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Unkovskiy A, Spintzyk S, Kiemle T, Roehler A, Huettig F. Trueness and precision of skin surface reproduction in digital workflows for facial prosthesis fabrication. J Prosthet Dent 2023; 130:402-413. [PMID: 35256182 DOI: 10.1016/j.prosdent.2021.06.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
STATEMENT OF PROBLEM How much skin surface details of facial prostheses can be transferred throughout the digital production chain has not been quantified. PURPOSE The purpose of this in vitro study was to quantify the amount of skin surface details transferred from the prosthesis virtual design through the prototype printing with various additive manufacturing (AM) methods to the definitive silicone prosthesis with an indirect mold-making approach. MATERIAL AND METHODS Twelve test blocks with embossed wrinkles of 0.05 to 0.8 mm and 12 test blocks with applied earlobe skin structures were printed with stereolithography (SLA), direct light processing (DLP), and PolyJet methods (n=4). DLP and SLA prototype specimens were duplicated in wax. All specimens were then transferred into medical-grade silicone. Rz values of the wrinkle test blocks and the root mean square error (RMSE) of the earlobe test blocks were evaluated by laser topography to determine the trueness and precision of each stage. RESULTS For the earlobe test blocks, the PolyJet method had superior trueness and precision of the final skin surface reproduction. The SLA method showed the poorest trueness, and the DLP method, the lowest precision. For the wrinkle test blocks, the PolyJet method had the best wrinkle profile reproduction level, followed by DLP and SLA. CONCLUSIONS The indirect mold-making approach of facial prostheses manufacturing may be associated with 7% of skin surface profile loss with SLA, up to 20% with DLP, and no detail loss with PolyJet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexey Unkovskiy
- Research Associate, Department of Prosthodontics, Geriatric Dentistry and Craniomandibular Disorders, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Dental Materials and Biomaterial Research, Berlin, Germany; Department of Dental Surgery, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia.
| | - Sebastian Spintzyk
- Research Associate, Section "Medical Materials and Science", Tuebingen University Hospital, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Tobias Kiemle
- Research Associate, Department of Geosciences, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Ariadne Roehler
- Research Associate, Section "Medical Materials and Science", Tuebingen University Hospital, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Fabian Huettig
- Acting Deputy Head, Priv.-Doz, Department of Prosthodontics, Centre of Dentistry, Oral Medicine, and Maxillofacial Surgery with Dental School, Tuebingen University Hospital, Tuebingen, Germany
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Costa-Palau S, Clua-Palau A, Real-Voltas F, Brufau-de Barberà M, Cabratosa-Termes J. A comparison of digital and conventional fabrication techniques for an esthetic maxillofacial prosthesis for the cheek and lip. J Prosthet Dent 2023:S0022-3913(23)00062-8. [PMID: 36872157 DOI: 10.1016/j.prosdent.2023.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
Abstract
Maxillofacial prostheses have traditionally been manufactured by pouring silicone into molds. However, the development of computer-aided design and computer-aided manufacturing (CAD-CAM) systems allows the virtual planning, design, and manufacture of maxillofacial prostheses through the direct 3-dimensional printing of silicone. This clinical report describes the digital workflow as an alternative to the conventional method of restoring a large midfacial defect in the right cheek and lip. In addition, the approaches were nonblinded evaluated in relation to outcomes and time efficiency, while marginal adaptation and esthetics, including patient satisfaction, were assessed for both prostheses fabricated. The digital prosthesis had acceptable esthetics and fit with improved patient satisfaction, especially in terms of efficiency, comfort, and speed of the digital workflow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santiago Costa-Palau
- Associate Professor, Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anna Clua-Palau
- Assistant Professor, Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Francisco Real-Voltas
- Associate Professor, Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Magí Brufau-de Barberà
- Associate Professor, Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Josep Cabratosa-Termes
- Associate Professor, Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
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Unkovskiy A, Spintzyk S, Beuer F, Huettig F, Röhler A, Kraemer-Fernandez P. Accuracy of capturing nasal, orbital, and auricular defects with extra- and intraoral optical scanners and smartphone: An in vitro study. J Dent 2021; 117:103916. [PMID: 34875273 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdent.2021.103916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This in vitro study compares the scanning accuracy of various stationary and portable as well as extra- and intraoral devices for capturing oncological defects. METHODS A 3D-printed model of a nasal, orbital, and auricular defect, as well as one of an intact auricle, were digitalized (n = 7 per device) with a stationary optical scanner (Pritiface), a portable extraoral optical scanner (Artec Space Spider), two intraoral scanners (Trios 4 and Primescan), and a smartphone (iPhone 11 Pro). For the reference data, the defect models were digitalized using a laboratory scanner (D2000). For quantitative analysis, the root mean square error value for trueness and precision and mean deviations in millimeters were obtained for each defect type. The data were statistically analyzed using two-way ANOVA and Tukey multiple comparison test. For qualitative analysis, a colorimetric map was generated to display the deviation within the defect area and adjacent tissue. RESULTS Statistically significant interactions were found in the trueness and precision for defect and scanner type. CONCLUSION The Primescan and Artec Space Spider scanners showed the highest accuracy for most defect types. Primescan and Trios 4 failed to capture the orbital defect. The iPhone 11 Pro showed clinically acceptable trueness but inferior precision. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE The scanning devices may demonstrate varying accuracy, depending on the defect type. A portable extraoral optical scanner is an universal tool for the digitization of oncological defects. Alternatively, an intraoral scanner may be employed in maxillofacial prosthetics with some restrictions. Utilizing a smartphone in maxillofacial rehabilitation should be considered with caution, because it provides inconsistent accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexey Unkovskiy
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Dental Materials and Biomaterial Research, Department of Prosthodontics, Geriatric Dentistry and Craniomandibular Disorders, Aßmannshauser Str. 4-6, 14197 Berlin, Germany; Department of Dental Surgery, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Bolshaya Pirogovskaya Street, 19с1, 119146 Moscow, Russian Federation.
| | - Sebastian Spintzyk
- Section Medical Materials Science and Technology, Tübingen University Hospital, Osianderstr. 2-8, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany; ADMiRE Lab-Additive Manufacturing, Intelligent Robotics, Sensors and Engineering, School of Engineering and IT, Carinthia University of Applied Sciences, 9524 Villach
| | - Florian Beuer
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Dental Materials and Biomaterial Research, Department of Prosthodontics, Geriatric Dentistry and Craniomandibular Disorders, Aßmannshauser Str. 4-6, 14197 Berlin, Germany
| | - Fabian Huettig
- Department of Prosthodontics at the Centre of Dentistry, Oral Medicine and Maxillofacial Surgery with Dental School, Tuebingen University Hospital, Osianderstr. 2-8, Tbingen 72076, Germany
| | - Ariadne Röhler
- Section Medical Materials Science and Technology, Tübingen University Hospital, Osianderstr. 2-8, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Pablo Kraemer-Fernandez
- Department of Prosthodontics at the Centre of Dentistry, Oral Medicine and Maxillofacial Surgery with Dental School, Tuebingen University Hospital, Osianderstr. 2-8, Tbingen 72076, Germany
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Spintzyk S, Brinkmeier S, Huettig F, Unkovskiy A. Bonding strength of 3D printed silicone and titanium retention magnets for maxillofacial prosthetics application. J Prosthodont Res 2021; 66:422-430. [PMID: 34545007 DOI: 10.2186/jpr.jpr_d_21_00019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To assess the bonding between conventional and additively manufactured silicone elastomers and cylindrical retention titanium magnets for anchorage of facial prostheses. METHODS The customized titanium retention magnets were embedded in conventional and additively produced silicone blocks without primer application (n = 20) and with two commercially available primers G611 (n = 20) and A304 (n = 20) applied onto the magnet surface. The pull out test was performed in the universal testing machine using 45° and 90° angulation and the pull out strength was measured for each group. Additionally the SEM images of the pulled out magnets' surface were obtained and the amount of residual silicone onto the magnet surface was quantified. RESULTS Significantly higher pull out strength values (p < 0.05) were revealed for 90° specimens (0.11 - 0.17 ± 0.01 N/mm2) compared to the 45° group (0.03 ± 0.02 N/mm2). The pull out test with primer revealed no significant differences between the G 611 and A 304 primers in the additive group. However, significantly (p < 0,05) higher values were observed for conventional specimens in the A304 group (1.10 ± 0.21 N/mm2) compared to the G611 group (0.59 ± 0.27 N/mm2). CONCLUSION The application of both used primers may be an acceptable technical option for the anchorage of retention titanium magnets in silicone facial prostheses, produced additively in a fully digital workflow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Spintzyk
- Section Medical Materials Science and Technology, Tuebingen University Hospital, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Sophia Brinkmeier
- Section Medical Materials Science and Technology, Tuebingen University Hospital, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Fabian Huettig
- Department of Prosthodontics at the Centre of Dentistry, Oral Medicine, and Maxillofacial Surgery with Dental School, Tuebingen University Hospital, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Alexey Unkovskiy
- Department of Prosthodontics, Geriartric Dentistry and Craniomandibular Disorders, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt - Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Dental Surgery, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
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Cameron A, Custódio ALN, Bakr M, Reher P. A simplified CAD/CAM extraoral surgical guide for therapeutic injections. J Dent Anesth Pain Med 2021; 21:253-260. [PMID: 34136647 PMCID: PMC8187018 DOI: 10.17245/jdapm.2021.21.3.253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 05/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic injections into the craniofacial region can be a complex procedure because of the nature of its anatomical structure. This technical note demonstrates a process for creating an extra-oral template to inject therapeutic substances into the temporomandibular joint and the lateral pterygoid muscle. The described process involves merging cone-beam computed tomography data and extra-oral facial scans obtained using a mobile device to establish a correlated data set for virtual planning. Virtual injection points were simulated using existing dental implant planning software to assist clinicians in precisely targeting specific anatomical structures. A template was designed and then 3D printed. The printed template showed adequate surface fit. This innovative process demonstrates a potential new clinical technique. However, further validation and in vivo trials are necessary to assess its full potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Cameron
- School of Dentistry and Oral Health, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Antônio Luís Neto Custódio
- Department of Morphology, Biological Sciences Institute, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Mahmoud Bakr
- School of Dentistry and Oral Health, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Peter Reher
- School of Dentistry and Oral Health, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
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Three-Dimensional Printed Nasal Prostheses After Oncologic Rhinectomies: Workflow and Patients' Satisfaction. J Craniofac Surg 2021; 32:2297-2300. [PMID: 33840766 DOI: 10.1097/scs.0000000000007659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Reconstructions after oncologic full-thickness rhinectomies are often deferred from the ablative surgery. Definitive silicone prostheses are usually not used for transitional rehabilitation, and therefore, patients may deal with major facial defects for a long time before reconstruction. The aim was to develop a time- and cost-effective digital workflow to three-dimensional print temporary nasal prostheses and to assess patients' satisfaction. This prospective study enrolled all consecutive patients after full thickness ablative surgery and deferred reconstruction, from May 2018 to October 2019, at a tertiary care academic institution. With a dedicated software, the pre- and postoperative scans were three-dimensional processed to create the prosthesis and they were directly printed in elastic transparent resin. A cross-sectional survey was conducted 4 months after the rehabilitation to assess patients' satisfaction regarding comfort, aesthetics, and security of the retaining system. Seven patients were enrolled and they were all rehabilitated using this workflow. Mean time of design was 2h48 (SD 40 minutes), and mean printing time was 5h18 (SD 1 hour). Mean cost of production was 753 U.S. Dollars (SD 144 U.S. Dollars). Median scores of the visual analog scales were 8 out of 10 for each topic with interquartile range of 4 to 7 for aesthetics, 7 to 9 for comfort, and 7 to 10 for security of the retaining system. It has shown its feasibility in terms of costs and time of production. Patients were satisfied and it can be considered as a mean to help patients to deal with treatment sequelaes before definitive reconstruction.
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Miechowicz S, Wojnarowska W, Majkut S, Trybulec J, Pijanka D, Piecuch T, Sochacki M, Kudasik T. Method of designing and manufacturing craniofacial soft tissue prostheses using Additive Manufacturing: A case study. Biocybern Biomed Eng 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbe.2021.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Stereolithography vs. Direct Light Processing for Rapid Manufacturing of Complete Denture Bases: An In Vitro Accuracy Analysis. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10051070. [PMID: 33806627 PMCID: PMC7961584 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10051070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The topical literature lacks any comparison between stereolithography (SLA) and direct light processing (DLP) printing methods with regard to the accuracy of complete denture base fabrication, thereby utilizing materials certified for this purpose. In order to investigate this aspect, 15 denture bases were printed with SLA and DLP methods using three build angles: 0°, 45° and 90°. The dentures were digitalized using a laboratory scanner (D2000, 3Shape) and analyzed in analyzing software (Geomagic Control X, 3D systems). Differences between 3D datasets were measured using the root mean square (RMS) value for trueness and precision and mean and maximum deviations were obtained for each denture base. The data were statistically analyzed using two-way ANOVA and Tukey’s multiple comparison test. A heat map was generated to display the locations of the deviations within the intaglio surface. The overall tendency indicated that SLA denture bases had significantly higher trueness for most build angles compared to DLP (p < 0.001). The 90° build angle may provide the best trueness for both SLA and DLP. With regard to precision, statistically significant differences were found in the build angles only. Higher precision was revealed in the DLP angle of 0° in comparison to the 45° and 90° angles.
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Domingue D, Glenn NC, Vest A, White JR. Osseointegrated implant-retained auricular prosthesis constructed using cone-beam computed tomography and a prosthetically driven digital workflow: a case report. Clin Case Rep 2021; 9:37-45. [PMID: 33489131 PMCID: PMC7813007 DOI: 10.1002/ccr3.3386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Revised: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Prosthetically driven workflows using CBCT, digital optical scanning, 3D-printed molds and frameworks, and dental implant component attachments to osseointegrated fixtures can produce anatomically accurate, esthetic, durable silicone ear replacements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Domingue
- Private PracticeImplantology and Restorative DentistryLafayetteLAUSA
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10
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Matsuo M, Mine Y, Kawahara K, Murayama T. Accuracy Evaluation of a Three-Dimensional Model Generated from Patient-Specific Monocular Video Data for Maxillofacial Prosthetic Rehabilitation: A Pilot Study. J Prosthodont 2020; 29:712-717. [PMID: 32583571 DOI: 10.1111/jopr.13219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate if the combination of a monoscopic photogrammetry technique and smartphone-recorded monocular video data could be appropriately applied to maxillofacial prosthesis fabrication. MATERIALS AND METHODS Smartphone video and laser scanning data were recorded for five healthy volunteers (24.1 ± 0.7 years). Three-dimensional (3D) facial models were generated using photogrammetry software and a laser scanner. Smartphone-recorded video data were used to generate a photogrammetric 3D model. The videos were recorded at two resolutions: 1080 × 1920 (high resolution) and 720 × 1280 pixels (low resolution). The lengths of five nasal component parts (nose height, nasal dorsum length, nasal column length, nasal ala length, and nose breadth) were compared in the photogrammetric 3D models (as the test model) and the laser scanned 3D models (as the validation model) using reverse engineering software. RESULTS There was a significant difference in the nasal dorsum length between the test model and the validation model (high resolution; 95% confidence interval, 2.05-5.07, Low resolution; confidence interval, 2.19-5.69). In contrast to the nasal dorsum length, there were no significant differences in nose height, nose breadth, nasal ala length, and nasal column length. CONCLUSION Using smartphone-recorded video data and a photogrammetry technique may be a promising technique to apply in the maxillofacial prosthetic rehabilitation workflow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moe Matsuo
- Department of Medical System Engineering, Division of Oral Health Sciences, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Yuichi Mine
- Department of Medical System Engineering, Division of Oral Health Sciences, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan.,Translational Research Center, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Kazuko Kawahara
- Department of Oral Biology & Engineering, Division of Oral Health Sciences, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Takeshi Murayama
- Department of Medical System Engineering, Division of Oral Health Sciences, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
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Unkovskiy A, Wahl E, Huettig F, Keutel C, Spintzyk S. Multimaterial 3D printing of a definitive silicone auricular prosthesis: An improved technique. J Prosthet Dent 2020; 125:946-950. [PMID: 32680736 DOI: 10.1016/j.prosdent.2020.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Revised: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Direct silicone printing has been reported for the manufacture of interim facial prostheses. The recent advancements in printing hardware have allowed for multimaterial simultaneous silicone printing with 4 nozzles. With this technology, an auricular prosthesis was printed with various grades of Shore hardness. A few analog steps, including polishing, sealing, coloring, and relining, resulted in an individualized prosthesis with a thin frontal margin and smooth transition into the adjacent tissue. It was considered a definitive treatment option.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexey Unkovskiy
- Research Associate, Department of Prosthodontics at the Centre of Dentistry, Oral Medicine and Maxillofacial Surgery with Dental School, Tuebingen University Hospital, Tuebingen, Germany; Department of Dental Surgery, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia.
| | - Eugen Wahl
- Dental Technician, Department of Prosthodontics at the Centre of Dentistry, Oral Medicine and Maxillofacial Surgery with Dental School, Tuebingen University Hospital, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Fabian Huettig
- Acting Deputy Head, Department of Prosthodontics at the Centre of Dentistry, Oral Medicine and Maxillofacial Surgery with Dental School, Tuebingen University Hospital, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Constanze Keutel
- Assistant Medical Director and Head of Radiology Department at the Centre of Dentistry, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Oral Medicine and Maxillofacial Surgery with Dental School, Tuebingen University Hospital, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Sebastian Spintzyk
- Material Science Engineer, Medical Materials Science and Technology, Tuebingen University Hospital, Tuebingen, Germany
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Bannink T, Bouman S, Wolterink R, van Veen R, van Alphen M. Implementation of 3D technologies in the workflow of auricular prosthetics: A method using optical scanning and stereolithography 3D printing. J Prosthet Dent 2020; 125:708-713. [PMID: 32611482 DOI: 10.1016/j.prosdent.2020.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2019] [Revised: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The fabrication of auricular prostheses is traditionally time consuming, and the definitive esthetic appearance is highly skill dependent. A method of creating the wax pattern for an auricular prosthesis by using optical scanning and 3D printing is described. A digital scan of the unaffected ear is used for computer-aided design and manufacturing of a mold for casting the wax pattern of the prosthesis. The process is efficient and increases the predictability of the esthetic outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tjitske Bannink
- Graduate student, Department of Head and Neck Oncology and Surgery, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Technical Medical, University of Twente, Enschede, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Shirley Bouman
- Anaplastologist, Department of Head and Neck Oncology and Surgery, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Rene Wolterink
- Anaplastologist, Department of Head and Neck Oncology and Surgery, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Robert van Veen
- Physician, Department of Head and Neck Oncology and Surgery, Verwelius 3D Lab, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Maarten van Alphen
- Technical Physician, Department of Head and Neck Oncology and Surgery, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
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