out. It was found that the gene encoding gibberellin 2-oxidase-1 (DkGA2ox1) involved in GA biosynthesis was associated with the dwarfing in D. kaki Thunb. Overexpression of DkGA2ox1 in Diospyros lotus resulted in a typical dwarf phenotype. Meanwhile, the microRNA data showed that the miR171f_3 demonstrated the active involvement in GA pathway response in persimmon dwarfism. DkGA2ox1 and MIR171f_3, as two highly expressed genes in D. kaki Thunb. interstock, could be used as stimulus signals to affect the content of GA in scion, however, the specific transmission mechanism still needs to be further explored. Ultimately, the bioactive GA level was decreased, resulting in the scion dwarfism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhan Dong
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, PR China
| | - Xialin Ye
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, PR China
| | - Aisheng Xiong
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, PR China
| | - Ning Zhu
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, PR China
| | - Luping Jiang
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, PR China
| | - Shenchun Qu
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, PR China.
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11
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Deng G, Bi F, Liu J, He W, Li C, Dong T, Yang Q, Gao H, Dou T, Zhong X, Peng M, Yi G, Hu C, Sheng O. Transcriptome and metabolome profiling provide insights into molecular mechanism of pseudostem elongation in banana. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 21:125. [PMID: 33648452 PMCID: PMC7923470 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-021-02899-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Banana plant height is an important trait for horticultural practices and semi-dwarf cultivars show better resistance to damages by wind and rain. However, the molecular mechanisms controlling the pseudostem height remain poorly understood. Herein, we studied the molecular changes in the pseudostem of a semi-dwarf banana mutant Aifen No. 1 (Musa spp. Pisang Awak sub-group ABB) as compared to its wild-type dwarf cultivar using a combined transcriptome and metabolome approach. RESULTS A total of 127 differentially expressed genes and 48 differentially accumulated metabolites were detected between the mutant and its wild type. Metabolites belonging to amino acid and its derivatives, flavonoids, lignans, coumarins, organic acids, and phenolic acids were up-regulated in the mutant. The transcriptome analysis showed the differential regulation of genes related to the gibberellin pathway, auxin transport, cell elongation, and cell wall modification. Based on the regulation of gibberellin and associated pathway-related genes, we discussed the involvement of gibberellins in pseudostem elongation in the mutant banana. Genes and metabolites associated with cell wall were explored and their involvement in cell extension is discussed. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that gibberellins and associated pathways are possibly developing the observed semi-dwarf pseudostem phenotype together with cell elongation and cell wall modification. The findings increase the understanding of the mechanisms underlying banana stem height and provide new clues for further dissection of specific gene functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guiming Deng
- Institute of Fruit Tree Research, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of South Subtropical Fruit Biology and Genetic Resource Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Tropical and Subtropical Fruit Tree Research, Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fangcheng Bi
- Institute of Fruit Tree Research, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of South Subtropical Fruit Biology and Genetic Resource Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Tropical and Subtropical Fruit Tree Research, Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jing Liu
- Horticulture and Landscape College, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128 China
| | - Weidi He
- Institute of Fruit Tree Research, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of South Subtropical Fruit Biology and Genetic Resource Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Tropical and Subtropical Fruit Tree Research, Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chunyu Li
- Institute of Fruit Tree Research, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of South Subtropical Fruit Biology and Genetic Resource Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Tropical and Subtropical Fruit Tree Research, Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tao Dong
- Institute of Fruit Tree Research, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of South Subtropical Fruit Biology and Genetic Resource Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Tropical and Subtropical Fruit Tree Research, Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qiaosong Yang
- Institute of Fruit Tree Research, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of South Subtropical Fruit Biology and Genetic Resource Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Tropical and Subtropical Fruit Tree Research, Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huijun Gao
- Institute of Fruit Tree Research, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of South Subtropical Fruit Biology and Genetic Resource Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Tropical and Subtropical Fruit Tree Research, Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tongxin Dou
- Institute of Fruit Tree Research, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of South Subtropical Fruit Biology and Genetic Resource Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Tropical and Subtropical Fruit Tree Research, Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaohong Zhong
- Horticulture and Landscape College, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128 China
| | - Miao Peng
- Horticulture and Landscape College, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128 China
| | - Ganjun Yi
- Institute of Fruit Tree Research, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of South Subtropical Fruit Biology and Genetic Resource Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Tropical and Subtropical Fruit Tree Research, Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chunhua Hu
- Institute of Fruit Tree Research, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of South Subtropical Fruit Biology and Genetic Resource Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Tropical and Subtropical Fruit Tree Research, Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ou Sheng
- Institute of Fruit Tree Research, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of South Subtropical Fruit Biology and Genetic Resource Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Tropical and Subtropical Fruit Tree Research, Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
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12
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Liu B, Zhao S, Li P, Yin Y, Niu Q, Yan J, Huang D. Plant buffering against the high-light stress-induced accumulation of CsGA2ox8 transcripts via alternative splicing to finely tune gibberellin levels and maintain hypocotyl elongation. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2021; 8:2. [PMID: 33384414 PMCID: PMC7775442 DOI: 10.1038/s41438-020-00430-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Revised: 09/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/17/2020] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
In plants, alternative splicing (AS) is markedly induced in response to environmental stresses, but it is unclear why plants generate multiple transcripts under stress conditions. In this study, RNA-seq was performed to identify AS events in cucumber seedlings grown under different light intensities. We identified a novel transcript of the gibberellin (GA)-deactivating enzyme Gibberellin 2-beta-dioxygenase 8 (CsGA2ox8). Compared with canonical CsGA2ox8.1, the CsGA2ox8.2 isoform presented intron retention between the second and third exons. Functional analysis proved that the transcript of CsGA2ox8.1 but not CsGA2ox8.2 played a role in the deactivation of bioactive GAs. Moreover, expression analysis demonstrated that both transcripts were upregulated by increased light intensity, but the expression level of CsGA2ox8.1 increased slowly when the light intensity was >400 µmol·m-2·s-1 PPFD (photosynthetic photon flux density), while the CsGA2ox8.2 transcript levels increased rapidly when the light intensity was >200 µmol·m-2·s-1 PPFD. Our findings provide evidence that plants might finely tune their GA levels by buffering against the normal transcripts of CsGA2ox8 through AS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Liu
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (South), Ministry of Agriculture, Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, China
- Department of Plant Genomics, Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG), CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Bellaterra, 08193, Spain
| | - Shuo Zhao
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (South), Ministry of Agriculture, Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Pengli Li
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (South), Ministry of Agriculture, Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Yilu Yin
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (South), Ministry of Agriculture, Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Qingliang Niu
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (South), Ministry of Agriculture, Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Jinqiang Yan
- Vegetable Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China.
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for New Technology Research of Vegetables, Guangzhou, 510640, China.
| | - Danfeng Huang
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (South), Ministry of Agriculture, Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, China.
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13
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Nakano M, Otani M. Plant regeneration and Agrobacterium-mediated genetic transformation systems in liliaceous ornamental plants. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY (TOKYO, JAPAN) 2020; 37:129-140. [PMID: 32821219 PMCID: PMC7434681 DOI: 10.5511/plantbiotechnology.20.0114a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The family Liliaceae (Cronquist system) contains various important ornamental plants. We have been examining for about 20 years the establishment of plant regeneration and genetic transformation systems in liliaceous ornamental plants for their biotechnological breeding and elucidation of the molecular mechanisms determining ornamental traits. In this review, studies on in vitro plant regeneration in 7 genera and on Agrobacterium-mediated production of transgenic plants in 4 genera are described. Plant regeneration was achieved via callus cultures in Agapanthus, Hemerocallis, Hosta, Lilium, Muscari and Tricyrtis. Auxins (2,4-dichrolophenoxyacetic acid, α-naphthaleneacetic acid and/or picloram) were effective for inducing regenerable calli. Tulipa species and cultivars were very recalcitrant to callus induction and plant regeneration. Agrobacterium-mediated transformation was examined in Agapanthus, Lilium, Muscari and Tricyrtis, and transgenic plants were obtained in all genera by using regenerable calli as a target material for Agrobacterium inoculation, inoculation and co-cultivation with Agrobacterium in the presence of acetosyringone, and selection of transgenic tissues and plantlets on hygromycin-containing media. Among 4 genera, Tricyrtis has several advantages for transformation studies: higher transformation efficiency, relatively small plant size, ease of cultivation, and taking only 1 year from in vitro regeneration to flowering. We are now investigating the molecular mechanisms for determining plant form, flower color and flower form by using Tricyrtis spp. as liliaceous model plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaru Nakano
- Faculty of Agriculture, Niigata University, 2-8050 Ikarashi, Niigata 950-2181, Japan
| | - Masahiro Otani
- Faculty of Agriculture, Niigata University, 2-8050 Ikarashi, Niigata 950-2181, Japan
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14
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Sprangers K, Thys S, van Dusschoten D, Beemster GTS. Gibberellin Enhances the Anisotropy of Cell Expansion in the Growth Zone of the Maize Leaf. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:1163. [PMID: 32849718 PMCID: PMC7417610 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.01163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Although plant organ shapes are defined by spatio-temporal variations of directional tissue expansion, this is a little characterized aspect of organ growth regulation. Although it is well known that the plant hormone gibberellin increases the leaf length/with ratio, its effects on cell expansion in the growing leaf are largely unknown. To understand how variations in rate and anisotropy of growth establish the typical monocotelydonous leaf shape, we studied the leaf growth zone of maize (Zea mays) with a kinematic analysis of cell expansion in the three directions of growth: proximo-distal, medio-lateral, and dorso-ventral. To determine the effect of gibberellin, we compared a gibberellin-deficient dwarf3 mutant and the overproducing UBI::GA20OX-1 line with their wild types. We found that, as expected, longitudinal growth was dominant throughout the growth zone. The highest degree of anisotropy occurred in the division zone, where relative growth rates in width and thickness were almost zero. Growth anisotropy was smaller in the elongation zone, due to higher lateral and dorso-ventral growth rates. Growth in all directions stopped at the same position. Gibberellin increased the size of the growth zone and the degree of growth anisotropy by stimulating longitudinal growth rates. Inversely, the duration of expansion was negatively affected, so that mature cell length was unaffected, while width and height of cells were reduced. Our study provides a detailed insight in the dynamics of growth anisotropy in the maize leaf and demonstrates that gibberellin specifically stimulates longitudinal growth rates throughout the growth zone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrien Sprangers
- Research Group for Integrated Molecular Plant Physiology Research (IMPRES), Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Sofie Thys
- Laboratory of Cell Biology and Histology, Antwerp Centre for Advanced Microscopy (ACAM), University of Antwerp, Belgium
- *Correspondence: Sofie Thys, ; Gerrit T. S. Beemster,
| | - Dagmar van Dusschoten
- IBG-2: Plant Sciences, Institute for Bio- and Geosciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Gerrit T. S. Beemster
- Research Group for Integrated Molecular Plant Physiology Research (IMPRES), Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- *Correspondence: Sofie Thys, ; Gerrit T. S. Beemster,
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15
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Chen Z, Liu Y, Yin Y, Liu Q, Li N, Liu X, Li X, Guo C, Hao D. Development of dwarfish and yield-effective GM maize through passivation of bioactive gibberellin. Transgenic Res 2019; 28:589-599. [DOI: 10.1007/s11248-019-00172-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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16
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Zhang S, Sun F, Wang W, Yang G, Zhang C, Wang Y, Liu S, Xi Y. Comparative transcriptome analysis provides key insights into seedling development in switchgrass ( Panicum virgatum L.). BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2019; 12:193. [PMID: 31402932 PMCID: PMC6683553 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-019-1534-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.), a warm-season perennial C4 plant, can be used as a forage plant, a soil and water conservation plant, a windbreak plant, and as a good source of biofuels and alternative energy with low planting costs. However, switchgrass exhibits low rates of seedling development compared to other crops, which means it is typically out-competed by weeds. There is a large variation in seedling development rates among different plantlets in switchgrass, which limits its usefulness for large-scale cultivation. Little is currently known about the molecular reasons for slow seedling growth. RESULTS Characterization of the seedling development process via growth indices indicated a relatively stagnant growth stage in switchgrass. A total of 678 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified from the comparison of transcriptomes from slowly developed (sd) and rapidly developed (rd) switchgrass seedlings. Gene ontology and pathway enrichment analysis showed that DEGs were enriched in diterpenoid biosynthesis, thiamine metabolism, and circadian rhythm. Transcription factor enrichment and expression analyses showed MYB-related, bHLH and NAC family genes were essential for seedling growth. The transcriptome results were consistent with those of quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. Then, the expression profiles of maize and switchgrass were compared during seedling leaf development. A total of 128 DEGs that play key roles in seedling growth were aligned to maize genes. Transcriptional information and physiological indices suggested that several genes involved in the circadian rhythm, thiamine metabolism, energy metabolism, gibberellic acid biosynthesis, and signal transduction played important roles in seedling development. CONCLUSIONS The seedling development process of switchgrass was characterized, and the molecular differences between slowly developed and rapidly developed seedlings were discussed. This study provides new insights into the reasons for slow seedling development in switchgrass and will be useful for the genetic improvement of switchgrass and other crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shumeng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100 Shaanxi China
| | - Fengli Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100 Shaanxi China
| | - Weiwei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100 Shaanxi China
| | - Guoyu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100 Shaanxi China
| | - Chao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100 Shaanxi China
| | - Yongfeng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100 Shaanxi China
| | - Shudong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100 Shaanxi China
| | - Yajun Xi
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100 Shaanxi China
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17
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Shi J, Wang N, Zhou H, Xu Q, Yan G. The role of gibberellin synthase gene
GhGA2ox1
in upland cotton (
Gossypium hirsutum
L.) responses to drought and salt stress. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 2019; 66:298-308. [DOI: 10.1002/bab.1725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 12/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jian‐Bin Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences Anyang People's Republic of China
| | - Ning Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences Anyang People's Republic of China
| | - Hong Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences Anyang People's Republic of China
| | - Qing‐Hua Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences Anyang People's Republic of China
| | - Gen‐Tu Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences Anyang People's Republic of China
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18
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Shi J, Wang J, Wang N, Zhou H, Xu Q, Yan G. Overexpression of StGA2ox1 Gene Increases the Tolerance to Abiotic Stress in Transgenic Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) Plants. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2018; 187:1204-1219. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-018-2848-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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19
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Jiang S, An H, Luo J, Wang X, Shi C, Xu F. Comparative Analysis of Transcriptomes to Identify Genes Associated with Fruit Size in the Early Stage of Fruit Development in Pyrus pyrifolia. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19082342. [PMID: 30096896 PMCID: PMC6122012 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19082342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Revised: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Pear (Pyrus L.) is an important commercial fruit in the world. The fruit size is one of the important characters in fruit quality. The previous research reported that the fruit size of pear was mainly caused by the number of cell in about 40 days after blossom (DAB) in nature. However, studies about the mechanisms underlying cell division in young fruit development are very limited in pear. Two pear accessions codenamed ‘GH59B’ with big fruit and ‘GH81S’ with small fruit in three stages were sampled and the RNA-seq high-throughput sequencing was used to evaluate changes of gene transcription levels in the early stage of fruit development. The difference of cell size among two samples was little in 40 DAB, implying that the difference of the fruit size was caused by the number of the cell. More than 274,517,982 high quality reads from six libraries of fruit development were sequenced. A total of 797 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified. Three cytokinin dehydrogenase genes and two gibberellin 2-beta-dioxygenase gene were identified in the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways related to zeatin and gibberellin. Their expression was upregulated at 20 DAB in ‘GH81S’ and at 30 DAB in ‘GH59B’, suggesting that the small fruit size might be related to the early degradation of cytokinin and gibberellin inducing a short period of cell division. A total of 38 DEGs of transcription factors were found and 23 DEGs including NAC, ERF and bHLH transcription factors were highly related with cytokinin dehydrogenase and gibberellin dioxygenase genes. Altogether, the results of the present study provide information from a comprehensive gene expression analysis and insight into the molecular mechanism underlying the difference of fruit size in Pyrus pyrifolia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Jiang
- Forestry and Pomology Research Institute, Shanghai Key Lab of Protected Horticultural Technology, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 1000 Jinqi Road, Fengxian District, Shanghai 201403, China.
| | - Haishan An
- Forestry and Pomology Research Institute, Shanghai Key Lab of Protected Horticultural Technology, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 1000 Jinqi Road, Fengxian District, Shanghai 201403, China.
| | - Jun Luo
- Forestry and Pomology Research Institute, Shanghai Key Lab of Protected Horticultural Technology, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 1000 Jinqi Road, Fengxian District, Shanghai 201403, China.
| | - Xiaoqing Wang
- Forestry and Pomology Research Institute, Shanghai Key Lab of Protected Horticultural Technology, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 1000 Jinqi Road, Fengxian District, Shanghai 201403, China.
| | - Chunhui Shi
- Forestry and Pomology Research Institute, Shanghai Key Lab of Protected Horticultural Technology, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 1000 Jinqi Road, Fengxian District, Shanghai 201403, China.
| | - Fanjie Xu
- Forestry and Pomology Research Institute, Shanghai Key Lab of Protected Horticultural Technology, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 1000 Jinqi Road, Fengxian District, Shanghai 201403, China.
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20
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Yan J, Liao X, He R, Zhong M, Feng P, Li X, Tang D, Liu X, Zhao X. Ectopic expression of GA 2-oxidase 6 from rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) causes dwarfism, late flowering and enhanced chlorophyll accumulation in Arabidopsis thaliana. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2017; 111:10-19. [PMID: 27886559 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2016.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2016] [Revised: 11/10/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Gibberellins (GAs) are endogenous hormones that play an important role in higher plant growth and development. GA2-oxidase (GA2ox) promotes catabolism and inactivation of bioactive GAs or their precursors. In this study, we identified the GA2-oxidase gene, BnGA2ox6, and found it to be highly expressed in the silique and flower. Overexpression of BnGA2ox6 in Arabidopsis resulted in GA-deficiency symptoms, including inhibited elongation of the hypocotyl and stem, delayed seed germination, and late flowering. BnGA2ox6 overexpression reduced silique growth, but had no effect on seed development. Additionally, BnGA2ox6 overexpression enhanced chlorophyll b and total chlorophyll accumulation, and downregulated mRNA expression levels of the CHL1 and RCCR genes, which are involved in the chlorophyll degradation. These findings suggest that BnGA2ox6 regulates plant hight, silique development, flowering and chlorophyll accumulation in transgenic Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jindong Yan
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Developmental Regulation, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
| | - Xiaoying Liao
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Developmental Regulation, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
| | - Reqing He
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Developmental Regulation, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
| | - Ming Zhong
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Developmental Regulation, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
| | - Panpan Feng
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Developmental Regulation, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
| | - Xinmei Li
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Developmental Regulation, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
| | - Dongying Tang
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Developmental Regulation, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
| | - Xuanming Liu
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Developmental Regulation, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China; State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China.
| | - Xiaoying Zhao
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Developmental Regulation, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China.
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Hu YX, Tao YB, Xu ZF. Overexpression of Jatropha Gibberellin 2-oxidase 6 ( JcGA2ox6) Induces Dwarfism and Smaller Leaves, Flowers and Fruits in Arabidopsis and Jatropha. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:2103. [PMID: 29312375 PMCID: PMC5733080 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.02103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Gibberellins (GAs) are plant hormones that play fundamental roles in plant growth and development. Gibberellin 2-oxidase (GA2ox) plays a direct role in determining the levels of bioactive GAs by catalyzing bioactive GAs or their immediate precursors to inactive forms. In this study, a GA2ox gene, designated JcGA2ox6, was isolated from Jatropha curcas. JcGA2ox6 is expressed in all tissues of adult Jatropha, with the highest expression level in male flowers and the lowest expression level in young leaves. Overexpression of JcGA2ox6 in Arabidopsis resulted in a typical dwarf phenotype, along with late flowering, smaller leaves and flowers, shorter siliques and smaller seeds. Similarly, when JcGA2ox6 was overexpressed in Jatropha, the transgenic plants exhibited a dwarf phenotype with dark-green leaves and smaller inflorescences, flowers, fruits and seeds. However, the flowering time of Jatropha was not affected by overexpression of JcGA2ox6, unlike that in the transgenic Arabidopsis. Moreover, the number of flowers per inflorescence, the weight of 10 seeds and the seed oil content were significantly decreased in transgenic Jatropha. The results indicated that overexpression of JcGA2ox6 had a great impact on the vegetative and reproductive growth of transgenic Jatropha. Furthermore, we found that the dwarf phenotype of transgenic Jatropha was caused by a decrease in endogenous bioactive GA4, which was correlated with the degree of dwarfism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Xiong Hu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yan-Bin Tao
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, China
- *Correspondence: Yan-Bin Tao, Zeng-Fu Xu,
| | - Zeng-Fu Xu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, China
- *Correspondence: Yan-Bin Tao, Zeng-Fu Xu,
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22
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Involvement of Auxin and Brassinosteroid in Dwarfism of Autotetraploid Apple (Malus × domestica). Sci Rep 2016; 6:26719. [PMID: 27216878 PMCID: PMC4877651 DOI: 10.1038/srep26719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The plant height is an important trait in fruit tree. However, the molecular mechanism on dwarfism is still poorly understood. We found that colchicine-induced autotetraploid apple plants (Malus × domestica) exhibited a dwarf phenotype. The vertical length of cortical parenchyma cells was shorter in autotetraploids than in diploids, by observing paraffin sections. Hormone levels of indoleacetic acid (IAA) and brassinosteroid (BR) were significantly decreased in 3- and 5-year-old autotetraploid plants. Digital gene expression (DGE) analysis showed that the differentially expressed genes were mainly involved in IAA and BR pathways. microRNA390 was significantly upregulated according to microarray analysis. Exogenous application of IAA and BR promoted stem elongation of both apple plants grown in medium. The results show that dwarfing in autotetraploid apple plants is most likely regulated by IAA and BR. The dwarf phenotype of autotetraploid apple plants could be due to accumulation of miR390 after genome doubling, leading to upregulation of apple trans-acting short-interfering RNA 3 (MdTAS3) expression, which in turn downregulates the expression of MdARF3. Overall, this leads to partial interruption of the IAA and BR signal transduction pathway. Our study provides important insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying dwarfism in autopolyploid apple plants.
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23
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Hollender CA, Hadiarto T, Srinivasan C, Scorza R, Dardick C. A brachytic dwarfism trait (dw) in peach trees is caused by a nonsense mutation within the gibberellic acid receptor PpeGID1c. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2016; 210:227-39. [PMID: 26639453 DOI: 10.1111/nph.13772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2015] [Accepted: 10/15/2015] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Little is known about the genetic factors controlling tree size and shape. Here, we studied the genetic basis for a recessive brachytic dwarfism trait (dw) in peach (Prunus persica) that has little or no effect on fruit development. A sequencing-based mapping strategy positioned dw on the distal end of chromosome 6. Further sequence analysis and fine mapping identified a candidate gene for dw as a non-functional allele of the gibberellic acid receptor GID1c. Expression of the two GID1-like genes found in peach, PpeGID1c and PpeGID1b, was analyzed. GID1c was predominantly expressed in actively growing vegetative tissues, whereas GID1b was more highly expressed in reproductive tissues. Silencing of GID1c in plum via transgenic expression of a hairpin construct led to a dwarf phenotype similar to that of dw/dw peaches. In general, the degree of GID1c silencing corresponded to the degree of dwarfing. The results suggest that PpeGID1c serves a primary role in vegetative growth and elongation, whereas GID1b probably functions to regulate gibberellic acid perception in reproductive organs. Modification of GID1c expression could provide a rational approach to control tree size without impairing fruit development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Courtney A Hollender
- USDA-ARS Appalachian Fruit Research Station, 2217 Wiltshire Road, Kearneysville, WV, 25430, USA
| | | | - Chinnathambi Srinivasan
- USDA-ARS Appalachian Fruit Research Station, 2217 Wiltshire Road, Kearneysville, WV, 25430, USA
| | - Ralph Scorza
- USDA-ARS Appalachian Fruit Research Station, 2217 Wiltshire Road, Kearneysville, WV, 25430, USA
| | - Chris Dardick
- USDA-ARS Appalachian Fruit Research Station, 2217 Wiltshire Road, Kearneysville, WV, 25430, USA
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24
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Kurepin LV, Pharis RP, Neil Emery RJ, Reid DM, Chinnappa CC. Phenotypic plasticity of sun and shade ecotypes of Stellaria longipes in response to light quality signaling, gibberellins and auxin. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2015; 94:174-80. [PMID: 26113156 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2015.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2015] [Revised: 06/10/2015] [Accepted: 06/12/2015] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Stellaria longipes plant communities (ecotypes) occur in several environmentally distinct habitats along the eastern slopes of southern Alberta's Rocky Mountains. One ecotype occurs in a prairie habitat at ∼1000 m elevation where Stellaria plants grow in an environment in which the light is filtered by taller neighbouring vegetation, i.e. sunlight with a low red to far-red (R/FR) ratio. This ecotype exhibits a high degree of phenotypic plasticity by increasing stem elongation in response to the low R/FR ratio light signal. Another Stellaria ecotype occurs nearby at ∼2400 m elevation in a much cooler alpine habitat, one where plants rarely experience low R/FR ratio shade light. Stem elongation of plants is largely regulated by gibberellins (GAs) and auxin, indole-3-acetic acid (IAA). Shoots of the prairie ecotype plants show increased IAA levels under low R/FR ratio light and they also increase their stem growth in response to applied IAA. The alpine ecotype plants show neither response. Plants from both ecotypes produce high levels of growth-active GA1 under low R/FR ratio light, though they differ appreciably in their catabolism of GA1. The alpine ecotype plants exhibit very high levels of GA8, the inactive product of GA1 metabolism, under both normal and low R/FR ratio light. Alpine origin plants may de-activate GA1 by conversion to GA8 via a constitutively high level of expression of the GA2ox gene, thereby maintaining their dwarf phenotype and exhibiting a reduced phenotypic plasticity in terms of shoot elongation. In contrast, prairie plants exhibit a high degree of phenotypic plasticity, using low R/FR ratio light-mediated changes in GA and IAA concentrations to increase shoot elongation, thereby accessing direct sunlight to optimize photosynthesis. There thus appear to be complex adaptation strategies for the two ecotypes, ones which involve modifications in the homeostasis of endogenous hormones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonid V Kurepin
- Department of Biology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Richard P Pharis
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - R J Neil Emery
- Biology Department, Trent University, Peterborough, Ontario, Canada
| | - David M Reid
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - C C Chinnappa
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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Zhang D, Ren L, Yue JH, Wang L, Zhuo LH, Shen XH. GA4 and IAA were involved in the morphogenesis and development of flowers in Agapanthus praecox ssp. orientalis. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 171:966-76. [PMID: 24913054 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2014.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2013] [Revised: 12/24/2013] [Accepted: 01/02/2014] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The transition from vegetative to reproductive growth represents a major phase change in angiosperms. Hormones play important roles in this process. In this study, gibberellic acid (GA), cytokinins (CKs), indoleacetic acid (IAA), and abscisic acid (ABA) were analyzed during the flowering in Agapanthus praecox ssp. orientalis. Eleven types of endogenous gibberellins in addition to GA1 were detected in various organs. GA9 was detected with the highest concentrations, followed by GA5, GA8, and GA19. However, GA4 was the main bioactive GA that was involved in the regulation of flowering. Eight types of endogenous cytokinins were detected in A. praecox ssp. orientalis, and zeatin, zeatin riboside, zeatin-O-glucoside, and N(6)-isopentenyladenosine-5-monophosphate were present at higher levels throughout the study, of which zeatin plays an important role in the development of various organs. IAA increased by 581% in the shoot tips from the vegetative to inflorescence bud stages and had the most significant changes during flowering. Phytohormone immunolocalization analysis suggested that IAA involved in differentiation and development of each floral organs, GA and zeatin play important roles in floret primordia differentiation and ovule development. Using exogenous plant growth regulators proved that GA signaling regulate the scape elongation and stimulate early-flowering, and IAA signaling is involved in the pedicel and corolla elongation and delay flowering slightly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Zhang
- Department of Landscape Science and Engineering, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Li Ren
- Department of Landscape Science and Engineering, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Jian-hua Yue
- Department of Landscape Science and Engineering, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Ling Wang
- Department of Ornamental Plants and Horticulture, College of Landscape Architecture, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Li-huan Zhuo
- Department of Ornamental Plants and Horticulture, College of Landscape Architecture, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Xiao-hui Shen
- Department of Landscape Science and Engineering, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
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